探究2：推理判斷題命題解讀及備考策略

廣東 閆 躍

一、命題解讀

推理判斷題是指那些針對文章隱含的內容、作者未言明的觀點或含蓄表達的立場所設置的問題，主要考查考生概括、歸納、比較、推理等綜合能力，要求考生在理解文章字面意思的基礎上，解讀文章的深層內涵。

主要類型 干擾項主要特點推斷隱含意義 顛倒是非：選項內容與推斷出的結果相反推斷觀點態(tài)度 文不對題：照搬原文事實細節(jié)，不需要推斷推斷寫作意圖 推理過度：把文中某些個案絕對化或擴大化推斷文章出處 主觀臆斷：依據個人認知而非文章內容推斷

二、解題策略

1. 推斷隱含意義

這類題目要求考生在理解原文的表面信息的基礎上，通過合乎情理的推斷，得出更深層次的隱含意義，從而推斷出作者沒有提到或沒有明說的某一情況。 題干中通常含有infer、imply、indicate、suggest等標志詞。 正確選項必須忠實原文，但不能照搬原文，否則就變成了事實細節(jié)，而不是經過推斷而得出的結論。

【典題鏈接】（2020·全國甲卷閱讀C篇）

Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.”

31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?

A. It's formal. B. It's risky.

C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional.

【點石成金】B 根據選文可知，摩根（Morgan）提到，讓人們穿上毛皮服裝而不被潑油漆將是一件要解決的大事， 至少在紐約是這樣。由此可知，在紐約穿這種服裝會面臨被人潑漆的風險。

【典題鏈接】（2020·全國丙卷閱讀B篇）

In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.

27. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?

A. They may be badly treated.

B. They should take further training.

C. They could be traded illegally.

D. They would lose popularity.

【點石成金】A 選文提到了兩個方面的問題：一是動物演員的受訓條件與生存環(huán)境令人擔憂，二是美國以外的地方拍攝動物電影沒有被密切監(jiān)控。 由此可以推斷，動物演員有可能受到不好的對待。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國丙卷閱讀B篇）

Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.

26. What will probably happen to the building?

A. It will be repaired.

B. It will be turned into a museum.

C. It will be knocked down.

D. It will be sold to the city government.

【點石成金】C 根據選文可知，劇院老板布拉德福德（Bradford）把劇院賣給了當地的一家開發(fā)公司，該公司計劃在劇院所在地建造一個購物中心。 由此可以推斷，原來的建筑物將會被拆掉以便給新商場的建造騰出地方。

2. 推斷觀點態(tài)度

這類題目詢問的是文本字里行間隱藏的態(tài)度或情感，也可能詢問作者或文中人物對某一事物或現象的看法。 題干中通常含有attitude、feel、sound、think等標志詞。選項大多是形容詞或以形容詞為語義中心的短句。多數情況下，正確選項根據文章的某一段落即可得出，但少數時候需要依靠全文。

【典題鏈接】（2019·全國乙卷閱讀D篇）

During the rosy years of elementary school(小學), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.

32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A. Unkind. B. Lonely.

C. Generous. D. Cool.

【點石成金】C 選文提到， 作者在小學時期早些時候喜歡與人分享玩具，也喜歡給別人講笑話， 這讓她在校園里擁有很高的社交地位。 作者并未直接對自己作出評價，但結合文中列舉的事例可以推斷出作者是個慷慨大方的女孩子。

【典題鏈接】（2018·全國乙卷閱讀D篇）

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

32. What does the author think of new devices?

A. They are environment-friendly.

B. They are no better than the old.

C. They cost more to use at home.

D. They go out of style quickly.

【點石成金】A 根據選文可知，與作用相同的新裝置相比，舊裝置消耗的能量要多得多，這不利于保護環(huán)境。 由此可以推斷，作者認為新裝置更加節(jié)能和環(huán)保。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國丙卷閱讀C篇）

...Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

31. What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?

A. Doubtful. B. Positive.

C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.

【點石成金】B 選文提到，灰狼的引入改善了黃石國家公園的生態(tài)，作者又在選文末尾指出，這一舉措是一次很有價值的試驗，可以為生物學家提供參考，幫助他們決定是否將灰狼引入其他地方。 由此可知，作者對黃石國家公園引入灰狼的做法是持肯定態(tài)度的。

3. 推斷寫作意圖

這類題目要求考生對某一段落或整篇文章的寫作目的進行推斷。 題干中通常含有purpose、(in order) to、intend等標志詞。 寫作目的大致有以下三種：to entertain readers （讓讀者感到愉悅，比如故事性的記敘文），to persuade readers（說服讀者接受某種觀點，比如議論文），to inform readers（告知讀者某些信息，比如科技類的說明文）。當然，選項的表述會更加細致和具體。

【典題鏈接】（2018·全國乙卷閱讀B篇）

The eight-part series (系列節(jié)目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.

26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?

A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.

B. Provide some advice for the readers.

C. Add some background information.

D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.

【點石成金】C 根據選文可知，Save Money: Good Food這個節(jié)目模仿了ITV出品的Save Money: Good Health這一節(jié)目。 由此可知，作者在這一段主要是想介紹Save Money: Good Food這個節(jié)目的一些背景內容。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國乙卷閱讀A篇）

Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquirybased science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.

23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text?

A. To encourage donations.

B. To advertise coming events.

C. To introduce special exhibits.

D. To tell about the Center's history.

【點石成金】A 這一部分先是介紹了太平洋科學中心（Pacific Science Center）的驚人成就，后面又提到這些成績的取得離不開各界人士、各種團體的幫助，最后提供了一個網址，人們可以借此找到提供幫助的各種途徑。由此可以推斷，這一段落的主要目的是為太平洋科學中心尋求公眾的捐助。

【典題鏈接】（2016·全國丙卷閱讀C篇）

If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's more like Apple Month...

...

Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards (果園). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale,near Faversham in Kent.

11. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?

A. To show how to grow apples.

B. To introduce an apple festival.

C. To help people select apples.

D. To promote apple research.

【點石成金】B 根據選文可知，作者向讀者反復提到了一個節(jié)日——Apple Day，具體信息包括建議哪類人參加、每年何時舉辦、可以去何地參加等。 由此可知，這篇文章是對一個節(jié)日的介紹。

4. 推斷文章出處

這類題目要求讀者根據文章的中心話題判斷其來源（諸如日記、小說、報紙、雜志等）。題干中通常含有be taken from、most probably appear in、most likely a part of等標志詞。 一般而言，解答這類題目不能只著眼于局部，而需要依賴整篇文章所講的內容才能做出準確判斷。

【典題鏈接】（2019·全國乙卷閱讀C篇）

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (裝置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (節(jié)奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses.

31. Where is this text most likely from?

A. A diary. B. A guidebook.

C. A novel. D. A magazine.

【點石成金】D 本文是一篇說明文， 介紹了一種防止個人身份與數據在電子空間被盜的智能鍵盤（選文是對這款鍵盤特點的具體介紹）。 由此可以推斷這篇文章最有可能出現在科學雜志上。

【典題鏈接】（2019·全國丙卷閱讀D篇）

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?

A. Entertainment. B. Health.

C. Education. D. Science.

【點石成金】D 本文介紹的是科學家對恒河猴進行的有關數字的實驗。 文章開頭（即選文開頭）首先給出了“猴子似乎很善于處理數字”這一結論，后文講的則是實驗的具體流程與相關發(fā)現。由此可以推斷本文應該出現在報紙的科學專欄中。

【典題鏈接】（2018·全國甲卷閱讀B篇）

Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白質), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質)...

When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.

27. From which is the text probably taken?

A. A biology textbook.

B. A health magazine.

C. A research paper.

D. A travel brochure.

【點石成金】B 本文主要介紹各種漿果包含的營養(yǎng)成分和冰凍香蕉的搭配食用方法。營養(yǎng)、水果這些都與健康、養(yǎng)生相關。由此可以推斷，這篇文章可能出自一本健康雜志。

三、總結

解答推理判斷題要注意兩點： 一是推理，二是判斷，兩者密不可分。推理是為了判斷，判斷依賴于推理。 推理判斷時務必要忠于原文，以原文為基礎， 在文章中尋找用于推理的依據，切忌主觀臆斷，把自己的看法當成作者的觀點。