探究1：事實細節(jié)題命題解讀及備考策略

廣東 閆 躍

一、命題解讀

事實細節(jié)題是高考英語閱讀理解中分布密度最大的一種題型，它考查的對象通常是一個句子或幾個句子，要求考生對相關(guān)句子進行準確的識別和理解。 這類題目難度較低，但數(shù)量眾多，所以做好事實細節(jié)題是閱讀理解拿高分的關(guān)鍵。

二、解題策略

1. 直接信息題

這類題目的答案可以從原文的某一句話中直接獲取，正確選項大多含有相關(guān)句子的單詞，只是比原句更加簡短緊湊。

【典題鏈接】（2020·全國甲卷閱讀B篇）

Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(認知) after controlling for differences in parents'income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.

24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?

?

A. Building confidence.

B. Developing spatial skills.

C. Learning self-control.

D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.

【點石成金】B 根據(jù)found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills可知，對2到4歲的孩子而言，玩拼圖游戲有助于提高他們的空間能力，B項直接體現(xiàn)出這句話的核心含義。

【典題鏈接】（2020·全國甲卷閱讀D篇）

Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盜版行為) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media.Frequent them and talk about them when you can.

34. What does the author call on other writers to do?

A. Sponsor book fairs.

B. Write for social media.

C. Support libraries.

D. Purchase her novels.

【點石成金】C 根據(jù)I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can可知，作者認為所有作家應當支持圖書館 （后面則是就如何支持提出一些建議），C項直接由這個句子簡化而來，符合題意。

2. 間接信息題

這種題目介于直接細節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間，有時也稱作信息推斷題，正確答案無法在文中直接找到。 解答這類題目時，考生需要對原文信息進行加工處理，做出簡單的推導，從而體會文本的言外之意。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國甲卷閱讀C篇）

Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279,000.

29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?

A. It causes traffic jams.

B. It is difficult to operate.

C. It is very expensive.

D. It burns too much fuel.

【點石成金】C 選文最后兩句指出，不要指望路上出現(xiàn)太多的飛車，因為每輛飛車的價格預計達到279,000美元。 雖然原文并未直接對這一價格進行評論，但這兩個句子在邏輯上屬于因果的關(guān)系，言外之意就是，價格過高正是飛車難以普及的原因。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國乙卷閱讀D篇）

...Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5′× 5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?

A. It's delicate. B. It's expensive.

C. It's complex. D. It's portable.

【點石成金】D 根據(jù)選文的最后一句可知，這種太陽能蒸餾器可以折疊起來，然后別在腰帶上，由此可以看出，這個裝置是“便攜式的”。 盡管原文內(nèi)容只涉及這一特征的表現(xiàn)形式或?qū)崿F(xiàn)方式，并未明說它具有這一特點，但只要經(jīng)過簡單推理，就不難得出“這款蒸餾器便于攜帶”這一結(jié)論。

3. 語意轉(zhuǎn)換題

這類題目的正確答案對原文信息進行了同義替換，與原文語句在表達上存在較大差異。解答這類題目時，考生需要進行對比或整理才能找出正確答案。

【典題鏈接】（2020·全國乙卷閱讀C篇）

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接觸) with the ground at all times.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

【點石成金】C 根據(jù)選文的最后一句可知，參加競走項目時，運動員的支撐腿要伸直，并且要保證一只腳始終與地面接觸。 換句話說，競走運動員必須遵守特定的規(guī)則。 正是由于這些規(guī)則的存在，我們才說當競走運動員是有條件限制的。 the sport's rules require與have to follow special rules雖然表述不同，但均包含“競走運動的參與者必須遵守規(guī)則”這一意義。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國乙卷閱讀C篇）

Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.

28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?

A. To remember the birth of jazz.

B. To protect cultural diversity.

C. To encourage people to study music.

D. To recognize the value of jazz.

【點石成金】D 選文的最后一句提到，聯(lián)合國教科文組織設立國際爵士樂日，目的是讓人們認識爵士樂和它的意義，同時也讓人們意識到爵士樂作為文化紐帶的潛在功能。 D項正是原句的目的狀語to raise awareness of...的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。

4. 歸納概括題

這類題目的信息點較為分散，它們要么由同一段落的多個句子來體現(xiàn)，要么分布在不同的段落。正確答案是用精練的語言來對這些信息點進行歸納或概括。

【典題鏈接】（2017·全國丙卷閱讀C篇）

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources (來 源) for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers.

30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?

A. Damage to local ecology.

B. A decline in the park's income.

C. Preservation of vegetation.

D. An increase in the variety of animals.

【點石成金】A 選文指出， 灰狼的消失造成了許多意想不到的后果。 具體來講，灰狼的主要食物——鹿和麋鹿——數(shù)量激增，這些動物吃掉了大量的植被，減少了園內(nèi)植物的多樣性；沒有了灰狼，郊狼也迅速繁殖，它們又吃掉大部分的赤狐，還把海貍?cè)口s走了。 這一系列信息概括起來，就是“破壞了當?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)”。

【典題鏈接】（2016·全國丙卷閱讀B篇）

On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.

“Hey, aren't you from Mississippi?” the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.”

Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.

“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said. “I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking.”

5. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?

A. Two strangers joined her.

B. Her childhood friends came in.

C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.

D. Some people held a party there.

【點石成金】A 根據(jù)選文前三段的信息點， 我們可以得出答案。 第3段的the woman joined the Welty party中的the woman就是指第2段中的the stranger， 也是第1段中的another customer，換句話說，這三個名詞短語雖形式各異，但指代對象相同；第3段的“When her dinner partner showed up,she also pulled up a chair.”中的her dinner partner就是前面提到的那個陌生人的聚餐搭檔，因此共有兩位陌生人加入了Welty的飯局中。

5. 數(shù)字計算題

這類題目要求考生根據(jù)文本中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，通過加減乘除得出正確結(jié)論。 這類計算通常難度不大，關(guān)鍵是要厘清各個數(shù)字之間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準用來計算的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計算方法。

【典題鏈接】（2018·全國乙卷閱讀C篇）

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers... The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?

A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400.

C. About 2,400. D. About 1,200.

【點石成金】B 選文的第一句提到，世界上共有大約6,800門語言，最后一句又提到，使用人數(shù)不到6,000的語言占了一半，6,800的一半即為3,400。

【典題鏈接】（2018·全國丙卷閱讀B篇）

...The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.

25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?

A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.

B. One out of five people got rich.

C. Almost everyone gave up.

D. Half of them died.

【點石成金】B 本題題干詢問第一批前往道森的淘金者的情況， 并未直接就數(shù)據(jù)提問，但四個選項均與數(shù)量有關(guān)。 選文提到，第一批的20,000名淘金者中，有4,000人發(fā)家致富了，也就是說，發(fā)財?shù)娜藬?shù)占總?cè)藬?shù)的五分之一。

三、總結(jié)

解答事實細節(jié)題時，我們要學會根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，通過尋讀法，迅速確定相關(guān)信息點在文中的位置，縮小閱讀范圍，這就是所謂的“定位法”， 它是提高解題效率最重要的一步。這一步驟完成之后，我們再結(jié)合選項，對信息進行檢索、綜合分析，從而判斷出正誤，確定正確選項。