李清照詠桂花

司馬一民

又到杭州滿城桂花飄香的季節(jié)，想起了李清照在杭州寫(xiě)的一首詞《攤破浣溪沙·病起蕭蕭兩鬢華》：“病起蕭蕭兩鬢華，臥看殘?jiān)律洗凹?。豆蔻連梢煎熟水，莫分茶。枕上詩(shī)書(shū)閑處好，門(mén)前風(fēng)景雨來(lái)佳。終日向人多醞藉，木犀花?！?/p>

這首詞的大意為，病后已經(jīng)稀疏的兩鬢又添白發(fā)了，無(wú)力外出，只能躺在床上透過(guò)窗紗看看殘?jiān)隆Ｓ梅序v的湯水煎豆蔻，沒(méi)有興致做分茶?？吭谡砩献x書(shū)算是一種閑適，以為門(mén)前的景色因?yàn)橄掠甓绕綍r(shí)好看。整日默默陪伴著我的，只有那窗前的木犀花（桂花）。

李清照（10841—1155），號(hào)易安居士，山東濟(jì)南章丘人，宋代著名詞人，曾有《易安居士文集》《易安詞》，已散佚，后人有《漱玉詞》輯本。

李清照的這首《攤破浣溪沙·病起蕭蕭兩鬢華》詞大約寫(xiě)于五十歲左右，宋室南遷之后。這首詞寫(xiě)她病后的生活狀態(tài)，紀(jì)事寫(xiě)實(shí)，用詞平常，也沒(méi)有用典故，與她以前的詞作風(fēng)格有很大不同，這大概與她當(dāng)時(shí)的境遇和心情相關(guān)，以至于有人認(rèn)為這不是李清照的作品。

關(guān)于李清照，很多人對(duì)她在宋室南渡之前的生活狀況比較了解：她生于官宦之家，嫁與門(mén)當(dāng)戶對(duì)的趙明誠(chéng)，尤其是她與趙明誠(chéng)婚后琴瑟和諧，醉心于詩(shī)書(shū)和金石收藏，生活優(yōu)裕，神仙眷侶，讓人羨慕。

宋室南渡之后李清照的生活變故極大，先是趙明誠(chéng)病故，后為避戰(zhàn)亂，她攜帶所有的收藏，追隨宋高宗趙構(gòu)倉(cāng)皇逃難于越州、臺(tái)州、明州、溫州、山陰，許多收藏被盜，兵荒馬亂中的驚恐與艱苦可想而知。

紹興二年（1132），李清照到了杭州，雖結(jié)束顛沛流離的逃亡生活，但孤獨(dú)無(wú)依，此時(shí)監(jiān)諸軍審計(jì)司官吏張汝舟百般討好李清照，很快李清照就嫁給了張汝舟。其實(shí)張汝舟迎娶李清照，是聽(tīng)說(shuō)她有珍貴的古文物收藏?；楹髲埲曛郯l(fā)現(xiàn)李清照并無(wú)多少財(cái)物，大失所望，經(jīng)常惡語(yǔ)相加，甚至揮拳毆打，李清照難以容忍。后來(lái)李清照發(fā)現(xiàn)張汝舟有騙取官職的行徑，就向官府舉報(bào)，并要求離婚。當(dāng)年秋，經(jīng)查屬實(shí)，張汝舟被撤職，官府準(zhǔn)予李清照離婚。

我推測(cè)，南渡以來(lái)原本身心疲憊，再經(jīng)此番折騰，很可能此時(shí)李清照病了一場(chǎng)。《攤破浣溪沙·病起蕭蕭兩鬢華》就是在這樣的背景下寫(xiě)的。經(jīng)歷過(guò)種種磨難，甚至死里逃生，這個(gè)時(shí)候面對(duì)桂花李清照會(huì)是什么心態(tài)？還可能像早年在濟(jì)南在汴京在建康那樣安逸閑致？當(dāng)然不可能。

李清照早年曾寫(xiě)過(guò)一首《鷓鴣天·桂花》：“暗淡輕黃體性柔。情疏跡遠(yuǎn)只香留。何須淺碧輕紅色，自是花中第一流。梅定妒，菊應(yīng)羞。畫(huà)闌開(kāi)處冠中秋。騷人可煞無(wú)情思，何事當(dāng)年不見(jiàn)收?！?/p>

這首詞的大意為，淡黃色的桂花，輕盈柔弱，并不特別鮮艷。雖不讓人驚艷，卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地給人送去淡淡的幽香。桂花不需要像名花那樣姹紫嫣紅，但在百花中屬于第一流。梅花妒忌桂花的幽香，菊花感到不如桂花美麗。桂花是眾多的秋季名花之冠。可惜屈原對(duì)桂花了解不深，不然，他在《離騷》中贊美那么多花，為什么沒(méi)有提到桂花呢？

同樣是寫(xiě)桂花，這首《鷓鴣天·桂花》讀來(lái)就是另外一種味道，可見(jiàn)心境不同，眼前的桂花也被李清照寄托了不同的情感。

李清照從紹興二年（1132 ）春天到杭州，20年間數(shù)度來(lái)往于金華與杭州，很好奇她到杭州居住在哪里？

一說(shuō)她住在清波門(mén)一帶，未見(jiàn)可以實(shí)證的史料。南宋時(shí)，清波門(mén)一帶離皇宮很近，離天街也很近，屬于鬧市區(qū)吧，房租一定不低，她能居住在清波門(mén)一帶，至少日子還過(guò)得去。因了這個(gè)緣故，2002年，杭州在清波門(mén)柳浪聞鶯公園內(nèi)水杉林小溪邊建了一座清照亭，紀(jì)念這位命運(yùn)多舛的才女。清照亭柱有楹聯(lián)：“清高才女，流離詞客;照灼文壇，點(diǎn)染湖風(fēng)”，交代了李清照的經(jīng)歷、創(chuàng)作和在詞壇的地位，不過(guò)，“點(diǎn)染湖風(fēng)”似乎不確切，她在杭州沒(méi)有寫(xiě)過(guò)一首與西湖相關(guān)的詩(shī)詞，可以說(shuō)與西湖沒(méi)有啥關(guān)系。這個(gè)年頭的李清照恐怕完全沒(méi)有了風(fēng)花雪月的心境，也難怪，而賦詩(shī)填詞詠西湖，多少會(huì)與風(fēng)花雪月相關(guān)的。

還有一說(shuō)她住在馬塍路一帶，也未見(jiàn)可以實(shí)證的史料。現(xiàn)在的馬塍路因馬塍而得名。馬塍在哪里？《淳佑臨安志》載：“今北關(guān)門(mén)，古之余杭門(mén)，外城也。原自有北關(guān)門(mén)，今有夾城巷，乃古基也，地與馬塍相接?！薄断檀九R安志》也有相關(guān)的記載：“東西馬塍，在余杭門(mén)外?！泵鞔贾萑颂锶瓿蓪?xiě)的《西湖游覽志》也有對(duì)馬塍的記載：“錢(qián)王時(shí)畜馬于此，至三萬(wàn)余匹，號(hào)曰馬海，故以名塍。”

上述記載中提到“北關(guān)門(mén)”和“余杭門(mén)”，隋文帝時(shí)，杭州筑12座城門(mén)，北部只有一座，叫余杭門(mén)。吳越王錢(qián)镠修建杭州羅城時(shí)，建“北關(guān)門(mén)”，俗稱(chēng)“百官門(mén)”?！秹?mèng)粱錄》載：“北城門(mén)名北關(guān)，今在余杭門(mén)外?！薄俺潜遍T(mén)者三：曰天宗水門(mén);曰余杭水門(mén);曰余杭門(mén)，舊名‘北關(guān)’是也?！蹦纤卧诤贾菰O(shè)13座城門(mén)，北門(mén)稱(chēng)余杭門(mén)。明代，北門(mén)改稱(chēng)武林門(mén)。也就是說(shuō)，馬塍在武林門(mén)之外。有人考證，馬塍地域不小，從武林門(mén)外一直延伸到西溪。

“靖康之變”后，“高宗南渡，民之從者如歸市”“四方之民云集兩浙”。杭州作為南宋的“行在”“臨安”，接納了大量中原和西北的移民。移民中的達(dá)官貴人有權(quán)有勢(shì)，住進(jìn)了城里，還有很多人只能住在城外，大約馬塍是這些移民的居住地之一。

在南宋，馬塍那個(gè)地方是怎么個(gè)狀況呢？馬塍是花卉花木的種植地?！洞镜v臨安志》載：“東西馬塍在余杭門(mén)外羊角埂之間，土細(xì)宜花卉，園人多工于種接，為都城之冠?！薄断檀九R安志》還記載：“東西馬塍，在余杭門(mén)外，土細(xì)宜花卉，園人多工于種接，都城之花皆取給焉?！眳亲阅恋摹秹?mèng)粱錄》也說(shuō)到馬塍的花卉種植：“錢(qián)塘門(mén)外溜水橋，東西馬塍諸園，皆植怪松異檜、四時(shí)奇花?！?耐得翁的《都城紀(jì)勝》載：“東西馬塍諸園，乃都城種植奇異花木處。”

摘錄幾句南宋詩(shī)人的詩(shī)句，我們從中也可以想象一下當(dāng)年馬塍花海的模樣。

葉適（11501—1223），字正則，號(hào)水心居士。溫州永嘉（今浙江溫州）人，南宋思想家、文學(xué)家、政論家，有《趙振文在城北廂兩月無(wú)日不游馬塍，作歌美之，請(qǐng)知振文者同賦》詩(shī)曰：“馬塍東西花百里，錦云繡霧參差起。長(zhǎng)安大車(chē)喧廣陌，問(wèn)以馬塍云未識(shí)?！?/p>

趙汝讜，生卒年不詳，字蹈中，余杭人，嘉定元年（1208）進(jìn)士，有《為趙振文賦馬塍歌》詩(shī)曰：“舊聞城北有馬塍，聚花成錦常留春。我家苕水近來(lái)到，輸他年少尋芳人。相夸此地百金惜，間出奇花萬(wàn)錢(qián)直?！?/p>

如果李清照后來(lái)居住在杭州城外的馬塍，說(shuō)明她的生存狀況越來(lái)越差了。

世事變遷，滄海桑田，我們現(xiàn)在根本不可能找到昔日馬塍的蹤影，歷史留給我們的只有“馬塍路”三個(gè)字。

（作者系杭州市政協(xié)智庫(kù)專(zhuān)家、文史專(zhuān)家）

Li Qingzhao in Hangzhou： Eulogizing Sweet Osmanthus in Sickness

By ?Sima Yimin

It is that time of the year again when the entire Hangzhou is intoxicated by the sweet-scented osmanthus flowers. A Ci poem by Li Qingzhao springs to one’s mind.

To the Tune of Huan Xi Sha （Expanded Version）：

Rising from illness， I find more greying in my thinning temple hairs;

Lying on bed， I watch the waxing moon climb above window screens.

Together with shoots， cardamom seeds are boiled for me，

For there’s no need to brew tea.

On my pillow I can read books at leisure，

While the doorstep scene in rain gives much pleasure.

Keeping me company all day long through my lonely hours

Are the sweet osmanthus flowers.

In the poem， despite the companionship of sweet osmanthus flowers and her claim that “the doorstep scene in rain gives much pleasure”， Li Qingzhao was in fact quite melancholic.

Born in Jinan in China’s Shandong province and one of the nation’s greatest women poets， Li Qingzhao（1084-1155） is believed to have penned To the Tune of Huan Xi Sha （Expanded Version） when she just reached fifty， a few years after the Northern Song （960-1127） court moved to Zhejiang. The Ci poem， describing her life after she recovered from illness， is so realistic and such a departure from her general writing style that some argued it was not authored by Li at all.

The shift was thought to lie in a change of fortunes for her， both personally and dynastically. Raised in a family of a family of scholar-officials， Li Qingzhao was able to receive a good education in her childhood. Her poetry was already well known within elite circles before her marriage in 1101 with Zhao Mingcheng （1081-1129）. The couple shared interests in art collection and epigraphy， and enjoyed a comfortable and happy life， an inspiration for some of her love poems.

Things took a turn for the worse when the Northern Song was forced to flee to the south as its capital fell to the Jurchens. On their route to the south， Zhao died of illness， a crushing blow from which Li never recovered. Li and her husband had collected books， paintings and calligraphies， but they were mostly lost， stolen or burned during the process.

In 1132， Li Qingzhao arrived in Hangzhou. Although her life as a “refugee” had come to a stop for now， without family or support， she was totally on her own. At the time， an official by the name of Zhang Ruzhou began to court her， and soon after Li married Zhang. But in turned out Zhang had ulterior motives： he coveted the precious collections that Li was believed to still possess. Upon learning Li had little to none after marrying her， Zhang did an about-face， treating Li badly and even beating her up. Li later filed for divorce， which the authorities granted. She also found Zhang obtained his position through cheating and reported it to the government; Zhang was removed from his post that very autumn.

In all probability， Li Qingzhao fell ill after all the exhaustions from travelling to the south and the unhappy episode with Zhao Ruzhou. To the Tune of Huan Xi Sha （Expanded Version） was written under such circumstances， and we can well imagine how she felt at that time.

In over two decades after Li reached Hangzhou in the spring of 1132， she journeyed back and forth between Jinhua and Hangzhou many times. Where did she stay in Hangzhou？

One suggestion is that she lived near the Qingbo Gate， not far from the royal palace. If it was indeed the case， Li was at least leading a relatively conformable life， for the rent in the downtown area was not cheap. In fact， a pavilion in her name — Qingzhao Pavilion — was set up in 2002 by the West Lake to commemorate the ill-fated lady. Unfortunately， for whatever reasons， Li had never composed any poems on the West Lake.

Another suggestion is that she was put up around Macheng Road. According to various historical records， Macheng was a place in the “outer city”， and used to be an area where King Qian Liu （852-932） of the Kingdom of Wuyue （907-978） raised his 30，000-odd horses. Hence the name “Ma” （horse） “Cheng” （field）. In the Southern Song （1127-1279） period， Macheng became a field where flowers and plants were grown， and where average “Northern Song immigrants” congregated. If Li Qingzhao was proved to reside here， it means her living conditions had worsened.

As years pass by， the original Macheng is nowhere to be found; all that has been left is only the name “Macheng Road”.