• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    James Legge’s Translating Chinese Classics into English:An Examination of Translational Eco-environment and his Multidimensional Adaptive Selection

    2020-12-19 07:24:52
    關(guān)鍵詞:彭祖真知真人

    University of Jiangxi Science&Technology Normal University,Nanchang,China Email:lizhiping2009@163.com

    [Abstract]James Legge was renowned as a prolific translator of Chinese classics and a sinologist with extraordinary achievements.His English versions are generally recognized as authoritative.The reasons for it can be examined from the perspective of eco-translatology,a new theory of translation studies,which focuses on the relationship between the translator and the translational eco-environment.According to this theory,missionary activities in China and development of sinology in Britain in the 19th century,as well as Legge’s own life experiences,constituted his translational eco-environment.Legge made appropriate selection to adapt himself to it:keeping faithful and accurate to the source text,establishing multiple cultural identities;setting up target readers precisely;conducting linguistic,cultural and communicative transformation.In conclusion,Legge endeavored to make multidimensional adaptive selection in the translational eco-environment to produce excellent translated texts with a high holistic degree of adaptation and selection.

    [Keywords]Chinese classics;eco-translatology;translational eco-environment;adaptive selection

    Introduction

    James Legge(1815-1897)was a well-known Scottish sinologist,translator and missionary.He systematically studied and translated Chinese classics including Four Books and Five Classics.His eight translated texts,such asConfucian Analects,The Great LearningandThe Doctrine of the Mean,were collected in his seriesThe Chinese Classicsand published successively from 1861 to 1872.Another eight works,such asThe Shoo King,The Tao Teh King and The Writings of Kwang-dze,were collected into Max Muller’s series The Scared Books of the East and published from 1879 to 1891.James Legge’s translated texts were noted for fidelity and accuracy to the source text and rigorous scholarly style.These characteristics resulted from Legge’s subjective choices under the influence of environmental factors.Eco-translatology is a new theory which investigates the translator’s behaviors by placing them in a translational eco-environment.This paper aims to examine the translational eco-environment of Legge’s rendering Chinese classics and adaptive selection he made,by taking some examples from his English version ofZhuangzi(The Writings of Kwang-tze)which was regarded as the most important pre-Qin text for the study of Chinese literature and one of the representative texts of Taoism.

    Analysis of the Translational Eco-environment where James Legge Translated Chinese Classics into English

    “Translational Eco-environment”is one of the core concepts of eco-translatology developed by Hu Gengshen,a professor of Tsinghua University.This theory explores the correlations between the translator’s adaptation and selection,mechanisms,basic features and rules,and provides a new description and interpretation of the nature,process,criteria,principles and methods of translation from the perspective of“adaptation and selection”(Hu,2008,p.13).In this theory,the translation process is divided into two phases:the first phase means that the translator adapts to the translational eco-environment centered on the source text; the second phase means that the translational eco-environment centered on the translator selects the target text.Investigating the translational eco-environment of Legge’s translation practice is helpful to obtain a comprehensive understanding of his translation motives and methods and further make an objective evaluation to production of his translated texts.

    Definition of Translational Eco-environment

    Translational eco-environment refers to the world constituted by the source text,the source language and the target language,namely,a whole system of interaction among language,culture,society,author,readers,clients,sponsors and so forth.Hu Gengshen explains it as an overall environment reflecting the survival states of the translator and the translated texts,and a congregation of various factors restricting the translator’s optimal adaptation and selection,as well as the premise and basis for the translator’s multidimensional adaptations and adaptive selection(2011,p.7)Fang Mengzhi argues that translational eco-environment includes both“interaction between translation subjects and external environment”and“the external(objective)environment associated with translation activity,such as social,economic,cultural,linguistic,political environments(2011,p.1-2).

    Analysis of Legge’s Translational Eco-environment

    The 19thcentury when Legge lived witnessed intense collision between Western and Chinese cultures arising from a chain of social changes,such as Opium War,religion renaissance,missionary activities and sociology development.Legge’s rendering Chinese classics was a kind of adaptation to the macro translational eco-environment.His personal condition,such as his family,knowledge reserve,belief,values,feelings,also formed a micro translational eco-environment influencing Legge’s selection of the translated texts.

    Missionary activities in China

    In response to the second tide of the Great Awakening in the early 19thcentury,some British and American missionaries traveled to China to spread the gospel.In 1807,Robert Morrison became the first protestant missionary in China,but overall,there were very few missionaries who could enter the mainland of China.By 1842 when China was defeated in the first Opium War,the government of Qing Dynasty was forced to open the country gate.More missionaries came to China and carried out religious activities,with an attempt to persuade Chinese people to believe in Western religions.However,their missionary work was frustrated by multifarious difficulties and hindrances.The first trouble they encountered was language barrier caused by complicated Chinese characters.Next,Chinese people had such an ossified way of thinking that they were difficult to accept alien ideas,under the influence of the government’s long-term policy of secluding country from the outside world.Conflicts of cultural and ideology became unavoidable,since the Christianity regarded by missionaries as supreme was significantly different from Confucianism as the mainstream thought and belief in China.Gradually the missionaries realized that they could achieve a success in missionary cause in China only by familiarizing themselves with Chinese language,culture,ideology,rites and customs and reconciling the relationship between Christianity and Chinese religions.Some of them decided to begin with collecting,studying and translating Chinese classics,because they thought that these ancient texts covered extensive knowledge from country governance,moral and ethnic restriction to public opinion orientation,with far-reaching impact on Chinese rulers and ordinary people.Therefore,since the missionary Joshua Marshman published his translation workThe Works of Confuciusin 1809,some other missionaries translated Chinese classics into English successively.Although their initial purpose was just to strive for a success in missionary work,they eventually contributed to spreading of Chinese culture to the Western world,consciously or unconsciously.

    Development of sinology in Britain

    British sinology came into being in the process of learning and studying Chinese language and culture by British missionaries,diplomats,customs officers and merchants,etc.in China in the early 19thcentury.They recorded knowledge about Chinese language,geography,folklore and so forth through diaries,letters,travel notes and some other documents,but very few of them were specialized in Chinese language teaching or linguistic research.By the middle of the 19thcentury,more missionaries,diplomats,merchants,etc.rushed to China for different purposes.Among these people some intellectuals such as Walter Henry Medhurst,Sir John Francis Davis,Thomas Francis Wade,and William Frederich Mayers,were fascinated by Chinese culture,with deepening of their contact with it,so that they changed hobby to sinology into lifelong pursuit and thus transformed from missionaries,diplomates or other non-professional identities to professional sinologists.Professional teams of sinology teaching and studies were gradually built up,with the establishment of sinology professor chairs at some universities such as University College London,University of Cambridge and Oxford University.British sinology transformed from amateur sinology to professional sinology.The second session of the International Congress of Orientalists was held in London in 1874,which marked transfer of the center of orientalism and sinology studies from continental Europe to Britain.With the death of French sinologist Stanislas Julien in 1873,and Legge’s becoming sinology professor at Oxford University in 1876,Britain sinology entered“a Leggian epoch”which lasted until 1891 when Legge passed away.

    Legge’s life experiences

    Legge’s study and work experiences in his early days had tremendous impact on the ability,motive and methods of his translating Chinese classics.Before Legge came to China,he had possessed quality preconditions to translate Chinese classics,because of his own gift in language and education he accepted from childhood to youth,such as accepting strict translation training when he learned Latin and English grammar in Grammar School of Aberdeen in his teenage,taking courses of classical literature,philosophy,mathematics,etc.in King’s College,University of Aberdeen,and learning Chinese language in University College London.Due to his experience of studying theology and exegetics in Highbury Theological Seminary,he kept an enduring habit of reading multifarious annotated texts of Chinese classics in critical and comparative ways and providing detailed notes in translated texts.In 1839,Legge went to Malacca in the identity of missionary of London Missionary Society and took office in the local Anglo-Chinese College.He moved the College to Hong Kong in 1843 and settled there until 1873.During the period of missionizing and teaching in China,he realized,like some other far-sighted missionaries,that the protestant missionaries’the urgent task was not to cultivate disciples among Chinese people blindly,but to study Chinese language,history,literature,ethics,social formation,etc.A good way was to obtain a mastery of classical Chinese texts represented by the Thirteen Confucian Classics,and conduct in-depth research into the ancient sages’thoughts which laid a foundation of Chinese people’s moral,ethic,politics,and social life.In 1876 Legge was appointed as the first sinology professor at Oxford University.During 21 years of his teaching of sinology,he also established an academic tradition of sinology research at Oxford University.

    Legge’s Adaptive Selection to the Translational Eco-environment

    According to eco-translatology,translation is a process of incessant cyclical alternations between the translator’s adaptation and selection.Adaptation is made to seek survival and effect.Adaptation is accomplished by means of optimized selection.The principle of selection is preservation of the strong and elimination of the weak(Hu,2011,p.8).The translator is selected by translational eco-environment; in the meantime,acting as a part of the translational eco-environment,he selects and manipulates the target text.The translator’s selection here also includes selection to the source text,the readers,his own cultural standpoint,and translation theories,methods and strategies and so on.The optimal translation is usually the one of the highest“holistic degree of adaptation and selection(Hu,2016,p.128).The canonization of Legge’s English versions was closely associated with his persistent efforts in making adaptive selection in the translational eco-environment.

    Adaptive Selection to the Source Text

    Legge pursued faithfulness and accuracy to the source text,highlighting the importance of reproducing the mind of the source text,advocating seeing things from the standpoint of the source text.To adapt to the source text,he collected and consulted plentiful materials,but in the meantime,he insisted in independent judgement based on careful verification.To achieve maximum fidelity and accuracy to the source text,Legge conducted rigorous studies of Chinese classics before translation.In the process of translation,he took great pains to consult numerous literatures including commentaries of different dynasties.For example,the Chinse reference books up to 269 were listed in his seriesThe Chinese Classics.When he translatedZhuangzi,he selected the authoritative editionNan Hua Zhen Jing(The Holy Canon of Nanhua)commentated by Guo Xiang and interpreted semantically and phonetically by Lu Deming as the original text,and consulted 6 important annotated books(Jiao Hong’sZhuangzi Yi,Lu Shuzhi’sZhuangzi Xue,Lin Yunming’sZhuangzi Yin,Xuan Ying’sNanhua Jing Jie,Hu Wenying’sZhuangzi Du Jian)and over 10 anthologies involving Zhuangzi.Legge was also ardent to collect different editions of the same classic for comparison.For instance,he collected 37 editions of Four Books,20 editions ofLaozi,13 editions of 20Li Ji(Book of Rites)and 7 editions ofLun Yu(Confucian Analects).Legge studied these reference materials carefully to obtain a deep understanding of the source text.However,he treated them critically,rather than accepting them blindly.He considered different opinions comprehensively and then added his own views into prolegomena and annotations of his translation works.In other words,he respected these learned commentators,without following them blindly; he absorbed their valuable opinions,without parroting what they said;he verified patiently information to avoid relaying erroneous information.

    Adaptive Selection to Cultural Identities

    Unlike some other missionaries,Legge neither took interest only in the religion he believed in and the culture of his country,nor adopted aggressive strategies for missionary work,though they came to China for the same purpose.Infiltrated in traditional Chinese culture for a long time,he developed so keen interest in Chinese culture and religions.He thought highly of Chinese religions for their pursuit of the truth Although,in the premise that he affirmed Christianity as superior to any other religion(Yue,2003,p.85).He adopted adaptive missionizing strategies more acceptable to Chinese people,contributing to integration of Christianity with Chinese religions.To demonstrate Chinese culture and religions more clearly,Legge took a scholarly attitude to translate Chinese classics.That’s to say,he selected a cultural identity of missionary-scholar to adapt to his missionary work.He resigned from the missionary task in 1874 and accepted his teaching position at Oxford University two years later.From then on,as a professional sinologist,he translated Chinese classics more out of his passion for sinology and for the purpose of promoting sinology in Britain and cultural exchange between China and the English-speaking world.Therefore,he played multiple roles of missionary,sinologist,and cultural communicator and coordinator.Norman J.Girardot praised Legge as a compassionate missionary,educator serving Chinese community,and translator and inheritor of traditional Chinese culture,and commented that he was more a person drawing the Western people’s attention to Chinese classic than a person converting Chinese people’s belief to the gospel in Christianity(Norman.trans.Duan & Zhou,2011,p.57).Yue Feng spoke highly of Legge by saying that he was so attentive to the studies on Chinese culture and so ardent to his career in China that he spent over 50 years in building a bridge between the east and the west(Yue,2003,p.273).

    Adaptive Selection to Target Readers

    Legge set professional and scholarly readers,rather than general readers,as the target readers,which can partly explain why he adopted the style of academic translation to ensure high fidelity to the source text.He regarded missionaries as his first group of target readers,because his initial motive of translating Chinese classics was to serve missionaries in China.The new identity of sinology professor made him cast his eyes on sinologists and those Englishspeaking students who learned Chinese language and culture.He hoped that his translation works could facilitate them to understand Chinese language and philosophical thoughts and further contribute to development of sinology.His target readers also included Chinese students studying in Britain.He expressed his hope that Chinese government could send students to Britain for study,in his inaugural lecture on the constituting of a Chinese chair at the University of Oxford.He set these Chinese students as his target readers,in the hope that his translation works with plentiful critical and exegetical notes could help them to understand their ancient sages’thoughts and teachings and inspire them to promote cultural exchange between China and Britain.In a word,Legge paid more attention to academic feature than readability.This is his adaptive selection to their target readers in the given environment.

    Adaptive Selection of Translation Methods

    The theory of eco-translatology advocates translation methods of three-dimensional transformation,namely,adaptive and selective transformation from linguistic,cultural and communication dimensions under the principle of multidimensional adaptation and adaptive selection.In the following sections the article will analyze how Legge applied the translation methods of three-dimensional transformation to reach a balance between the source language and the target language,between the source culture and the target culture,by taking Legge’s English version ofZhuangzias a case study.This English version was chosen for two reasons:first,Zhuangzihas great difficulty in translation.This classic contains a large collection of anecdotes,allegories,parables and fables,full of abstract thoughts and changing linguistic forms,representing high-level literary and philosophical works;second,this English version can mirror Legge’s style and methods of rendering Chinese classics since it was accomplished in his old age when Legge had developed a steady and mature translation ideas,style and methods.

    Transformation from linguistic dimension

    Transformation from linguistic dimension refers to adaptive and selective transformation at linguistic levels.It mainly focuses on conversion of word meaning,word class,syntactic structure,sentence pattern,voice,rhetorical device,punctuation and so on.Translating Chinese classics into English is widely recognized as an extremely strenuous task,since it involves intra-lingual and inter-lingual transfer.Legge endeavored to retain the original linguistic forms,especially surface structures of original sentences while conveying the precise meaning of the source text.Meanwhile,he took some remedies to make his translation consistent with the expression norms and structural features of the target language,such as adjusting punctuations,and adding English connectives,explanatory words or implied information in brackets or footnotes.

    For example,

    [1]Source text:良庖歲更刀,割也;族庖月更刀,折也。(from“Yang Sheng Zhu”,inner chapter ofZhuangzi)

    Legge’s version:A good cook changes his knife every year;--(it may have been injured)in cutting;an ordinary cook changes his every month;--(it may have been)broken.(Legge,1891,p.199)

    Analysis:Legge translated this sentence nearly word by word to keep faithful to the source text in the meaning and sequence of words to the maximum degree.However,due to paratactic and succinct characteristics of Chinese language,this word-by-word translation sometimes causes conflict in syntactic structure between Chinese and English languages.To solve this problem,Legge added two brackets and dashes to supplement the implied information and logical relationship to make the translation complete and coherent in structure.Legge made a clear distinction between the information in the original text and the information he supplemented by using brackets.In this way,he reproduced the syntactic characteristic of the source text and ensured the normativity of language in the target text.

    One of the linguistic characteristics ofZhuangziis the use of figures of speech such as anadiplosis,parallelism,antithesis,reduplicated words,onomatopoeia,hyperbole.When Legge thought a rhetorical device in the source text difficult to transform in English,he would replace it with another one,or give priority to the meaning of the source text.

    For instance,

    [2]Source text:而獨(dú)不見之調(diào)調(diào)之刁刁乎?(from“Qi Wu Lun”,inner chapter ofZhuangzi)

    Legge’s version:have you not seen this in the bending and quivering of the branches and leaves?

    Analysis:In this sentence there are two reduplicated words:“調(diào)調(diào)”and“刁刁”which mean the swaying of branches and leaves with the wind.The use of reduplicated words can demonstrate beauty of rhyme and vividness of language.However,such a figure of speech is impossible to be transplanted directly into English because it does not exist in English at all.Legge tried to retain their rhetorical effect through using two pairs of synonyms ending with rhyme.This flexible method compensates the loss in rhythm beauty of the reduplicated words to some degree.

    Transformation from cultural dimension

    Transformation from cultural dimension means that the translator focuses on conveying and interpreting cultural information of the original text in a way acceptable in the target culture.This kind of adaptive and selective transformation requires the translator to consider fully the differences in nature and content between the source culture and the target culture,avoiding distorting the source text from the standpoint of the target culture.In the process of translatingZhuangzi,Legge endeavored to retain cultural heterogeneity of the source text,presenting the readers outlooks on life and philosophical thoughts contained inZhuangzi,such as harmony between man and nature,tranquility and nonaction,enjoyment in untroubled ease.Legge’s transformation from cultural dimension is noticeably reflected by his handling ways of cultural-specific items in the source text.Chinese classics are abundant with cultural-specific items reflecting Chinese people’s life condition,religious belief,values,politic system,etc.,such as official positions,names of person or place and Confucian or Taoist concepts,which are absent or totally unknown in the target culture so that no equivalent words can be found in English.Legge often translated this category of words literally to retain the exotic flavor of Chinese culture.Meanwhile,in the light of their unintelligibility,Legge gave further explanations about their connotation and other relevant information,in the form of footnote or annotation.

    For example,

    [3]Source text:且有真人而后有真知。(from“Da Zong Shi”,inner chapter ofZhuangzi)

    Legge’s version:There must be the True Man1,and then there is the True Knowledge.

    Note 1:Here we meet with the True Man,a Mater of the Tao.He is the same as the Perfect Man,the Spirit-like Man,and the Sagely Man…

    Analysis:“真人”in this sentence is a Taoist concept.Legge first translated this cultural-specific word as“the True Man”literally and then provided a very lengthy footnote to explain its meaning and evolution.In this way,Legge's not only conveyed the cultural information of“真人”in the source text but also maintained concision in expression of the translated text.

    Besides,Legge used Wade-Giles romanization to translate some cultural-specific items excessively abstruse for English-speaking readers.His rendering“道”to“Tao”was a typical example,because he thought that no English words could not convey complete connotation of the word.He used this romanization system more often to translate the names of persons,places,animals,works cited and so forth.In the meantime,he gave some details about them,such as the origin,historical record,legend and myth.For instance,Legge translated“彭祖”,the name of a person with superior longevity in legend,as“Ph?ng Z?”and added a footnote to explain his identity,age,family and even the folktale about him.

    Transformation from communicative dimension

    Transformation from Communicative Dimension refers to an adaptive and selective transformation aiming to convey communicative intention.It is mainly realized through transformation of two dimensions above,but in the meantime it is more demanding than them in terms of communicative effect.The translator should consider whether communicative intention is manifested in the target text,besides transferring linguistic information and conveying cultural information.Communicative effect is not only restricted by the source text but also by the target readers’reaction to the target text.Based on precise comprehension of communicative intention contained in the source text,the translator should made appropriate choice in linguistic forms and cultural information to help the target readers to understand and absorb effectively foreign culture within their cognitive scope.

    Legge always kept the readers in his mind during decades of translating Chinese classics.Aware of enormous understanding barrier caused to the readers by gap of time and differences in language and culture,he left no stone unturned to build a bridge of communication between the author and the readers.He provided lengthy prolegomena and introduction,synopsis for each chapter,detailed annotations or footnotes,useful appendixes and indexes in his translated texts.His annotations or footnotes covered philosophical thoughts,core concepts,difficult words,meaning of titles,characters,flora and fauna,places and so forth.For example,the footnotes amounted to 1141 and explanation of the titles occupied 36 pages in his English version ofZhuangzi.He once explained why he annotated so meticulously in his letter to his wife,by saying that 99 of 100 readers might ignore those lengthy commentaries and annotations,but as long as the 100threader paid attention to them,he was willing to annotate for him(Legge,1905,p.42).He hoped that his detailed notes would remove understanding barrier for readers so that they could approach and communicate with the author.

    In order to achieve desirable effect of cross-cultural communication,Legge employed some skills such as comparison and analogy between Chinese culture and English culture in his annotations and footnotes.He often took advantage of something familiar to the readers,such as some expressions from Western philosophy or knowledge about natural science to explain terms,concepts,phenomena,philosophical thoughts and so forth in the source text.For example,he translated“太極”in the sentence“在太極之先而不為高”as“Thai-k?”and then provided a footnote to explain it as“the primal ether out of which all things were fashioned by the interaction of the Yin and Yang”.To make this concept more intelligible to readers,Legge guided them to imagine“Thai-k?”as something like the“protoplasm”which is more concrete and familiar to Western readers,by establishing the analogous relationship between Thai-k? and“the current idea of protoplasm”.

    Conclusion

    The translator is interactive with the translational eco-environment.Only when the translator fully considers varying factors constituting the translational eco-environment and responds to them with multidimensional adaptive selection,can he produce a translation work with a broad space of survival in the world of the target language.Legge reached harmony and unity between his translating Chinese classics into English and the translational eco-environment.Production of his translated texts was influenced by various factors of the translational eco-environment.His preaching experiences decided his initial translation motive of serving missionary work done in China.Prosperity of sinology in Britain provided him great impetus and favorable condition to translate Chinese classics.His study experience since childhood made him develop a critical spirit and a habit of rigorous academic research.He made a series of selection to adapt to the environment,namely,pursuing maximum faithfulness and accuracy to the source text;establishing cultural identities of missionary,sinologist,and communicator and coordinator of Chinese and Western cultures;setting up missionaries,sinologists and the English-speaking students who learned Chinese language and culture,as well as the Chinese students who studied in Britain,as his target readers; carrying out three-dimensional transformation to facilitate readers’understanding of Chinese philosophical thoughts and traditional culture.With a high holistic degree of adaptation and selection to the translational eco-environment,most of his translated texts of Chinese classics maintain strong vitality and enduring attraction in the English-speaking world and establish Legge’s sublime position in the history of translation of Chinese classics.

    Acknowledgments

    This research is part of the project titled“A Study of Translation of Chinese Philosophical Classics into English from the Perspective of Eco-Translatology”(2017XJ3D003)granted by Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University.

    猜你喜歡
    彭祖真知真人
    實(shí)驗(yàn)出真知
    彭祖的故事
    不入虎穴焉得虎子
    噪音會改變味覺借閱真人的圖書館
    鄉(xiāng)約:給“彭祖故里”的音樂達(dá)人說媒
    時代郵刊(2019年18期)2019-07-29 08:49:24
    Imaginations and Reimaginations of National Origin—A Case Study of the Two Times that the Gaxian Cave was Discovered
    一城青山半城湖 一方水土一方人
    晚晴(2018年4期)2018-12-07 04:52:06
    熟知非真知——其庸先生周年祭
    分類求難題 討論得真知
    傳承彭祖養(yǎng)生之道 造?,F(xiàn)代人——另有首創(chuàng)速勃絕招
    日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区 | 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 免费看不卡的av| 亚洲国产成人一精品久久久| 国产成人欧美| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看 | 丰满少妇做爰视频| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 国产精品.久久久| 在线天堂中文资源库| 免费看不卡的av| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 9191精品国产免费久久| 久久免费观看电影| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 亚洲伊人色综图| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 捣出白浆h1v1| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久 | 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区 | 婷婷成人精品国产| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 另类精品久久| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密 | 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 91国产中文字幕| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 尾随美女入室| 丰满少妇做爰视频| av有码第一页| 免费av中文字幕在线| 亚洲第一青青草原| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 国产成人精品在线电影| 免费不卡黄色视频| 男女免费视频国产| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 国产色婷婷99| 亚洲第一青青草原| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 国产极品天堂在线| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 久久99一区二区三区| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 一级毛片我不卡| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 成人影院久久| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| av免费观看日本| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 一级毛片 在线播放| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 在现免费观看毛片| 亚洲精品在线美女| 午夜影院在线不卡| 黄色视频不卡| 精品福利永久在线观看| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频 | 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 乱人伦中国视频| 热99久久久久精品小说推荐| 国产成人精品在线电影| 最新在线观看一区二区三区 | 老司机影院成人| 美女午夜性视频免费| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 国产精品三级大全| 在线观看www视频免费| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 青草久久国产| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 9191精品国产免费久久| 观看美女的网站| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 国产精品免费大片| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 97精品久久久久久久久久精品| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 大香蕉久久网| 午夜日本视频在线| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 中文字幕色久视频| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线 | 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 伦理电影免费视频| 久久热在线av| 欧美成人午夜精品| 成年动漫av网址| 久久久国产精品麻豆| av有码第一页| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 成人国产av品久久久| 国产成人欧美在线观看 | 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 精品第一国产精品| 男人爽女人下面视频在线观看| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 熟女av电影| 男女免费视频国产| 欧美日韩成人在线一区二区| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 中文字幕色久视频| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 黄频高清免费视频| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| svipshipincom国产片| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| videos熟女内射| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 国产色婷婷99| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 日韩视频在线欧美| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 精品少妇内射三级| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 99九九在线精品视频| 天天影视国产精品| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 搡老乐熟女国产| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 一级片免费观看大全| 在线观看国产h片| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 亚洲综合色网址| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 黄色视频不卡| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 国产一区二区 视频在线| www日本在线高清视频| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 国产亚洲最大av| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 午夜日本视频在线| 成人三级做爰电影| 无限看片的www在线观看| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 国产一区二区激情短视频 | 岛国毛片在线播放| av网站在线播放免费| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 国产视频首页在线观看| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 香蕉丝袜av| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区 | 又大又黄又爽视频免费| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 精品第一国产精品| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 国产极品天堂在线| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 99九九在线精品视频| 免费看不卡的av| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 国产一区二区 视频在线| 91成人精品电影| 国产精品成人在线| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 精品酒店卫生间| 久久久国产一区二区| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 欧美精品一区二区大全| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 熟女av电影| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 青春草国产在线视频| 色网站视频免费| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 成年动漫av网址| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 9热在线视频观看99| 五月开心婷婷网| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久 | 制服诱惑二区| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 久久99一区二区三区| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 国产1区2区3区精品| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密 | 国产野战对白在线观看| 欧美人与善性xxx| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 街头女战士在线观看网站| av.在线天堂| 日本wwww免费看| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 久久久久久人妻| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 老司机靠b影院| 亚洲第一青青草原| 精品福利永久在线观看| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 亚洲精品自拍成人| av天堂久久9| 少妇精品久久久久久久| 国产麻豆69| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 高清不卡的av网站| 人妻一区二区av| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 18禁观看日本| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 超碰97精品在线观看| 一级片免费观看大全| 亚洲综合精品二区| 国产成人精品在线电影| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 99久久人妻综合| 国产精品无大码| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 啦啦啦中文免费视频观看日本| 亚洲精品一二三| 大码成人一级视频| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 国产成人欧美| 日本色播在线视频| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影 | 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av | 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 精品久久久久久电影网| 乱人伦中国视频| 美女主播在线视频| 蜜桃国产av成人99| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 在线看a的网站| 高清av免费在线| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 咕卡用的链子| 久热这里只有精品99| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 在线观看国产h片| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 国产在线免费精品| 操美女的视频在线观看| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 考比视频在线观看| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| av不卡在线播放| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 高清不卡的av网站| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 久久精品亚洲av国产电影网| 综合色丁香网| 99久久人妻综合| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 国产成人系列免费观看| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 午夜福利视频在线观看免费| 两性夫妻黄色片| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o | 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 麻豆av在线久日| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 老熟女久久久| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 日本wwww免费看| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网 | 麻豆av在线久日| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 午夜日本视频在线| 久久久精品区二区三区| 两性夫妻黄色片| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 久久免费观看电影| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 大香蕉久久成人网| 性色av一级| 18在线观看网站| 一级黄片播放器| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| av线在线观看网站| 一区福利在线观看| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 午夜福利视频精品| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 亚洲美女黄色视频免费看| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看 | 老司机亚洲免费影院| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 99香蕉大伊视频| 欧美精品av麻豆av| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 久久免费观看电影| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 熟女av电影| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区 | 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 男女免费视频国产| 一级黄片播放器| 国产精品成人在线| 嫩草影视91久久| 桃花免费在线播放| 欧美97在线视频| 久久久精品94久久精品| 人妻一区二区av| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 国产精品.久久久| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 黄频高清免费视频| a 毛片基地| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 亚洲美女黄色视频免费看| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 国产成人91sexporn| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密 | 丰满少妇做爰视频| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影 | 久久ye,这里只有精品| 91精品三级在线观看| 高清不卡的av网站| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 国产精品熟女久久久久浪| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 韩国av在线不卡| 99香蕉大伊视频| 中文字幕制服av| 亚洲国产av新网站| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 久久热在线av| 老司机影院毛片| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 国产成人精品无人区| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 大香蕉久久成人网| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 宅男免费午夜| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91 | 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 欧美日韩av久久| 在线看a的网站| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 午夜影院在线不卡| 精品第一国产精品| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 午夜影院在线不卡| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| av一本久久久久| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 中国三级夫妇交换| 飞空精品影院首页| 国产精品 国内视频| 无限看片的www在线观看| av有码第一页| 观看美女的网站| 深夜精品福利| 伦理电影免费视频| 久久狼人影院| 成人国语在线视频| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美| 91国产中文字幕| 欧美日韩精品网址| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 日韩伦理黄色片| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| videosex国产| 国产精品三级大全| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 一区二区三区精品91| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 免费不卡黄色视频| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 午夜免费鲁丝| av有码第一页| av不卡在线播放| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 另类精品久久| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 日韩av免费高清视频| 1024香蕉在线观看| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| a 毛片基地| 观看av在线不卡| 老熟女久久久| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 热re99久久国产66热| 制服丝袜香蕉在线| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 一区二区av电影网| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 精品第一国产精品| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| av网站在线播放免费| 久久av网站| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| av在线app专区| av网站在线播放免费| 91精品三级在线观看| 午夜91福利影院| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲图色成人| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精| 99久久综合免费| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 看免费av毛片| 午夜免费观看性视频| 一区在线观看完整版| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 久久久久久人妻| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 性色av一级| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 国产在视频线精品| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 国产不卡av网站在线观看| 国产激情久久老熟女| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 七月丁香在线播放| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 亚洲图色成人| 最新在线观看一区二区三区 | 久久ye,这里只有精品| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 一区二区三区激情视频| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀 | 赤兔流量卡办理| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 中文欧美无线码| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| av国产精品久久久久影院| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 91成人精品电影| av国产精品久久久久影院| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 丁香六月天网| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 中文天堂在线官网| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| av线在线观看网站| 91老司机精品| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 99久久人妻综合| 综合色丁香网| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| av在线老鸭窝| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 国产黄频视频在线观看| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 国产精品成人在线| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 精品久久久精品久久久| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产不卡av网站在线观看| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 亚洲伊人色综图| 国产精品免费大片|