V-ing形式作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)用法探究

夏雪

一、V-ing形式作主語(yǔ)

1. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示一般行為，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

Joan?s being married to Mike made her parents very angry. 瓊和麥克的結(jié)婚使她的父母很生氣。

Collecting information is very important to businessmen. 搜集信息對(duì)于一個(gè)商人來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。

Doing morning exercises is good for health. 做早操對(duì)健康有好處。

Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。

2. 在下面的句型中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語(yǔ)：It?s no use / good+V-ing.;It?s a waste of time / so nice / foolish interesting / doing sth.。如：

It?s no good smoking; you?d better give it up. 吸煙有害健康，你最好戒煙。

It?s no use arguing with him. 和他爭(zhēng)論是沒(méi)有用的。

It?s a waste of time waiting here. 在這里等是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

It?s so nice talking to you. 很高興和你談話。

3. There is no +動(dòng)名詞。如：

There is no telling what will happen. （試比較：It is impossible to tell what will happen.） 不知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。

There is no joking about it. 這事開(kāi)不得玩笑。

4. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別：

不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體某一次的行為;動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作。實(shí)際運(yùn)用中一般可互換，差異不大，但下列幾種情況除外：

① 當(dāng)表語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，主語(yǔ)也要用動(dòng)名詞;當(dāng)表語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，主語(yǔ)也要用不定式。如：

Seeing is believing. （To see is to believe.） 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。

② 在It?s no use / no good / a waste of time doing sth.等句型中一般用動(dòng)名詞，而不用不定式。如：

It is no good keeping this secret. 此事不公開(kāi)沒(méi)有什么好處。

It is a waste of energy arguing with her. 和她爭(zhēng)論是浪費(fèi)精力。

③ 在It is important / necessary / easy to do sth.，It is+adj.+for （of） sb.+to do sth.等句型中通常只能用不定式，而不使用動(dòng)名詞。如：

It is important for you to learn English well. 對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)很重要。

It is very kind of you to help us. 你能幫助我們真是太好了。

二、V-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)

1. 在suggest， finish， admit， advise， avoid， can?t help， consider， delay， deny， endure， enjoy， escape， excuse， finish， leave off， mind等動(dòng)詞后面通常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ);在hate， like， prefer等動(dòng)詞后面，如果表示一般傾向，則多用V-ing作賓語(yǔ)，如果指特定的或某次具體的行動(dòng)，則多用不定式。如：

He finished reading the book yesterday. 他昨天讀完了那本書(shū)。

She suggested going there to help the farmers. 她建議去那里幫助農(nóng)民。

She prefers walking to cycling. 她寧愿步行，也不愿騎自行車。

2. V-ing形式也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：

He apologized to the teacher for being late. 他因遲到而向老師道歉。

Her family are all proud of having such a splendid house. 她的家人都為擁有如此豪華的房子而感到驕傲。

【注意】用作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，極易與不定式發(fā)生混淆，此類結(jié)構(gòu)還有：in addition to除……外，admit to承認(rèn)，devote oneself to獻(xiàn)身于，be equal to能勝任;等于，be familiar to為……所熟悉，give one?s mind to專心于，keep to堅(jiān)持，look up to尊敬，lead to導(dǎo)致，look forward to盼望，object to反對(duì)，pay attention to注意，point to指向，stick to堅(jiān)持，be used to習(xí)慣于，turn to求助于等。如：

[正] Let?s get down to repairing the machine.

[誤] Let?s get down to repair the machine.

3. forget， remember， stop， regret， try， mean等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式與動(dòng)名詞意義不同，不定式表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done。如：

① stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情;stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事。如：

He was having a walk when he saw me. He stopped to say hello to me. 見(jiàn)到我時(shí)他正在散步，他停下腳步跟我打招呼。

The students stopped talking when the teacher came in. 當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)學(xué)生停止講話了。

② forget后面接不定式與動(dòng)名詞，意思有很大的不同，要注意二者的區(qū)別。forget to do sth.意思為“忘記去做某事”，指尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;forget doing sth. 意思是“忘記了曾經(jīng)做過(guò)的某事”，表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作。如：

He forgot to lock the door. 他忘記了鎖門。（門沒(méi)有鎖）

He forgot locking the door. 他忘記已把門鎖上了。（門鎖上了，但是他忘記了）

③ try doing sth. 試一試做某事;try to do sth. 努力/ 盡力去做某事。如：

He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂(lè)。

She tried reading a novel， but that couldn?t make her forget her sorrow. 她試著看看小說(shuō)，但也不能使她忘記傷心事。

④ be afraid of doing sth. 擔(dān)心 / 害怕去做某事;be afraid to do sth. 不敢做某事。如：

He was afraid of making mistakes. 他擔(dān)心會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。

He was afraid to tell the truth. 他不敢把實(shí)情講出來(lái)。

⑤ go on doing sth. （停頓以后）繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事;go on to do sth. 接著做另一件事，指接下去做與原來(lái)不同的事。如：

Now let?s go on reading Lesson 1. 讓我們繼續(xù)讀第一課。

After reading the text， the students went on to listen to the teacher carefully.讀完課文以后，同學(xué)們接著認(rèn)真聽(tīng)老師的課。

⑥ regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事（也可以說(shuō)：regret having done sth.）;regret to do sth.（tell / say / inform）很遺憾地要做（告訴……/說(shuō)……/ 通知……）。如：

I regret having told you the truth. 我后悔把真相告訴你。

I regret to say that you have failed the exam. 很遺憾你考試沒(méi)有通過(guò)。

⑦ remember doing sth. 想起已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事情;remember to do sth. 記住要去做某事。如：

Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，記得給我們寫信。

I don?t remember meeting him. 我不記得見(jiàn)過(guò)他。

⑧ mean doing sth.的意思是“意味著（必須要做某事或?qū)е履撤N結(jié)果）”，其主語(yǔ)通常是指事物的詞;mean to do sth.的意思是“打算或企圖做某事”，其主語(yǔ)通常是表示人的名詞或代詞，其過(guò)去完成式表示“本來(lái)打算做某事”。如：

Being a student means studying hard. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，（意味著）你要努力學(xué)習(xí)。

A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報(bào)地幫助別人。

I didn?t mean to hurt you. 我沒(méi)有企圖傷害你。

John really upset Granny， but I?m sure he did not mean to. 約翰真讓奶奶心煩，不過(guò)我相信他是無(wú)意的。

4. 動(dòng)名詞作need， want， require， be worth的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。如：

The point wants referring to. 這一點(diǎn)要提到。

This English novel is worth reading. 這本英文小說(shuō)值得一讀。

The situation in Russian required studying. 俄國(guó)形式需要研究。

【小試身手】

I. 根據(jù)所給漢語(yǔ)完成句子，每空一詞。

1. 聽(tīng)古典音樂(lè)使我們感覺(jué)愉悅。

____?____?____?____?makes us feel happy.

2. 他不能通過(guò)考試使老師非常生氣。

____?____?____?____?____?____?the exam made the teacher unhappy.

3. 你沒(méi)有必要晚上學(xué)習(xí)到深夜。

It is not necessary for you ____?____?____?____?____?____.

4. 這只小鳥(niǎo)很幸運(yùn)，它沒(méi)有被抓住。

The bird was so lucky that it missed ____?____.

5. 暑期我喜歡在河里游泳。

I ____?____?____?____?____??during the summer holiday.

6. 她不會(huì)介意照料我們的孩子的。

She wouldn?t ____?____?____?____?our children.

7. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了在一個(gè)普通信封上發(fā)現(xiàn)了那枚珍貴的郵票。

I shall never ____?____?____?____?____?on an ordinary envelope.

8. 這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)需要修理。

The washing-machine ____?____.

II. 單句語(yǔ)法填空。

1. Something as simple as ____?（drink） some cold water may clear your mind and relive pressure.

2. It?s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ____（have） the answer ready will be of great help.

3. ____?is no good talking about the greatness of our country， unless we do something to make it great.

4. It is a waste of time ____?（try） to explain the problem to him.

5. There ?____?（be） no use crying over spilt milk.

6. I still remember ____?（take） to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.

7. The parents suggested ____?（sleep） in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.

8. I hear they?ve promoted Tom， but he didn?t mention ____?（promote） when we talked on the phone.

9. —Robert is indeed a wise man.

—Oh， yes. How often I have regretted not ____?（take） his advice！

10. We?ve had a good start， but next， more work needs ____?（do） to achieve the final success.

III. 單句改錯(cuò)。

1. Read aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.

2. Going to bed early and getting up early are considered to be a good habit.

3. It?s no good waited here. Let?s go home.

4. That felt funny watching myself on TV.

5. Fishing is his favorite hobby， and collect coins also gives him great pleasure.

6. I would appreciate your call back this afternoon.

7. I can hardly imagine Peter sail across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

8. —What do you think of the book？

—Oh， excellent. It?s worth being reading a second time.

9. I don?t regret to telling her what I thought even if it might have upset her.