蒯佳琳 王曉巍 張玉鑫 馬彥霞 康恩祥 張俊峰
摘要:為明確戈壁日光溫室基質(zhì)槽培番茄施肥方案,研究了不同追肥量對基質(zhì)槽培番茄生長、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響。結(jié)果表明, 綜合考慮番茄產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)構(gòu)成等因素,在玉米秸稈、牛糞、菇渣、爐渣按體積比2.5∶2∶2.5∶3配制的基質(zhì)中,施N 490.5 kg/hm2、K2O 832.5 kg/hm2,即基質(zhì)氮鉀質(zhì)量比為1∶1.7時,促進(jìn)番茄生長、提高產(chǎn)量及改善果實品質(zhì)的效果最好。
關(guān)鍵詞:基質(zhì)栽培;追肥量;番茄;產(chǎn)量;品質(zhì)
中圖分類號:S573? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A? ? ? ? ? ?文章編號:1001-1463(2020)08-0036-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2020.08.009
Abstract:East Gansu province is located in the northwest loess plateau hinterland, for typical rainfed agricultural region, winter wheat production occupies an important position in grain production in this area. Precipitation in East Gansu province is concentrated in Jul-Sept, and seasonal drought occurs frequently. The precipitation satisfaction rate of winter wheat during the maximum water demand period was only 29.31%. The overall temperature was warm of winter wheat growth, but the temperature changed dramatically from Dec. to Feb. and Apr. of the following year, under the condition that the growth period of winter wheat is advanced, frost damage is formed. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of cold and drought and the causes of winter wheat disaster in East Gansu province, according to the local climate and precipitation characteristics, puts forward the technical model of biological active drought-resistant and cold-resistant technology, that is, breeding new drought-resistant and cold-resistant winter wheat varieties and supporting drought-resistant and cold-resistant cultivation technology, so as to ensure the safety of regional winter wheat production.
Key words:Characteristics of cold and dry agriculture;East Gansu;Winter wheat;Cultivation cold and dry resistance
近年來,隨著甘肅戈壁農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,基質(zhì)栽培番茄面積不斷擴(kuò)大,栽培面積和產(chǎn)量均居設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)首位[1 - 2 ]?;|(zhì)栽培番茄在整個生長周期僅靠基質(zhì)本身的養(yǎng)分并不能滿足需求,需要額外追肥,尤其是在結(jié)果期需補(bǔ)充適量的氮肥和鉀肥。生產(chǎn)中普遍存在施肥過量和比例失調(diào)的問題,極易造成肥料浪費和環(huán)境污染,影響番茄的高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì),因此合理營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)對基質(zhì)栽培番茄的優(yōu)質(zhì)高效生產(chǎn)尤為重要[3 - 5 ]。據(jù)黃紹文等[6 ]報道,酒泉肅州區(qū)戈壁日光溫室基質(zhì)栽培番茄單位產(chǎn)量 (1 000 kg) N、P2O5和K2O推薦用量平均分別為3.18、1.16、4.54 kg;柴喜榮等[7 ]提出最適宜番茄生長的氮、磷、鉀施肥比例為1∶0.24∶1.45;趙常旭等[8 ]以控釋肥替代尿素,在施N量減少40%的情況下,獲得最高產(chǎn)量的同時,顯著地改善了番茄品質(zhì);張小蘭等[9 ]發(fā)現(xiàn),在番茄栽培基質(zhì)中添加氮鉀比例為1∶1.5的控釋尿素和控釋氯化鉀,可提高養(yǎng)分利用效率,增加產(chǎn)量。但不同地區(qū)基質(zhì)配方不同,導(dǎo)致目前基質(zhì)槽培番茄追肥量也不盡相同,因此因地制宜篩選適合作物生長的配方及養(yǎng)分管理水平至關(guān)重要。我們以戈壁日光溫室基質(zhì)槽培番茄為對象,研究了基質(zhì)采用玉米秸稈、牛糞、菇渣、爐渣按體積比2.5∶2∶2.5∶3配制的條件下,大量元素氮、磷、鉀配施對番茄產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響,為戈壁日光溫室基質(zhì)栽培番茄優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)高效施肥提供參考依據(jù)。
1? ?材料與方法
1.1? ?試驗地概況
試驗于2018年8月至2019年6月在甘肅省高臺縣合黎鎮(zhèn)新綠達(dá)戈壁農(nóng)業(yè)示范園日光溫室(西區(qū)2號溫室)內(nèi)進(jìn)行,采用基質(zhì)槽式栽培。供試溫室為沙袋墻體鋼架結(jié)構(gòu),跨度10 m、長度75 m。栽培槽為下挖式,槽內(nèi)徑55 cm,槽深30 cm,槽長8.5 m,走道寬0.75 m。槽內(nèi)填充25 cm深的栽培基質(zhì)。采用自配基質(zhì),配方為玉米秸稈、牛糞、菇渣、爐渣體積比為2.5∶2∶2.5∶3,基質(zhì)材料均來源于當(dāng)?shù)亍?/p>