巧用定語(yǔ)從句，豐富書(shū)面表達(dá)

四川綿陽(yáng)中學(xué) 付 利

一篇優(yōu)質(zhì)的書(shū)面表達(dá)，需要長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合。 定語(yǔ)從句因?yàn)橐渍莆铡⒑眠\(yùn)用而成了提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的必備神器。 定語(yǔ)從句的使用可以豐富句子的內(nèi)容，表現(xiàn)作者的句子駕馭能力。 希望本次專(zhuān)項(xiàng)講解和練習(xí)能幫助同學(xué)們?cè)跁?shū)面表達(dá)中正確地運(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句。

Step 1 句法喚醒

一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念

定語(yǔ)從句是修飾一個(gè)名詞、代詞或者整個(gè)句子的從句，它的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又叫作形容詞性從句。 被修飾的名詞或者代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞被稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞。 關(guān)系詞根據(jù)其在定語(yǔ)從句中的功能可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。 關(guān)系代詞在從句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，關(guān)系副詞在從句中常作狀語(yǔ)。

二、在高考書(shū)面表達(dá)真題范文中認(rèn)識(shí)定語(yǔ)從句

1.(2019·全國(guó)乙卷) 我叫李華，來(lái)自中國(guó)，是一名這個(gè)暑假在倫敦學(xué)習(xí)的中學(xué)生。

I'm Li Hua from China and I'm a middle school studentwho studies in London during thesummer vacation.

2.(2018·全國(guó)丙卷) 我收到你的來(lái)信，信里你讓我介紹一下我們學(xué)校的體育鍛煉情況。

I have received your letterin which you asked me to introduce the physical exercise in our school.

3.(2018·全國(guó)丙卷) 首先，一座新的體育館已經(jīng)拔地而起，它成了我們學(xué)校的新地標(biāo)。

To begin with, a new stadium has been built,which has become the new landmark of our school.

4.(2018·全國(guó)丙卷) 在所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)中，我最喜歡籃球，我認(rèn)為打籃球會(huì)給我力量來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)生活中的挑戰(zhàn)。

Of all the games, I like basketball most,which I think can give me strength to deal with the challenges in my life.

5.(2018·北京卷) 為了幫助他們更好地理解品茶文化，我?guī)麄儏⒂^了我們學(xué)校的茶室，在那里，我介紹了制茶的歷史，以及各種各樣的茶葉。

In order to help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, I showed them around the tea room in our school,where I introduced the history of tea-making and different kinds of tea.

6.(2018·天津卷) 按照計(jì)劃，比賽將于七月底在天津大學(xué)舉行。

As is planned, the completion will be held in late July in Tianjin University.

7.(2017·全國(guó)丙卷) 首先，我將介紹學(xué)校乒乓球隊(duì)給新隊(duì)員安排的常規(guī)活動(dòng)。

First of all, I'd like to introduce the regular activitiesthat the school table tennis team arranges for new players.

8.（2017·浙江卷) 我們將吃一頓大餐, 我們自己親手做的餃子會(huì)被端上餐桌。

We'll have a big dinnerwhere dumplings made by ourselves will be served.

Step 2 句法提點(diǎn)

一、連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有：

關(guān)系代詞 意義和語(yǔ)法功能 例句which 代替物、整個(gè)句子,在從句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)1.(2017·北京卷) The little problem which/that we meet in our lives may be inspiration for great inventions.2.(2015·福建卷) China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people over the world want to learn about China.that 代替物、人,在從句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)(2014·陜西卷) Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.who 代替人，在從句中常作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)(2016·全國(guó)丙卷) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.， influenced the development of chopsticks.whom 代替人，在從句中常作賓語(yǔ) The author whom you criticized in your review has written a reply.whose 后面跟名詞，在從句中常作定語(yǔ)1.(2015·四川卷) The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.2.(2012·天津卷) I wish to thank Professor Smith,without whose help I would never have got this far.as 代替人、物、整個(gè)句子，在從句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)(2015·江蘇卷) The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.where 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系副詞 意義和語(yǔ)法功能 例句1.（2015·北 京 卷） Opposite is St.Paul's Church,where you can hear some lovely music.2.(2018·江蘇卷) Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.when 代替時(shí)間名詞，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(2014·浙江卷) I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade, when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.why 代替reason， 在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)He explained to us the reason why he donated his property to the homeless in his town.

二、區(qū)分地點(diǎn)名詞和時(shí)間名詞后關(guān)系詞的使用

地點(diǎn)名詞和時(shí)間名詞后可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)究竟用關(guān)系代詞還是副詞的問(wèn)題， 解決方法就是看從句成分，作主干（主、賓、表）就用關(guān)系代詞，作狀語(yǔ)就用關(guān)系副詞。

三、介詞+which、介詞+whom

介詞的選用大多數(shù)是根據(jù)從句的動(dòng)詞，有少部分是根據(jù)先行詞。

1.Last Saturday,I went to seea movie inwhich Tom Hanksplayeda soldier.（play...in a movie）

2.Zoe finally finished her travel plantowhich shehad devoteda lot of time.(devote sth to sth)

3.Rip met a girl on his flight to the USwithwhom hetalkeda lot.(talk with sb)

4.Tina had the most memorablesummer vacation during whichshe made many new friends along her solo travel.(during the summer vacation)

四、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

區(qū)別點(diǎn)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系 限定，刪除后，影響句意 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，刪除后不影響句意標(biāo)點(diǎn) 通常和先行詞之間沒(méi)有逗號(hào) 通常用逗號(hào)把先行詞和從句分開(kāi)that還是which翻譯that和which都可用常翻譯成定語(yǔ)只用which常翻譯成并列句或狀語(yǔ)從句

Step 3 單句過(guò)手

根據(jù)中文句意，完成下列句子。

1.(2018·江蘇卷) 例如，有許多參考書(shū)，我經(jīng)常很困惑，不知道怎么選擇。

For example, there are many reference books ________________________.

2.(2018·江蘇卷) 眾所周知， 大部分排名都是建立在別人對(duì)相關(guān)產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)的評(píng)價(jià)基礎(chǔ)上的。

________________________, most of the ratings are based on others' judgment on the products or service concerned.

3.(2018·浙江卷) 除此之外，我擅長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)作，這可能對(duì)工作有幫助。

Besides, I'm good at writing, ________________________.

4.(2017·全國(guó)乙卷) 我寫(xiě)信是為了告訴你下節(jié)課的內(nèi)容是關(guān)于唐詩(shī)的。

I'm writing to inform you of our next class, _______________________.

5.(2013·山東卷) 眾所周知，長(zhǎng)城是世界上最長(zhǎng)的城墻，也是世界七大奇跡之一。 中國(guó)有句話說(shuō)，不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。

As is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world and it is also one of the Seven Wonders of the World.A saying goes in China that he ________doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a real hero.

6.(2017·江蘇卷) 正如在柱狀圖里看到的，票房收入從2012年到2015年急劇增長(zhǎng)。________________________in the bar chart, the box-office income had a dramatic increase from 2012 to 2015.

7.(2017·北京卷) 搜集材料花了我們一整個(gè)星期，在這期間里，我們采訪了老師，拍了學(xué)校生活的各個(gè)方面。 之后，我們請(qǐng)其中一個(gè)擅長(zhǎng)制作視頻的同學(xué)把整個(gè)過(guò)程做成視頻。

Material collecting took us a whole week, ________________________and took pictures of every aspect of our school life.After that, we asked one of the classmates________________________to make the process a video.

8.(2017·浙江卷) 我們將去爬山、野餐、玩游戲，所有這些都會(huì)幫助你放松自己。

We'll climb the mountains, have a picnic and play games there, _______________________.

9.(2017·浙江卷) 早上6點(diǎn)鐘，我們將從學(xué)校門(mén)口出發(fā)，然后乘車(chē)去銀嶺山，在那里我們?cè)缟吓郎?，中午野餐?/p>

We'll start at 6 o'clock in the morning from the school gate, and then take a bus to Yinling Mountain， _________________________in the morning and then have a picnic at noon.

10.(2017·浙江卷) 傳統(tǒng)上講，這是一個(gè)家庭團(tuán)聚的日子。

Traditionally, it's a time ________________________.

11.(2016·全國(guó)甲卷) 任何感興趣的同學(xué)都可以參加。

Any student ________________________is welcome to participate.

12.(2016·江蘇卷) 這和普通的選舉活動(dòng)沒(méi)有什么不同，在活動(dòng)中，候選人到處尋求支持。

It has something in common with ordinary voting events, ________________________to seek support.

13.(2016·江蘇卷) 首先，當(dāng)被要求做自己不想做的事情時(shí)，人們也許會(huì)感到很勉強(qiáng)。

First, people may feel forced when asked to do things ________________________.

14.(2016·天津卷) 其中一個(gè)精彩場(chǎng)面就是在校運(yùn)會(huì)上，我們?cè)诨@球比賽中互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

One of the highlights was the sports meeting ________________________in the basketball match.

15.(2015·全國(guó)甲卷) 重陽(yáng)節(jié)不僅是所有老人被關(guān)愛(ài)的一天，也是讓公眾關(guān)注老年人問(wèn)題的日子。

The Double Ninth Festival is not only the day ________________________, but a day__________________________.

16.(2015·重慶卷) 當(dāng)?shù)弥@個(gè)由Bookcrossing.com組織的項(xiàng)目時(shí)，我感到非常高興。在這個(gè)網(wǎng)站上，參與者可以通過(guò)兩種方式分享他們的書(shū)：自由分享和定向分享。

I'm more than excited when learning about the project organized byBookcrossing.com________________________in two ways: wild release and controlled release.

17.(2013·山東卷) 我一直忙于準(zhǔn)備對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)重要性難以言表的期末考試。

I have been busy preparing for the final exam ________________________.

18.(2013·遼寧卷) 我最喜歡的是我們一起賞一輪圓月的時(shí)光。

What I love most is the time ________________________.

19.(2017·全國(guó)乙卷) 首先，請(qǐng)看一些關(guān)于唐詩(shī)的材料。 唐詩(shī)在我們的文學(xué)中起著極其重要的作用。

At first,please read some materials about poetry of the Tang Dynasty, ________________________.

20.(2017·全國(guó)丙卷) 隊(duì)員每天課后需要接受訓(xùn)練，也會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)觀看乒乓球比賽，這讓我受益最大。

Team members need to receive training after school every day and are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions, ________________________.

21.(2017·江蘇卷) 在網(wǎng)上，人們能搜尋關(guān)于自己喜愛(ài)的明星的信息并買(mǎi)打折票，這既省時(shí)又經(jīng)濟(jì)。

On the Internet, people can seek information about their favorite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, ________________________.

23.(2017·天津卷) 讓我高興的是，我已入選第十三屆全運(yùn)會(huì)志愿者。 第十三屆全運(yùn)會(huì)將于八月底在天津舉行。

Much to my delight, I have been accepted as one of the volunteers of the 13th National Games,________________________.

Step 4 語(yǔ)篇活用

請(qǐng)用定語(yǔ)從句完成下面范文中的句子。

假定你李華，你想邀請(qǐng)新加坡來(lái)的交換生Simon一起去你市舉辦的美食節(jié)“舌尖上的成都”。請(qǐng)你給他寫(xiě)封郵件，內(nèi)容包括：

1.舉辦的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)；

2.美食節(jié)的活動(dòng)。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)100左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增添細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

Dear Simon,

I'm more than glad to tell you that the Bite of Chengdu, a food festival， is to be held this weekend.It's a yearly big event _________________________(在市民和外國(guó)人中享有盛譽(yù)).I sincerely invite you to go with me.

________________________(它在人民公園里舉行,人們可以選擇乘坐不同種類(lèi)的交通工具去那).It will run from Friday to Saturday,________________________ (在此期間，更多的人可以來(lái)享用美食).It's really worth going.It's a place ________________________(你可以品嘗各種正宗川菜).Many famous chefs will meet there and cook on the spot so that visitors can buy a small serving.Many traditional snacks will also be sold there.Traditional shows such as Sichuan Opera will also be on show.I'm convinced it's a good chance ________________________(你也不想錯(cuò)過(guò)).

Looking forward to your reply.

Sincerely yours,

Li Hua