2020高考英語閱讀理解失分分析及技巧點撥

【真題再現(xiàn)】 （2020浙江卷C）

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan， made of friendliness and warmth， but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand， Mr. Bissell admires the architectural wonders， while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana， he attends a mountain funeral （葬禮） followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan， he is saddened by the dust storms， diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.

Which of the following best describes Mr. Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan？

A. Romantic.B. Eventful.

C. Pleasant.D. Dangerous.

推理判斷題，根據(jù)原文中對湯姆·畢塞爾的各種見聞經(jīng)歷的描寫可推知，其旅行是曲折豐富且充滿故事的，所以B項正確。

考生在做推理判斷題時失分很嚴(yán)重，但此類題型在閱讀中卻占很大比重。考查學(xué)生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力，根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測作者未提到的事實或某事發(fā)生的可能性、作者的傾向或意圖、文章的論調(diào)等?？疾轭愋鸵话惴譃樗姆N：細(xì)節(jié)推理題、寫作意圖題、文章來源或讀者對象題、作者態(tài)度傾向題，本期筆者就推理判斷題談一些應(yīng)試技巧。

一、推理判斷題問題形式

1. 細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題

一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息或借助生活常識進(jìn)行推理判斷。

常見命題形式有：

It can be inferred / concluded from the text that .

The author implies / suggests that .

We may infer that .

Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated？

2. 預(yù)測推理判斷題

根據(jù)語篇對文章接下來的內(nèi)容或可能的結(jié)局進(jìn)行猜測。

常見命題形式有：

What do you think will happen if / when...？

At the end of this passage， the writer might continue to write .

3. 推測文章來源或讀者對象

常見命題形式有：

The passage is probably taken out of .

The passage would most likely be found in .

Where does this text probably come from？

4. 寫作意圖、目的、態(tài)度推斷題

作者的語氣態(tài)度往往不會直接寫在文章里，只能通過細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會出來。

詢問寫作目的的題，選項里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：explain （解釋）， prove （證明）， persuade （勸說）， advise （勸告）， comment （評論）， praise （贊揚）， criticize （批評）， entertain （娛樂）， demonstrate （舉例說明）， argue （辯論）， tell （講述）， analyze （分析）等。

詢問語氣態(tài)度的題，選項里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：neutral （中立的）， sympathetic （同情的）， satisfied （滿意的）， friendly （友好的）， enthusiastic （熱情的）， subjective （主觀的）， objective （客觀的）， matteroffact （實事求是的）， pessimistic （悲觀的）， optimistic （樂觀的）， critical （批評的）， doubtful （懷疑的）， hostile （敵對的）， indifferent （冷淡的）， disappointed （失望的）。

常見命題形式：

The purpose of the text is .

What is the main purpose of the author writing the text？

By mentioning...， the author aims to show that .

What is the author's attitude towards...？

What is the author's opinion on...？

The author's tone in this passage is .

二、注意干擾項的特點

1. 將文章中的已知信息作為干擾項;2. 將不符合事實、邏輯的判斷推理結(jié)果作為干擾項;3. 根據(jù)考生已有的常識來看是正確的，但是不是文章表達(dá)的意思;4. 推理過頭。

三、推理判斷題技巧

推斷題是考查大家透過文章表面的文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實為依據(jù)，切莫主觀臆斷。

① 那些文章中直接陳述的內(nèi)容不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來的選項。

② 杜絕僅憑個人的看法主觀臆斷，推理不是憑空猜測，而是立足已知推斷未知;作出正確答案時一定要在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。

③ 要忠實于原文，以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)。不能以自己的觀點代替作者的想法;不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。

1. （2020山東卷D）

According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research， both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）， it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first， 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly （表面上） participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began， each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state， the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit， taking more food than they normally would have. However， they took significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test， in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case， she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test： the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more， so will I. Call it the “I'll have what she's having” effect. However， we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion， I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot， I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim， why can't I？

1） Why did the researchers hire the actor？

A. To see how she would affect the participants.

B. To test if the participants could recognize her.

C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

2） On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph？

A. How hungry we are.

B. How slim we want to be.

C. How we perceive others.

D. How we feel about the food.

1） 推理判斷題，根據(jù)原文第二段對于實驗的描述可知，該實驗是為了驗證人們的飲食習(xí)慣受他人影響的程度，雇用這位“演員”就是為了給其他參與者施以影響，以此來觀察這些人的反應(yīng)，故答案選A。

2） 推理判斷題，根據(jù)原文最后一段最后三句可知，人們會根據(jù)“飯友”的胖瘦來改變自己的食量，因為看到了飲食對他們身材的影響。所以我們對他人的觀察決定了我們?nèi)绾握{(diào)整自己的飲食量，故答案選C。

2. （2020浙江卷C）

“This works just like physical exercise，” says Francisca Then， who led the study. “After a long run， you may feel like you're in pain， you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work—sure， you will feel tired， but it can help your brain stay healthy.”

How does Francisca Then explain her findings inparagraph 4？

A. By using an expert's words.

B. By making a comparison.

C. By referring to another study.

D. By introducing a concept.

推理判斷題，根據(jù)原文“This works just like physical exercise”及本段中對于工作和運動的解釋可知，F(xiàn)rancisca Then把做具有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作與身體鍛煉作比較。故答案為B。

3. （2020浙江卷B）

In Bellevue， the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past， there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic： just widen the roads， says Mark Poch， the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.

What can we learn from Bellevue's success？

A. It is rewarding to try new things.

B. The old methods still work today.

C. It pays to put theory into practice.

D. The simplest way is the best way.

【答案解析】 A。推理判斷題，根據(jù)原文最后一段內(nèi)容可知，貝爾維尤市采用智能紅綠燈對于其他城市采取的創(chuàng)新舉措有啟示意義。由此可知，嘗試新事物是有益處的。

不管怎么考，萬變不離其宗，解題時你會覺得胸有成竹，一分不失。

（作者：毛春霞，江蘇省泰州市第三高級中學(xué)）