周利：京劇是細(xì)水長流的堅守

胡婷

周利

Zhou Li

1976 年6 月出生，重慶市京劇團(tuán)副團(tuán)長， 國家一級演員，京劇尚派藝術(shù)第三代傳承人，重慶市劇協(xié)副主席，中宣部首屆中國京劇流派傳承班學(xué)員;重慶市青年五四獎?wù)?、重慶市三八紅旗手;重慶市專家學(xué)術(shù)技術(shù)帶頭人、重慶市“百千萬人才工程” 領(lǐng)軍人才;中國戲劇“紅梅獎”演唱大賽金獎、法國巴黎第六屆中國傳統(tǒng)戲曲節(jié)“塞納大獎”、中國戲劇第二十六屆梅花獎獲得者;被文化部授予全國先進(jìn)工作者。

Born in June 1976， deputy head of Chongqing Beijing Opera Troupe， national first-class actor， third- generation inheritor of the Shang School of Beijing Opera， vice-chairman of Chongqing Dramatist Association， and student of the first Chinese Beijing Opera genre inheritance class of the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China; winner of the "May 4th Youth Medal" and "March 8th Red-banner Holder" of Chongqing; Chongqing's academic/technology research leader and "Ten Million Talent Project" leader; the gold medal winner of the Red Plum Blossom Vocal Competition， the "Sena Award" winner of the 6th Chinese Traditional Drama Festival in Paris， France， and the winner of the 26th China Theatre Plum Blossom Award; awarded the National Advanced Worker by the Ministry of Culture.

與京劇舞臺上繁復(fù)、驚艷的扮相不同，生活中的周利較為簡單，身著一件灰色羽絨服，沒有化妝，扎個馬尾，高高瘦瘦的。她習(xí)慣性地挺直腰身，舉手投足間很容易流露出京劇的做派，時而翹起蘭花指唱上幾句。

三十四年時間，京劇程序化的招式已經(jīng)深入她的骨髓。周利說，“學(xué)習(xí)京劇是一個細(xì)水長流的過程，需要時間的積淀，才能體會到它的精妙之處?！?/p>

Different from the complicated and stunning appearance on the stage， Zhou Li， tall and thin， often wears a gray down jacket and a ponytail， without any makeup. She always draws herself up， showing the gestures and expressions in Beijing opera， and sometimes sings a few words with her fingers forming the shape of an orchid.

The procedural moves of Beijing opera have been down to her bone after 34 years of learning. Zhou Li said， "Learning Beijing opera is a long-term process. It takes a lot of time for learners to realize its subtlety."

舞臺上的“8 分”狀態(tài)

The “8-Point” State on the Stage

從十歲開始學(xué)習(xí)京劇，周利已經(jīng)記不清演出了多少場。每次開演前，她都會鼓勵自己，一如十三歲第一次登臺表演時的模樣。

周利清楚地記得，這場劇叫《扈家莊》，她扮演扈三娘， 演出地點在原重慶實驗劇場。

開演前，周利頭戴蝴蝶盔，雉翎狐尾，身穿改良靠， 足登彩鞋在后臺候場。

但她內(nèi)心卻是焦慮的，“由于京劇化妝要勒頭，我還沒適應(yīng)，不僅頭疼，還要帶很沉的盔帽。而且第一次公開演出，臺下觀眾就有近 800 人，非常緊張?！?/p>

在后臺，周利開始給自己打氣，鼓勵自己， 讓自己平復(fù)心情。

“鑼鼓聲一響起來，一下子就興奮了，頭疼緊張也都忘了?！敝芾貞洰?dāng)時的場景。

上臺后，扈三娘的氣質(zhì)瞬間凸顯，一顰一笑一抬頭，起威拉式，周利完全沉浸在戲劇中。她背對觀眾，盔頭一甩，然后慢慢回過頭來， 唱出第一句臺詞——“披掛整齊鳳翅飛。耀旌旗燦爛，也那云霞碧。憑著俺這神威，迫忙里炮似雷轟，猛沖入羅網(wǎng)重圍，也顧不得臨陣前萬將雄威……”

表演出人意料成功，得到當(dāng)時所有老師的肯定，“呵呵，這小孩不錯，比較有靈氣?！彼€記得當(dāng)年報紙上的小角落刊登了她演出的劇照，并配以“小荷才露尖尖角”的文字報道。直到現(xiàn)在，周利表演前都會自我鼓勵，讓

自己放松下來。

從第一次表演中，她摸索出了上臺演出的最佳狀態(tài)，“平時演出用十分力氣表演，在現(xiàn)場演只會用到八分，讓自己用一個放松的狀態(tài)去拿捏表演，才能更好駕馭角色。”

Zhou Li started learning Beijing opera at the age of ten， and have performed for so

many times that she even couldn't remember the real number. Before each performance， she will encourage herself， just like when she performed on the stage for the first time at the age of 13.

Zhou Li remembers clearly that the play was "Hujiazhuang （Hu's. Mansion）"， in the former Chongqing Experimental Theater， and she played Hu Sanniang.

Before the performance， Zhou Li was waiting backstage wearing butterfly helmets， pheasant feathers and fox tails， Gai Liang Kao （one kind of costume） and colorful shoes.

However， she was very anxious at that time. "I haven't adapted to the makeup and heavy helmet of Beijing opera， they just give me a headache. And the audience was nearly 800， which makes me more nervous."

Zhou Li then began to calm herself down at the backstage.

"As soon as I hear the sounds of blowing trumpets， I suddenly feel inspired and forgot my headache and nervousness，" Zhou Li recalled the scene at that time.

Stepping on the stage， Zhou Li was completely immersed in the drama， taking

herself as Hu Sanniang， behaving exactly the way Hu Sanniang does. She turned her back to the audience， swung her helmet， then slowly turned around and sang the first line-"Fully armed， I fly on the Phoenix wings. The flags are shining brightly， and the clouds are blue. With my magic power， I get through the close siege with the thundering persisted， regardless of the horrifying generals and soldiers of the enemy troops..."

Unexpectedly， the performance was a great success， and she was highly recognized by all the teachers at that time. "We got this girl！"， they thought. She still remembers that the stills of her performance were published in a small corner on the newspaper， with the headline "Lotus Just Buds".

Zhou Li has developed it a habit to calm herself down before performing until now.

From the first performance， she figured out the best state of performing on stage： "we should spend 100% of our strengths in practicing， but only 80% in live performance. Only in this way， can we better control the role we play in a relaxed state."

最難的堅持與選擇

The Hardest Choice to Stick with

很多人都說，周利屬于演出型選手。

周利則認(rèn)為，臺上表演狀態(tài)的收放自如， 是對自己的自信?！皩I(yè)上的各方面都做好， 自然會有精彩的表演。”周利說。

小時候，作為京劇票友的爺爺奶奶，經(jīng)常帶周利去看京劇。因為喜歡上了京劇舞臺上扮相漂亮的演員，1987 年，周利報考重慶市藝術(shù)學(xué)校，如愿學(xué)習(xí)京劇。原以為學(xué)京劇很輕松， 可進(jìn)校沒多久，周利便嘗到了苦頭。

由于戲曲表演中“唱念做打”“ 四功五

”的特殊性，戲曲界歷來都沿用過去“科班” 里的老方法訓(xùn)練學(xué)生，一進(jìn)班就是圧腿下腰， 練聲叫嗓。

“一年中的大多數(shù)時候都在練習(xí)中度過， 每一個動作，每一個發(fā)聲都要練習(xí)幾百上千次， 不斷完善一個個小細(xì)節(jié)。摔跤、崴腳、大筋扯斷都是常事?！敝芾f，她一年級時練晨功， 壓腿用力過猛致大腿韌帶拉傷，休息了1 個月; 三年級時，從兩米多的高臺上摔下來，右手手肘處股撕裂，休息了 3 個月。

學(xué)習(xí)京劇七年，對周利來說最難的就是堅持——身體上的，還有未來的選擇。

在京劇班，周利與現(xiàn)知名演員蔣勤勤是同班同學(xué)。1993 年，學(xué)了 7 年京劇順利畢業(yè)后， 蔣勤勤等一些同學(xué)選擇去了北京電影學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)， 周利則進(jìn)了重慶市京劇團(tuán)。

從跑龍?zhí)椎綋?dān)任主演，這期間周利也曾有過轉(zhuǎn)行的念頭?！翱吹酵嗤瑢W(xué)有的成為明星， 有的在各自領(lǐng)域做得風(fēng)生水起，說不羨慕那是假的?！敝芾f，那段時間也有人建議她去唱歌， 但想到辛辛苦苦學(xué)了這么多年的京劇，真要轉(zhuǎn)行就太對不起自己了。

所以，那時她告誡自己，必須堅持下去。

1999 年，周利隨尚派名家孫明珠先生學(xué)習(xí)， 成為尚派第三任傳承人。2004 年，周利考進(jìn)第四屆中國京劇優(yōu)秀青年演員研究生班。期間， 在《昭君出塞》《乾坤福壽鏡》《穆柯寨》《花木蘭》《梁紅玉》《雙陽公主》《打青龍》《綠衣女俠》劇目中，成功塑造了眾多不同藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和不同人物特點的舞臺藝術(shù)形象。

Many people believe that Zhou Li is a born performer.

Zhou Li， however， holds that the ease on the stage comes from confidence in oneself. "If you make sure that all links are well organized， the performance must be wonderful，" said Zhou Li.

When she was a child， her grandparents， who were Beijing opera amateurs， often tookZhou Li to watch Beijing opera， because they really liked the beautiful actors on the stage. In 1987， Zhou Li applied for the Chongqing Art School and got accepted， thus began studying Beijing opera as she wished. Having expected it very easy to learn Beijing opera， Zhou Li suffered a lot shortly after entering the school.

Accor ding t o t he four ar eas of performance， namely “Chang， Nian， Zuo， Da” （singing， dialogue， acting and acrobatics） and "four skills and five means" in opera performance， the opera circle has been training students by adopting the traditional methods. Once admitted， the students would be asked to do leg pressing and back bending practice， as well as voice training.

"Most of the year is spent by practicing. Every movement and every sound would be practiced hundreds and thousands of times， to make the details perfect. Wrestling， sprained feet and broken tendons are common." Zhou Li said that she had to rest for one month because of thigh ligament strain caused by overexert in doing morning exercise at her first grade. And at the third grade， she fell from a high platform of more than two meters， torn her right elbow and rested for three months.

After studying Beijing opera for seven years， the most difficult thing for Zhou Li is to stick to it-physically and emotionally. And she also had to think about her future career.

Zhou Li and Jiang Qinqin， a well- known actress are classmates in the Beijing opera class. In 1993， after graduating from the Beijing opera class， Jiang Qinqin and other classmates chose to further their study in the Beijing Film Academy， while Zhou Li joined

the Chongqing Beijing Opera Troupe.

From a walk-on to a leading role， Zhou Li had thought about changing her career during this period. "It's apparently not the fact when I say I not envy my classmates who either became famous stars or do well in their fields，" so said Zhou Li. Some persuaded her to be a singer， but she believed that she would feel sorry for herself for changing her career. After all， she had worked so hard to learn Beijing opera for so many years.

Therefore， she warned herself that she must stick to it at that time.

In 1999， Zhou Li studied with Mr. Sun Mingzhu， a famous Shang School artist， and became the third inheritor of the Shang School. In 2004， Zhou Li was admitted to the 4th Outstanding Young Beijing Opera Actors Graduate Class. During this period， she has presented many stage characters with different artistic styles and different characteristics in such plays as "Zhaojun Departs the Frontier"， "Qiankun Live Mirror"， Mukezhai， "Lady General Hua Mu-lan"， "Liang Hongyu"， "Princess Shuangyang"， "Hit the Blue Dragon" and "The Woman in Green".

“走心”的“一次性”舞臺藝術(shù)The Touching "One-off" Stage Art

學(xué)習(xí)京劇這么多年，周利也慢慢找到京劇表演的感覺。“以前是模仿，現(xiàn)在更多是走心。”

2019 年 11 月 29 日、30 日， 周利主演的京劇《秦良玉》，在國泰藝術(shù)中心大劇院公演。為了演好京劇《秦良玉》，周利和團(tuán)隊先

后兩次赴石柱實地采風(fēng)，與當(dāng)?shù)貙＜易?。還去了秦良玉生前所在的萬壽山、練兵場等，感受環(huán)境。

為在舞臺上呈現(xiàn)更好的效果，周利不斷打

磨表演細(xì)節(jié)，“比如一個抖動披風(fēng)的動作，怎么抖得好看，抖出氣勢來？與她丈夫的眼神互動，怎么表達(dá)到位？怎么樣唱得動情，讓觀眾感動……”

周利說，戲曲藝術(shù)是一次性藝術(shù)，每次在臺上的表演都是不一樣的，她覺得這也是京劇藝術(shù)的價值。

她曾主演現(xiàn)代京劇《張露萍》，該劇取自革命題材，講述 19 歲女戰(zhàn)士黎琳奉命到重慶、化名張露萍潛伏在國民黨軍統(tǒng)局的故事。

但是，周利從未演過潛伏題材，為此專門上網(wǎng)搜集資料，力求自己的表演最大限度走進(jìn)角色豐富的內(nèi)心，“我在看她的故事時就想， 如果我是她，面對委屈和誤解時，我會怎樣做， 是怎樣強大的信仰支撐她前進(jìn)？”

《張露萍》公演后大受好評，也為周利贏得了第 26 屆中國戲劇梅花獎，成為重慶第八位梅花獎得主。

After studying Beijing opera for so many years， Zhou Li has gradually figured out the key in learning. "I used to imitating others， but now I have my own style."

On November 29 and 30， 2019， the Beijing opera "Qin Liangyu" starring Zhou Li was performed at the Chongqing Guotai Arts Center.

In order to perform it well， Zhou Li and her team went to Shizhu twice to collect folk songs and interview local experts. She also went to Wanshou Mountain， where Qin Liangyu lived before her death， her training ground and cemetery to experience her living environment.

Zhou Li kept polishing the details of the performance to present a better effect on the stage. "For example， how can I shake the mantle in a handsome yet powerful way？ How should I have eye contact with her husband？ How to move the audience withwhat I sing... "

Zhou Li said that opera art is an one- off art， and every performance on stage is different. To her， this is also the value of Beijing opera.

She once starred in the modern Beijing opera "Zhang Luping"， which is taken from revolutionary themes and tells the story of 19-year-old female soldier Li Lin who was ordered to go to Chongqing with the pseudonym of Zhang Luping and lurk in the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics of KMT.

However， Zhou Li has never played such kind of opera. So she collected a large amount of materials on the Internet and tried her best to see herself as the character and walks into her heart. "When I read her story， I was thinking that if I were her， what would I do in the face of injustice and misunderstanding， and wondering what kind of faith that had driven her forward？"

"Zhang Luping" was well received after being performed to the public. It also made Zhou Li the winner of the 26th China Theatre Plum Blossom Award， the 8 award winner in Chongqing.