• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    India’s indigenous idea of herd immunity: the solution for COVID-19?

    2020-06-29 07:29:48RamShepherdBheenaveni
    Traditional Medicine Research 2020年4期

    Ram Shepherd Bheenaveni

    India’s indigenous idea of herd immunity: the solution for COVID-19?

    Ram Shepherd Bheenaveni1*

    1Department of Sociology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, (T.S.), India.

    Note: Shepherds in rural India are performing the herd immunity for their livestock with the help of herbal produces in order to prevent the virus-causing epidemics. They attenuate the virulence of virus with help of leaf juice extracted fromplant before inoculation or viriolation. This photograph was taken at Urumadla-Ramchandrapur village of Siddipet district in Telangana State, India in May, 2020. Bheenaveni Rajaiah (left) and his son Bheenaveni Laxman (right) are conducting the viriolation to the uninfected sheep to achieve herd immunity.

    Background

    The coronavirus disease 2019 [1], also known as COVID-19, was first reported in humans in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in late December, 2019 and emerged as a rapidly spreading pandemic with its unprecedented outbreak [2–3]. Within its first 100 days, it has attacked 1,431,973 people, and 82,096 of them lost their precious lives [4]. Its unimaginable outbreak has reached 202 nations, and every person in the world is at risk of being infected by the virus in one way or the other. Thus far, no suitable medicine or vaccine is invented against COVID-19. The World Health Organization declared it as the “Public Enemy No. 1” and was considered as one of most dangerous health catastrophes ever occurred in human history [5].

    The data forecasted by London-based scientists report the fatality rate of COVID-19 which is about 10 to 20 times deadlier than the seasonal influenza [6]. Many epidemiologists believe that the coronavirus outbreak could be similar, on a general scale, to the 1957 influenza, but it is not assumed that it would be as catastrophic as the 1918 influenza pandemic [7]. However, the outbreak of virus is accelerating more than how it is foreseen by the experts as it has only taken 67 days from the very first reported case to reach 100,000 cases–11 days for another 100,000 cases [8], 4 days for the third 100,000 cases, and just 2 days for fourth 100,000 cases [9]. Currently, it has infected more than 5 million people [10].

    The reason why the entire world is put on lockdown and “social distancing” and “self-quarantine” are being strictly imposed and practiced is to curb the exponential curve of such contagious disease. It is also a given fact that the world cannot survive with the lockdown for a longer period. Even if we put an end to the lockdown after one or two months, there is still a high possibility for a second wave of the coronavirus across the globe as we cannot simply identify the infected individuals owing to its 15-day window period [11]. Therefore, this is the time to dwell deeper into different preventive ways and healing methods and tackle the current COVID-19 pandemic.

    In this regard, this comment aims to offer insights of probable solution for the coronavirus pandemic from experiences of Indian shepherds who have been widely exposed to indigenous herbal knowledge systems from the ancient times and evolved in a unique set of practice called(herd immunity) to address the epidemics or pandemics that affect their people, livestock, and herds or flocks.

    Indigenous idea of herd immunity

    Based on folklore and traditional wisdom, when a shepherd purchases a few new sheep from an unknown seller or from a distant place, he keeps them away from his old flock of sheep for a period of 15 days. This, in other words, is a unique practice of herd quarantine. The new flock is permitted to mingle with the old flock only after the completion of the prescribed quarantine period. In case someone tries to violate the principle of herd quarantine, the herd council will impose a rigorous punishment.

    Whenever traits of virus-causing diseases, like cowpox, sheeppox, and goatpox, appear in cattle herds, shepherds anticipate its inescapability of viral infection and its inevitable outbreak and visualize that herd quarantine may not be a practical solution in the long run. Although shepherds are not exposed to the term “virus,” they have a solid understanding of the very existence of a foreign specie that damages the health of their herds. To mitigate and militate the repulsive repercussions of the virus, they purposively evolve a typical method of treatment named,,known as herd immunity. This can be observed in all remote Indian villages until today.

    In the modern framework, the idea of herd immunity was first adopted in 1923 to denote the premunity or immunity of a given total population, examining the rate of disease fatality among populace at various degrees of immunity in an experimental research. The study recognized herd immunity as a naturally occurring phenomenon [12]. During the mid-1930s, A.W. Hedrich’s epidemiological study of measles in Baltimore noticed a substantial decline in new infections after several children had been conscientiously exposed and immune to measles [13]. In light of this, mass vaccination is performed to develop premunity among the masses; this process is called herd immunity in our modern medical sciences, as everybody of us naturally develops immunity after a due course of time.

    In contrast to modern science, the original idea of herd immunity is not a natural process since inoculation or variolation is a must. This happens when the virulence of the virus is considerably condensed with the help of natural substances, like herbs and plants, and then the attenuated virus will be inoculated into the body of a healthier animal, where the spurious virus enters through the medical intervention of shepherds which will eventually infect the flock one after the other. By this means, the infection becomes mild, unlike the natural attack. The inherent antigens in animals will quickly respond to face the attack of the mild virus by producing awe-inspiring antibodies in order to develop immunity within a stipulated period.

    Procedure and protocol of herd immunity

    As part of traditional roles, the head of herds and shepherds, who is usually widely exposed to indigenous medical lore and equipped with sociopolitical powers to make decisions, conducts a survey among the herds dwelling in different villages attacked by viral infections and locates the severely infected flock of sheep. Next, he identifies a critically infected animal in that flock, undoubtedly a survivor, to use as the host and infuse the virus to healthier animals staying in different herds. On request or by paying price, he brings the infected sheep near an uninfected herd, while he extracts leaf juice of a specific tree named,(Figure 1). The collected leaf juice is poured in a cup made of thick leaves. He also collects serum/plasma from the blood of the infected animal to amalgamate with the extracted leaf juice. With the help of a diamond cutter-like metal instrument and a bunch of surgical instruments, he pinches or draws a small cut on the healthier sheep’s ear edge to infuse the virus through biosynthesis prepared out of the extracted leaf juice and the serum/plasma collected from the infected animal. Likewise, all animals in the flock, one animal after the other, will be infected in a day. Thereafter, the entire herd will go for strict quarantine for a period 15 to 21 days.

    During quarantine, the shepherd meticulously observes the health condition of each and every sheep to assess the degree of severity of infection. Those with mild infection among the sheep can be allowed to stay in the herd, while those in critical condition are offered special fodder in a separate setting. However, it is true that all the sheep only get mild infection due to the application of leaf juice extracted from theplant. If the virus attacks naturally, the entire flock will be severely affected. However, if the same virus enters into the healthy sheep through the shepherd’s intervention of health care, the flock is prone to mild infection only. In the combat of the virus and sheep immunity, the sheep’s natural immunity suppresses the mild infection and facilitates recovery of its own as well as the herd within a due course of time. Of course, the mild infection never gets the chance to harm the health of an animal in the long run, so eventually, the flock comes out of the threat of the epidemic or pandemic.

    There are numerous examples of shepherds’ indigenous healthcare systems that can be seen in India even in the present times. Their knowledge over crossbreeding is also an interesting one, although they are not aware of modern genetics. They usually pick up a ram from a flock away from a considerable distance to their herd’s place. In fact, this is one of the primary norms in selecting and breeding a ram among the shepherd community. It latently implies that as the biological or genetic relationship is far distant, the health status of upcoming lambs will be much stronger and more immune. Our modern doctors are also propagating a similar kind of awareness among the populace following the development of Genetics as a discipline. But even before the emergence of Genetics, the shepherds had already discovered the same sort of idea.

    Figure 1a:plant; b: Leaves and seeds ofplant situated at Urumadla-Ramchandrapur village of Siddipet district in Telangana State, India.

    Herd immunity for humankind

    The similar kind of herd immunity strategy used to be implemented to preserve the public health when humans are prone to measles, chickenpox, or smallpox. The leaf juice extracted from theplant will be mixed with serum/plasma collected from the survivor of the viral disease. With the help of traditional sewing needle, the amalgamated serum/plasma and leaf juice will be injected into the muscle of healthier individuals to get immune. As a rule, new or sterilized needles must be peculiarly used for each case to infuse the virus in order to avoid transmission of other infections. It causes a peanut-shaped blister which is considered as an indicator of the proper execution of treatment. In cases where a person does not get a blister, he will be ordered for re-variolation. If, by mistake, the injection spots on a nerve that seriously wound the entire nerve, it will be cured by other medicinal herbs. Therefore, enormous concentration has to be paid by the indigenous healers while injecting the spurious virus. This deliberate infusion through variolation to each and every individual in the community gradually develops herd immunity.

    It is a pertinent time to rethink and utilize the indigenous knowledge of Indian shepherds and folk healers in order to discover a healing system for the coronavirus pandemic. Historically, India is known for deities who actually invented healing systems for different diseases and epidemics. Public health professional Pochamma, in Telangana State, is the classic example for the development of treatment of different poxes. Balamma is known for midwifery, prenatal, and postnatal healthcare. Their succession has been continuing in the form of indigenous medical care, and their knowledge remained as age-old traditions, oral histories, folklore, and unique set of practices around their shrines.

    Herbal treatment for COVID-19

    To wipe out the virus residing inside the human body, different antiviral drugs need to be fiddled out of our genes. Recently, the mainstream opinion among biologists across the globe is that herbal plants have no such capability has seriously been debated. However, there is an overwhelming amount of data supporting the innate and ingrained herbal potentiality and effectiveness in antiviral treatment for COVID-19 in China [14]. This also implies that herbs are capable enough to dilute the virulence of the virus and suppress its infections from utmost severity to a mild level. Herd immunity will be made possible through the inoculation or variolation of virus after its attenuation by herbal substances, and the infusion of mild virus as part of medical intervention is critical to the host to achieve herd immunity.

    Lin, L.T., Hsu, W.C., and Lin, C.C., (2014) recapitulated antiviral behaviors during the use of different herbal medicines and natural products against several notable viral pathogens like coronavirus, dengue virus, coxsackievirus, and so on [15]. In China, scientists evaluate the latest national and provincial clinical guidelines, retrospective cohort studies of COVID-19, and propose traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment as an option for substantial utilization [16]. Treatment patterns of COVID-19 confirm that early intervention of TCM plays a pivotal role in amplifying the rate of cure, shortening the span of disease, condensing disease progression, and reducing mortality rate [17]. Huan-Tian Cui (2020) envisioned that the classical prescription of Chinese medicine, Da Yuan Yin, which is recorded in the ancient book of Chinese medicine(1642 C.E.) and contains Binlang (), Houpo (), Caoguo (), Zhimu (), Shaoyao (), etc., was considered as means of prevention against smallpox and stated that the utilization of TCM has been resulting in remarkable improvement and alleviation of symptoms in COVID-19 patients [18]. Ni, L., Zhou, L., Zhou, M., et al. (2020) explained the usage of Western medicine via,5 mg, and75 mg with a combination of a Chinese patent drug, Shuanghuanglian oral liquid with the approval number SFDA of China (Z10910017), which is comprised of three herbs: Huangqin (), Jinyinhua () and Lianqiao () in a ratio of 1:1:2 to treat the first case of the novel coronavirus patient in Wuhan [19].

    Many COVID-19 patients were prescribed with the empirical formula of Chinese medicine, Qing Fei Pai Du decoction, prepared from 21?herbs including Mahuang (), Gancao (), Kuxingren (), Shengshigao (), Guizhi (), etc., in Shanxi, Heilongjiang, and Hebei provinces, and its overall effectiveness was ≥ 90% until February 5, 2020 [20]. The retrospection of Luo, H., Tang, Q., Shang, Y. et al. (2020) into ancient Chinese healthcare practices was mentioned in the ancient book of Chinese medicine(, unknown publication time) and reconciled the usage of herbs, including Huangqi (), Gancao (), Fangfeng (), Baizhu (), Jinyinhua (), and Lianqiao (). Moreover, they also pointed out that the herbal formulas of Chinese traditional medicine could be an alternative approach for the prevention of COVID-19 by highlighting their potential preventive outcomes [21]. The clinical efficacy retrospectively was analyzed by Yao et al. (2020) for the effectiveness of Chinese patent drug Lian Hua Qing Wen capsule with the approval number by SFDA of China (Z20040063). Linghua Qingwen capsule is composed of 11 herbs, including Lianqiao (), Jinyinhua (), Mahuang (), Kuxingren (), Banlangen (), etc., in treating COVID-19 patients and found that the traditional herbal medicine could possibly decrease major disease symptoms, such as cough, cold, and flu, due to their potentiality in promoting recovery [22].

    Across ten Chinese provinces, 701 COVID-19 patients were treated with Qing Fei Pai Du decoction. Among them, 130 patients (18.5%) were completely recovered, and 51 patients (7.27%) were also cured from having the symptoms, such as fever and cough. In addition, symptom improvements were seen among 268 patients (38.2%), and stabilization occurred in 212 patients (30.2%) [23]. Suxin Wan et al. (2020) reported that most of the coronavirus disease patients were treated with a combination of both allopathic and TCM, and the application of TCM in viral pneumonia has promptly facilitated rich experience [24]. Deng-hai Zhang et al. (2020) mentioned that 26 herbs out of 125 Chinese antiviral herbs, including Lianqiao (), Gancao (), Sangbaipi (),Juhua (), Kuandonghua (), etc. were naturally used to treat viral respiratory infection as they might contain direct anti-novel coronavirus compounds [25].

    Conclusion and future course of action

    Since the entire world is in search for the best preventive medicine and curable methods for COVID-19, the indigenous idea of herd immunity practiced by shepherds with the help of herbs to overcome various poxes and pandemics is shared. From the Harappan Civilization in the northwestern regions of South Asia (lasting from 3,300 B.C.E to 1,300 B.C.E. [26]), the profession of shepherding has been appearing, and a plethora of oral histories, medical technologies, and unique set of healing system were evolved around it.

    In the treatment process, shepherds develop practices, like herd quarantine and herd isolation, and visualize that those practices cannot protect them from unprecedented virus attacks. Eventually, they evolve herd immunity by infusing the mild virus from an infected sheep to all the healthier animals to get immune. The head of shepherd, as part of his traditionally role, possesses and transforms the entire procedure and protocol of herd immunity from one generation to another. Extracting leaf juice fromplant and collecting serum/plasma from a survivor to mix-up in a cup made out of thick leaves and amalgamating biochemical synthetic would be infused with the help of a diamond-cutter like instruments and a bunch of surgical instruments. This similar sort of herd immunity strategy was adopted for human beings before when they got infection of smallpox, chickenpox, and other viral poxes. The leaf juice was extracted fromplant and amalgamated it with serum/plasma obtained from a human survivor, and the same will be infused with sterilized sewing needles on the muscles of healthier persons to get immune within a stipulated time.

    Now, reclaiming the indigenous knowledge and healthcare systems passed through generations together among shepherds, tribes, and rural folk methodologically may offer a few new insights for the development of herd immunity scientifically to eliminate the coronavirus pandemic from the world.

    1. Sophie V [Internet]. What does COVID-19 stand for? [cited 2020 April 17]. Available from: https://www.goodrx.com/blog/what-does-covid-19-mean-who-named-it/

    2. Epidemiology Group of the New Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Mechanism of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiological characteristics of the new Coronavirus pneumonia [published online ahead of print, 2020 February 17]. Chin J Epidemiol. (Chinese)

    3. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, et al. A novel Coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet 2020, 395: 470–473.

    4. World Health Organization [Internet]. Coronavirus (COVID-19) situation dashboard on [cited 2020 May 24]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/

    5. US News [Internet]. World must consider Coronavirus “Public Enemy Number One”: WHO [cited 2020 February 11]. Available from: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-02-11/world-must-consider-coronavirus-public-enemy-number-one-who

    6. Maciej F Boni [Internet]. How big will the Coronavirus epidemic be? An epidemiologist updates his concerns. [cited 2020 March 9]. Available from: https://theconversation.com/how-big-will-the-coronavirus-epidemic-be-an-epidemiologist-updates-his-concerns-133133

    7. Joel Achenbach, William Wan, Lena H Sun [Internet]. Coronavirus forecasts are grim: It’s going to get worse. [cited 2020 March 12]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-forecasts-are-grim-its-going-to-get-worse/2020/03/11/2a177e0a-63b4-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html

    8. Antonio R [Internet]. What is herd immunity and can it stop the Coronavirus? [cited 2020 March 17]. Available from: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615375/what-is-herd-immunity-and-can-it-stop-the-coronavirus/

    9. The Economic Times [Internet]. Coronavirus updates: India's total confirmed cases tally nears the dreaded 500-mark [cited 2020 March 25]. Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-cases-in-india-live-news-latest-updates-march23/liveblog/74765889.cms

    10. Worldometer [Internet]. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic [cited 2020 April 16]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

    11. Bruce Y Lee [Internet]. Study: 17.9% of people with COVID-19 coronavirus had no symptoms, forbes. [cited 2020 March 18]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/03/18/what-percentage-have-covid-19-coronavirus-but-do-not-know-it/#19dc54997e90

    12. Topley WWC, Wilson GS. The spread of bacterial infection. The problem of herd-immunity. Epidemiol Infect 1923, 21: 243–249.

    13. Sencer DJ, Dull HB, Langmuir AD. Epidemiologic basis for eradication of measles in 1967. Public Health Rep 1967, 82: 253–256.

    14. Chen S [Internet]. Coronavirus: do herbal remedies work, and could they help in the stricken epicentre of Hubei? [cited 2020 February 18]. Available from: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3051009/coronavirus-do-herbal-remedies-work-and-could-they-help-stricken

    15. Lin LT, Hsu WC, Lin CC. Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines. J Tradit Complement Med 2014, 4: 24–35.

    16. Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang SCW. COVID-19: an update on the epidemiological, clinical, preventive and therapeutic evidence and guidelines of integrative Chinese-Western medicine for the management of 2019 novel Coronavirus disease. Am J Chin Med 2020, 48: 737–762.

    17. Ren J, Zhang AH, Wang XJ. Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacol Res 2020, 155: 104743.

    18. Cui HT, Li YT, Guo LY, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019: a review. Tradit Med Res 2020, 5: 65–73.

    19. Ni L, Zhou L, Zhou M, et al. Combination of Western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine in treating a family case of COVID-19 in Wuhan. Front Med 2020: 1–5.

    20. Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective. Int J Biol Sci 2020, 16: 1708.

    21. Luo H, Tang Q, Shang Y, et al. Can Chinese medicine be used for prevention of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A review of historical classics, research evidence and current prevention programs. Chin J Integr Med 2020: 1–8.

    22. Yao KT, Liu MY, Li X, et al. Retrospective clinical analysis on treatment of novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingwen. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form. 2020: 1–7.

    23. Healthcare Medicine Institute [Internet]. Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19 (coronavirus) treatment [cited 2020 February 17]. Available from:https://www.healthcmi.com/Acupuncture-Continuing-Education-News/2009-chinese-herbal-medicine-for-covid-19-coronavirus-treatment

    24. Wan S, Xiang Y, Fang W, et al. Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 21]. J Med Virol.

    25. Zhang DH, Wu KL, Zhang X, et al. In silico screening of Chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 Novel Coronavirus. J Integr Med. 2020, 18: 152–158.

    26. Wright, Rita P. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

    :

    TCM, traditional Chinese medicine.

    :

    The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

    :

    Ram Shepherd Bheenaveni. India’s indigenous idea of herd immunity: the solution for COVID-19? Traditional Medicine Research 2020, 5 (4): 182–187.

    :Nuo-Xi Pi.

    : 14 April 2020,

    9 May 2020,

    :27 May 2020.

    Ram Shepherd Bheenaveni, Department of Sociology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, (T.S.), India. E-mail: bheenaveni@gmail.com;bheenaveni@osmania.ac.in.

    10.12032/TMR20200519181

    午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 国产午夜精品论理片| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 91av网一区二区| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 老司机福利观看| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 久久草成人影院| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 观看免费一级毛片| 在线观看66精品国产| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 亚洲第一电影网av| 少妇高潮的动态图| 国产不卡一卡二| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 国产高潮美女av| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 在线视频色国产色| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 91麻豆av在线| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 亚洲18禁久久av| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 欧美大码av| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 天天添夜夜摸| 久久久久性生活片| 无限看片的www在线观看| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 天天添夜夜摸| www国产在线视频色| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 天堂av国产一区二区熟女人妻| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 99久久精品热视频| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 美女黄网站色视频| 1024手机看黄色片| 丁香六月欧美| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 一夜夜www| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 99久久精品热视频| www.www免费av| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 日本在线视频免费播放| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 深夜精品福利| 女警被强在线播放| 在线国产一区二区在线| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 51国产日韩欧美| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 在线播放无遮挡| 此物有八面人人有两片| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 国产成人av教育| 天堂av国产一区二区熟女人妻| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 国产精品久久久久久久久免 | 波野结衣二区三区在线 | 一级黄片播放器| netflix在线观看网站| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 亚洲成人久久性| 97超视频在线观看视频| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 丁香六月欧美| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 色播亚洲综合网| 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式 | 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 免费av毛片视频| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 一本久久中文字幕| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 日本免费a在线| 精品日产1卡2卡| 国产乱人伦免费视频| 色吧在线观看| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 国产免费男女视频| 99热只有精品国产| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| h日本视频在线播放| 美女黄网站色视频| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| av天堂中文字幕网| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 校园春色视频在线观看| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 国产真实乱freesex| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看 | 在线视频色国产色| 国内揄拍国产精品人妻在线| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 美女黄网站色视频| 美女大奶头视频| 国产精品影院久久| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 成人精品一区二区免费| av在线蜜桃| 宅男免费午夜| 欧美激情在线99| 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| av天堂中文字幕网| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 日韩有码中文字幕| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片 | 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 久久久久国内视频| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产视频内射| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 久久久成人免费电影| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 在线观看日韩欧美| 国产在视频线在精品| 怎么达到女性高潮| 黄色日韩在线| 亚洲色图av天堂| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 亚洲精品在线美女| 久久中文看片网| 综合色av麻豆| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 九九热线精品视视频播放| 舔av片在线| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 宅男免费午夜| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 免费看十八禁软件| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 国产精品女同一区二区软件 | 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久 | 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 国产视频内射| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 免费观看精品视频网站| 级片在线观看| 一进一出抽搐动态| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 97碰自拍视频| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 亚洲不卡免费看| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 丁香欧美五月| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 国产成人aa在线观看| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看| 99热只有精品国产| 国产精品 国内视频| 校园春色视频在线观看| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 一区福利在线观看| 国产精品久久视频播放| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 少妇的逼好多水| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片 | 亚洲色图av天堂| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 成人18禁在线播放| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 国产日本99.免费观看| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 亚洲精品456在线播放app | 天天添夜夜摸| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 亚洲av美国av| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 深夜精品福利| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 国产精品 国内视频| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| av黄色大香蕉| 色在线成人网| 午夜激情欧美在线| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 日本熟妇午夜| 免费观看人在逋| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 久久这里只有精品中国| 久久久久性生活片| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 性色avwww在线观看| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 国产三级黄色录像| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 97超视频在线观看视频| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆 | 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 日韩高清综合在线| 岛国在线观看网站| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 欧美午夜高清在线| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 熟女电影av网| 欧美成人a在线观看| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 热99在线观看视频| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看 | 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 国产成人影院久久av| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 免费av观看视频| 精品久久久久久,| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 热99在线观看视频| 日本三级黄在线观看| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 成人三级黄色视频| www国产在线视频色| 2021天堂中文幕一二区在线观| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 91字幕亚洲| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 成年女人看的毛片在线观看| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 免费看十八禁软件| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 午夜久久久久精精品| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 国产综合懂色| 亚洲激情在线av| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲精品456在线播放app | 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 欧美区成人在线视频| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 日本a在线网址| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 国产熟女xx| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 国产免费男女视频| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 国产老妇女一区| 日韩高清综合在线| 全区人妻精品视频| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 黄片大片在线免费观看| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 波多野结衣高清作品| 怎么达到女性高潮| 九九热线精品视视频播放| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 精品福利观看| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 国产99白浆流出| 久久久国产成人免费| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 搡老岳熟女国产| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 黄色女人牲交| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕 | 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产 | 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 精品电影一区二区在线| 成年免费大片在线观看| 欧美在线黄色| 国产在视频线在精品| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 免费观看精品视频网站| 天天添夜夜摸| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看 | 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 午夜精品在线福利| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 国产三级中文精品| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 一区福利在线观看| 99热这里只有是精品50| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 9191精品国产免费久久| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 精品人妻1区二区| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 久久香蕉精品热| 精品一区二区三区视频在线 | 亚洲avbb在线观看| 亚洲av美国av| 免费av观看视频| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区 | www国产在线视频色| 亚洲片人在线观看| 日本一本二区三区精品| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 美女大奶头视频| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 在线播放无遮挡| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 黄色成人免费大全| 成人av在线播放网站| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 国产亚洲精品一区二区www| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| h日本视频在线播放| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| e午夜精品久久久久久久| www日本黄色视频网| 久久伊人香网站| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 日韩欧美免费精品| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 国产高潮美女av| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 1000部很黄的大片| 在线免费观看的www视频| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 日本在线视频免费播放| 亚洲激情在线av| 国产在视频线在精品| 少妇丰满av| 国产精品久久久久久久久免 | 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 中国美女看黄片| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 亚洲色图av天堂| 亚洲av一区综合| 成人欧美大片| 变态另类丝袜制服| 99热精品在线国产| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 观看免费一级毛片| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 美女大奶头视频| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 色在线成人网| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 精品人妻1区二区| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 国产乱人视频| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 此物有八面人人有两片| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 色综合婷婷激情| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 日本熟妇午夜| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 我要搜黄色片| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 性欧美人与动物交配| 99热只有精品国产| 特级一级黄色大片| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看 | 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 精品久久久久久久末码| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 国产在视频线在精品| 嫩草影院精品99| 欧美区成人在线视频| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 久久久久久久久大av| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美 | 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| 女警被强在线播放| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 久久久久久久久中文| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 欧美大码av| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 99热精品在线国产| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 欧美日本视频| 久久久久国内视频| 国产乱人视频| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 此物有八面人人有两片| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 国产野战对白在线观看| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 此物有八面人人有两片| 级片在线观看| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 老司机福利观看| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 91av网一区二区| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 日本五十路高清| 在线播放国产精品三级| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 内地一区二区视频在线| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久 | 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 久久草成人影院| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 久久香蕉精品热| 老司机福利观看| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 精品国产亚洲在线| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 不卡一级毛片| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 精品日产1卡2卡| 舔av片在线| 日本黄大片高清| 成人18禁在线播放| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 久久精品人妻少妇| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 欧美成人a在线观看| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区|