陳萬明
摘要:速凝劑主要使用在噴射混凝土施工中,以達(dá)到噴砼快速凝結(jié),達(dá)到支護(hù)、封堵等效果的外加劑,廣泛應(yīng)用于公路、水利、礦山井巷等地下工程及應(yīng)急搶修工程。目前在中小工程中使用的大多為傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑,但是傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑存在生產(chǎn)時環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重、資源消耗高,施工時因堿量大而腐蝕性強(qiáng),因干噴而揚塵大、回彈率高,混凝土強(qiáng)度低等問題。但無堿液體速凝劑較好的解決了上述問題,但因價格較高以及高昂的機(jī)械成本,其應(yīng)用的范圍較小。本文以在白鶴灘水電站的施工中使用的無堿液體速凝劑和傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑為例,運用LCC(全生命周期成本)理論對兩種速凝劑的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益進(jìn)行比較分析,得出了無堿液體速凝劑的生命周期成本低于粉狀速凝劑的生命周期成本的結(jié)論。
Abstract: Quick-setting admixtures are mainly used in sprayed concrete construction to achieve rapid setting of shotcrete, admixtures for support and plugging, etc., and are widely used in highways, water conservancy projects, underground tunnels, and emergency repair projects. At present, most of the traditional powdery accelerators are used in small and medium-sized projects. However, the traditional powdery accelerators have serious environmental pollution during production, high resource consumption, strong corrosion due to large amount of alkali during construction, and dust due to dry spray, large, high rebound rate, low concrete strength and other problems. However, the alkali-free liquid quick-setting agent solves the above problems better, but due to the high price and high mechanical cost, its application range is small. This paper takes the alkali-free liquid accelerator and traditional powdery accelerator in the construction of Baihetan Hydropower Station as an example, and uses the LCC (life cycle cost) theory to compare and analyze the economic benefits of the two accelerators. The conclusion is that the life cycle cost of alkali-free liquid accelerators is lower than that of powdery accelerators.
關(guān)鍵詞:LCC(全生命周期成本)理論;無堿液體速凝劑;經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析
0? 引言
速凝劑是噴砼施工中非常重要的外加劑,速凝劑的選擇在很大程度上影響著噴砼的施工質(zhì)量。本文選取白鶴灘水電站使用的河南鞏義某廠家生產(chǎn)的傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑(用于白鶴灘水電站1#公路交通洞工程)和江蘇某廠家生產(chǎn)的無堿液體速凝劑(用于白鶴灘水電站1#泄洪洞及施工支洞工程)兩種速凝劑產(chǎn)品作為研究對象,對這兩種速凝劑的全生命周期成本進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計計算,初步比較兩種的速凝劑的優(yōu)劣程度,為速凝劑和干濕法噴砼施工的進(jìn)步發(fā)展提供一些技術(shù)支持。
1? LCC評價體系構(gòu)建
根據(jù)速凝劑生產(chǎn)和噴砼施工特點,本文將速凝劑的生命周期成本分為四個階段成本:投資生產(chǎn)階段成本、施工使用階段成本、運行維護(hù)階段成本、報廢處置階段成本。具體詳情見表1。
2? 投資生產(chǎn)階段成本估算
2.1 進(jìn)場價格
白鶴灘水電站無堿液體速凝劑的進(jìn)場價格為3800元/t,傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑的進(jìn)場價格為1600元/t。
2.2 環(huán)境成本
2.2.1 無堿液體速凝劑
該種速凝劑在生產(chǎn)時產(chǎn)生的污染物主要是廢水。據(jù)生產(chǎn)廠家統(tǒng)計,生產(chǎn)每噸該種速凝劑的污染成本為0.075元。
2.2.2 傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑
該種速凝劑在生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的污染物主要有粉塵、SO2、CO2等。據(jù)生產(chǎn)廠家統(tǒng)計,生產(chǎn)每噸該種速凝劑產(chǎn)生的污染物的量詳見表2中污染物量值。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[1,2]中的數(shù)據(jù),取得大氣污染物的單位環(huán)境成本,詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)見表2。
2.2.3 健康成本
無堿液體速凝劑在生產(chǎn)階段對工人無健康損害,因此健康損害成本可以為0。
傳統(tǒng)粉狀速凝劑在生產(chǎn)時的健康損害主要在堿性灼傷以及粉塵污染等方面。本文研究的河南鞏義某廠家在近兩年生產(chǎn)粉狀速凝劑合計約11.8萬噸,產(chǎn)生的醫(yī)療、勞動防護(hù)等費用合計約18萬元。因此生產(chǎn)1噸該種速凝劑發(fā)生的健康成本約為1.525元。
2.2.4 投資生產(chǎn)階段成本匯總分析
根據(jù)上文對無堿液體速凝劑和粉狀速凝劑投資生產(chǎn)成本的計算,得出兩種速凝劑的投資生產(chǎn)成本匯總,如表3所示。