墨西哥：傳統(tǒng)與進(jìn)化

戴維·巴蘇爾托/David Basulto

龐凌波 譯/Translated by PANG Lingbo

作者簡(jiǎn)介：ArchDaily創(chuàng)始人、主編/Founder & Editor-in-Chief,ArchDaily

作為當(dāng)今世界上第十五大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，墨西哥幅員遼闊，自前哥倫布時(shí)代起，在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的發(fā)展中積累出多層次的傳統(tǒng)，已然形成一種全球公認(rèn)的獨(dú)特身份。墨西哥所具有的身份體現(xiàn)在世界一流的美食、攝影和藝術(shù)方面，也體現(xiàn)在新一代建筑師的作品上，他們代表著建筑朝著共同利益與社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)化的下一階段。他們的建筑需要放在一個(gè)更大的歷史背景下來理解。

從早期開始，經(jīng)歷了瑪雅和阿茲特克時(shí)期，憑借多樣的類型與材料，墨西哥人開始在自然領(lǐng)域中確立自己的聚居地。首先是對(duì)地理?xiàng)l件的適應(yīng)，不論是擴(kuò)展平原土地，還是走進(jìn)山地。通過使用類似石材與稻草等本土材料，以及通過在軟泥地甚至是湖面上夯實(shí)地基、建設(shè)先進(jìn)的水動(dòng)力基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，在前哥倫比亞時(shí)期便形成了卓越的城市結(jié)構(gòu)，它們有著大量的公共廣場(chǎng)和宏偉廟宇，直到今天仍為人們所研究。

在被西班牙人占領(lǐng)以后，歐洲的影響匯入這里，并緩慢地融合、適應(yīng)這里的文化與地理環(huán)境，逐漸演變成墨西哥建筑的特征。20 世紀(jì)早期，建筑在墨西哥現(xiàn)代發(fā)展中具有重要作用的時(shí)候，她開始積極地接納發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，以加強(qiáng)工業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)。在此背景下，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代主義的理想在此生根，以一種特定的方式發(fā)展并契合墨西哥的文化。一批著名的建筑師如費(fèi)雷克斯·堪迪拉、胡安·奧戈?duì)柭?、馬里奧·帕尼、里卡多·萊戈雷塔、胡安·索爾多·馬達(dá)勒諾、佩德羅·拉米雷斯-巴斯克斯、路易斯·巴拉甘，共同促進(jìn)形成了這種有著強(qiáng)烈墨西哥身份特征的地域主義。正是從這里開始，物質(zhì)、光、色彩成為了墨西哥建筑的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

這一時(shí)期具有代表性的案例之一即佩德羅·拉米雷斯-巴斯克斯的國(guó)家人類學(xué)博物館（1964），由阿道夫·洛佩茲·馬特奧斯總統(tǒng)委托建造。這是一個(gè)“墨西哥人在參觀完出來時(shí)會(huì)為作為一個(gè)墨西哥人而感到自豪的”地方[1]。它的方案激進(jìn)，脫離了歐洲理念中的博物館是畫廊的總和這種概念，在設(shè)計(jì)中，拉米雷斯-巴斯克斯圍繞著一個(gè)中心天井布置平面，呼應(yīng)著前哥倫比亞時(shí)期城市的中心廣場(chǎng)形態(tài)，紀(jì)念性的混凝土傘狀結(jié)構(gòu)和其大尺度、大體量，令人聯(lián)想起古代廟宇的規(guī)模。這座里程碑式的建筑在當(dāng)時(shí)是世界上最大的博物館之一，它匯聚了墨西哥數(shù)千年的豐富多樣的文化，是一座體現(xiàn)了國(guó)家精神的現(xiàn)代建筑。

另一個(gè)展現(xiàn)墨西哥獨(dú)特身份的例子是路易斯·巴拉甘的作品，他也是唯一一位榮獲普利茲克建筑獎(jiǎng)（1980）的墨西哥建筑師。他的創(chuàng)作始于現(xiàn)代主義運(yùn)動(dòng)前夕，巴拉甘曾在歐洲旅行的途中，與年輕的勒·柯布西耶相遇[2]。他的作品，如清晰的線條與簡(jiǎn)潔的體量，在形式上受到了現(xiàn)代建筑師的影響，但在建筑應(yīng)該是感性的這一點(diǎn)上，這是巴拉甘的遠(yuǎn)見，與勒·柯布西耶“房子是居住的機(jī)器”的概念相對(duì)，這使他開啟了對(duì)建筑的光與色彩的探索。二者的結(jié)合遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了單純的構(gòu)成概念，在強(qiáng)烈的氣氛中，物質(zhì)獲得了新的維度，就像在他的自宅（1947）或是吉拉迪住宅（1977）里那樣，這些項(xiàng)目如今已成為了建筑朝圣的目的地。

現(xiàn)在，有著1.26 億人口的墨西哥已成為世界上人口總數(shù)排名第十的國(guó)家[3]，并正在處于城市快速增長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期。在目前384 個(gè)城市的基礎(chǔ)上，預(yù)期在2030 年將會(huì)變?yōu)?61 個(gè)，城市人口也預(yù)計(jì)將占人口比重的83.2%[4]。在未來的10 年中，預(yù)計(jì)將有17 座城市人口超越百萬，建筑師與城市規(guī)劃師將面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)。

不過，我們?nèi)孕柚厣暌暯沁@一問題。墨西哥城如今是世界上第九大城市聚居地，有著超過2280萬居住人口，事實(shí)上，它幾十年來一直是世界上最大的城市之一。自1324 年建立以來，歷史的層層積淀以一種獨(dú)特的方式塑造了這座城市，使它成為世界上最繁華的首都之一。在這里，建筑與交通、急速擴(kuò)張、城市不平等種種城市的緊迫問題相抗?fàn)帯?/p>

在此背景下，新一代的墨西哥建筑師們?cè)诮?jīng)歷了劇烈的進(jìn)化后，展現(xiàn)出一種獨(dú)特的身份，他們利用過去的元素來解決墨西哥城市的緊迫問題。從超大規(guī)模的民用或商業(yè)項(xiàng)目，到將傳統(tǒng)住宅重新詮釋為旅店，再到在當(dāng)代建筑中使用傳統(tǒng)技藝，在本期專輯中，我們將回顧由傳統(tǒng)與進(jìn)化帶來的墨西哥建筑當(dāng)今的狀況?！?/p>

1 死亡大道，墨西哥/Avenue of the Dead, Mexico（攝影/Photo: ?Ken Kistler）

2 國(guó)家人類學(xué)博物館，佩德羅·拉米雷斯-巴斯克斯/National Museum of Anthropology by Pedro Rami?rez-Va?squez（攝影/Photo: ?Dan Gamboa Bohórquez）

3 吉拉迪住宅，路易斯·巴拉甘/Casa Gilardi by Luis Barraga?n

4 蒙特雷科技大學(xué)校區(qū)/Monterrey Tec Campus（3.4攝影/Photo: ?David Basulto）

Mexico, today the 15th-largest economy in the world, is a country of vast scales, where layers of accumulated traditions over centuries of development since pre-Columbian times, have shaped a unique identity that is globally recognised. An identity that is present on a world class gastronomy, cinematography,and art, and on the works of a new generation of architects that represent the next step in the evolution of an architecture with a strong orientation towards the common good and the development of its society.An architecture that needs to be understood in a larger historical context.

Since early times, and through Maya and Aztec periods, diverse typologies and materials started to conquer the natural territory that defined Mexican settlements, first, by adapting to the geography, either through extension on flat lands, or by stepping on sloping regions. Using local materials such as stone and straw, and engineering wide foundations and advanced hydraulic infrastructure to build on top of soft soil and even lakes, the pre-Columbian cities achieved advanced urban configurations, with extensive public plazas and magnificent temples that remain object of study until today.

Since the Spanish Conquest, an influx of European influences started to enter the territory and to slowly blend and adapt to the cultural and geographical context, evolving into the Mexican architectural identity. But it was during early 19th century when architecture started to play an important role in the shaping of the Mexican modern state, when the country started to embrace a developed aim towards the strengthening of industry and infrastructure.In this context, as society advanced, the ideals of Modernism found a place to develop and adapt in a particular way, a regionalism with a strong Mexican identity developed by renowned architects such as Felix Candela, Juan O'Gorman, Mario Pani, Ricardo Legorreta, Juan Sordo Madaleno, Pedro Ramírez-Vásquez, Luis Barragán. It is here where matter, light and colour started to become strong pillars of Mexican architecture.

A relevant example of this moment is the National Museum of Anthropology by Pedro Ramírez-Vásquez(1964), commissioned by President Adolfo López Mateos as a place where "[...] Mexicans after visiting it,come out feeling proud of being Mexican"[1]. A radical scheme, away from European ideals of museums configured by the sum of galleries, where Ramírez-Vásquez ordered the programme around a central patio, a gesture to the central square of pre-Columbian cities, with a monumental concrete umbrella and large scale volumes that remind of the scale of ancient temples. A building that marked a before an after by putting together in one of the largest museums of the world at the time, Mexico's vast and diverse culture of thousand of years, on a modern building that embodied the values of the country.

Another example of the unique identity of Mexico is the legacy of Luis Barragán, the only Mexican architect recognised with the Pritzker Architecture Prize (1980). Formed during the dawn of the Modern movement, he traveled Europe extensively and had the chance of meeting a young Le Corbusier[2]. His work was formally influenced by the architects of the time, with clean lines and pure volumes, but it was his vision that architectural should be emotional, contrary to Le Corbusier's concept of "a house is a machine for living in", that led him into an exploration of light and colour on architecture. The result mix between the two went beyond mere composition, resulting in strong atmospheres where matter gained new dimensions as seen on his own House and Studio (1947) or Casa Gilardi (1977), projects that have become destination of architectural pilgrimage.

Today, with 126 million people, Mexico is the 10th most populated country in the world[3], and is going through a fast process of urban growth. It is expected to grow from 384 cities today, to 961 by 2030, when the urban population will account for 83.2% of the total[4]. With 17 cities over one million inhabitants expected in the next 10 years, architects and urbanists will face a big challenge.

But again, perspective. While Mexico City is today the 9th largest urban agglomeration in the world with more than 22.8 million inhabitants, it has been on the list of the world's largest cities for decades. Since its foundation in 1324, the layers of accumulated history have shaped it in a unique way, known as the most intense capitals of the world, and where architecture battles in parallel with the urgencies that transport,rapid sprawl, and urban inequity bring to the city.

In this context, the new generation of Mexican architects show a unique identity after this intense evolution, taking elements of the past to deal with the strong urgencies of Mexican cities. From the monumental scale of civic or commercial projects,to the reinterpretation of traditional houses into hotels or the use of ancestral building techniques on contemporary structures, we review on this issue the current state of Mexican Architecture as a result of Tradition & Evolution.□

參考文獻(xiàn)/References

[1] Karina Duque. Clásicos de Arquitectura: Museo de Antropología / Pedro Ramirez Vázquez + Rafael Mijares + Jorge Campuzano [N/OL]. ArchDaily México,2014-09-24 [2019-11-20]. https://www.archdaily.mx/mx/627588/clasicos-de-arquitectura-museo-deantropologia-pedro-ramirez-vasquez-rafael-mijaresjorge-campuzano (ISSN 0719-8914)

[2] The Pritzker Architecture Prize. Biography:Luis Barragán[EB/OL]. [2019-11-20] https://www.pritzkerprize.com/biography-luis-barragan

[3] United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects (2019)[EB/OL]. [2019-11-20]https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/

[4] ONU-Habitat. Tendencias del desarrollo urbano en México[EB/OL]. (2017-06-20) [2019-11-20]https://onuhabitat.org.mx/index.php/tendencias-deldesarrollo-urbano-en-mexico