• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    The Early Stages of Kyrgyz Ethnicity and Statehood (201 BCE-10th Century CE)

    2019-12-14 14:53:08TyntchtykbekTchoroevChorotegin
    歐亞學(xué)刊 2019年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:阿米

    Tyntchtykbek Tchoroev (Chorotegin)

    Foreword

    In 2002 the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) officially marked the 2200th anniversary of the first mention of ancient Kyrgyz (Kirghiz) statehood, a date also marked by the UN and UNESCO. It was tied to the mention of the Kyrgyz peoplea?orotegin T?n?t?kbek, K?rg?z Devletinin Olu umu: Eski ?a Ve Erken Orta ?a, pp.61-76; Yakhontov, S. E., “The Earlier References to the Name Kyrgyz”, pp.110-118.in early Chinese historical records in the context of political events in Inner and Central Asia during the rise of the nomadic Hun (Xiongnu) empire at the end of the 3rd century BCE.bTursun, Jarkyn, “Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate and the Tang Dynasty: Kyrgyz rulers (khagans), chieftains, chief ministers, chancellors,generals and envoys in Chinese historical records (circa 7th to 9th centuries)”, pp.76-93.

    In 2012 the Kyrgyz Republic officially celebrated the 1170th anniversary of the Great Kyrgyz Khaganate which was an important stage in the development of Kyrgyz statehood in the early medieval period.

    One must stress the fact that post-Soviet historians and Kyrgyz officials have moved away from the old idea that Kyrgyz statehood was allegedly “established solely thanks to the 1917 October Revolution”.cChorotegin (Tchoroev) T., Historiography of Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, pp.351- 374.

    Some Soviet historians did point out that the ancient and early medieval history of the Kyrgyz people had not been adequately researched. For example, the Kyrgyz geographer Sadybakas Omurzakov claimed in the early 1990s that the “Kyrgyz” ethnonym was first mentioned in ancient Chinese sources and that its 2200th anniversary must be celebrated.In the Soviet era of perestroika, Arslan Koichiev, a member of the Association of Young Historians of Kyrgyzstan who was not only publishing scholarly monographs but also writing historical novels, claimed that the “Kyrgyz” ethnonym’s 2200th anniversary must be celebrated in the year 2000. A Chinese ethnic Kyrgyz historian Anvar Baitur also wrote that Kyrgyz statehood and the history of the Kyrgyz people have deep ancient historic roots.aBaytur, Anvar. The Lectures on the Kyrgyz History (in Kyrgyz). Bishkek, Uchkun, 1992. Vol. 1.

    A renowned Chinese historian, Professor Yu Taishan recently has suggested that the very ancient form of the ethnic name of the Kyrgyz would be as “Juanhan 鄄韓” [kiw?n-hean]. It might be related to the era of the Western Zhou 周dynasty (circa 1045-771 BCE).

    Thus, the ethnic forms Gekun 鬲昆and Jiankun 堅(jiān)昆, which were mentioned by the Chinese historians during the arly Han dynasty era (i.e. in Shiji 史記by Sima Qian and Hanshu 漢書by Ban Gu), had followed the previous form of Juanhan 鄄韓.bYu Taishan. A Note on The Geographical Location of Jiankun (An article in this volume); Yu Taishan. A Concise Commentary on the“Memoir on the Western Regions” in the Official History Books…, 2014, pp.170-199, note 98 at p.199; etc. See also some criticism on the“folk-history” approach: Chorotegin T., 2219 Years On from the Events Related to the First Mention... .

    Consequently, it is important to study questions related to the establishment and development of Kyrgyz statehood in the ancient and early medieval periods in accordance with historical sources and in an objective way.

    Historical Common Space

    Kyrgyz (Kirghiz) history can be traced back to the ancient Western Zhou and Xiongnu(Hun) epochs, and monuments from this era demonstrate that the ancient Kyrgyz lived in the north-western area of Inner Asia known as Eastern Tengir-Too (however, Professor Yu Taishan has suggested the Altai mountains’ area as their ancient motherland), although it must be pointed out that Kyrgyz historians have still not studied this question in relation to the following geographical contexts: Heilongjiang, Baikal, Ordos, and Kyrgyz-Nor in the east; Siberia and Altai in the north; Tibet in the south; and the northern mountainous areas of Afghanistan, Transoxiana and the banks of the Volga (Atil) River in the west. When looking at the historical atlas, it is important to point out that there are many different views regarding these locales and the ethnic ties of people within the much wider context of Eurasia.

    Moreover, when looking at toponyms, we must be mindful of the fact that those used today often vastly differ in connotation from what they referred to in a totally different historical period. For example, the mountainous regions of Sayan and Altai have a shared ancient history, yet nowadays the Southern Siberian mountainous zones are divided into the territories of neighboring autonomous republics within the Russian Federation. However, this should not obscure the unified ancient history of these mountainous regions.

    The vast steppes belonging to the medieval “Dasht-i Qypchaq (Kipchak)” peoples,for example, are at present part of numerous polities. Disregarding the close historical connections between the Sayan and Altai mountain territories, the earlier Russian and Soviet scholars A. Mokeev, S. Klyashtornyi, and V. Ploskih artificially distanced the Sayan region (now a part of the Republic of Khakassia within the Russian Federation) from the mountainous Altai Republic and Mongolian Altai regions, which was effectively an attempt in the old Soviet era attempt to diminish the territories controlled by the ancestors of the Kyrgyz (Kirghiz) in the ancient and early medieval periods. This idea was perpetuated in the official Soviet historical view of the 1980s which alleged that not only the ethnonym “Kyrgyz”but also the Kyrgyz people themselves migrated from the Altai and Sayan regions into the current territory of Kyrgyzstan in the 15th century.aPloskih V. M., Short Historical Excursion of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan, p.48; Mokeev A. M., The Kyrgyz in Altai...; see criticism:Chorotegin T., Historiography of Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, pp.351- 374; The Kyrgyzstan History, 2016.

    The Ancient Homeland of the Kyrgyz

    In the ancient epoch, from the end of the 3rd century BCE written sources mention the existence of the Kyrgyz people and their homeland. See: Sima Qian (c. 145 or 135-86 BCE),Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian).bBichurin N. Ya., Collection of Information on Peoples in Central Asia, 1950, Vol. 1, p. 50; Butanayev, V. Ya., The Yenisei Kyrgyz State during the Old Turkic and Mongolian Epochs, Bishkek, 2016, p.63.Indeed, we learn from Chinese chronicles that General Li Ling (134-74 BCE) became the governor of Kyrgyz land on behalf of the Hun(Xiongnu) king in the early 1st century BCE. Li Ling was the grandson of the Han general Li Guang (d. 119 BCE), whom the Tang imperial family later claimed as their ancestor.cSee: Tursun, Jarkyn, Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate and the Tang Dynasty, p.79, note 29.

    Historians have proposed numerous contradictory views regarding the homeland of the ancient Kyrgyz polity. For example, some authors claim that ancient Kyrgyz statehood was established in the Upper Yenissei region, whereas others state that it was in north-western Mongolia around Khyargas Nuur (“Kyrgyz Lake”), while recently some historians suggest that the ancient Kyrgyz lived in the mountainous and desert areas close to the Borohoro Shan mountains (in the eastern part of the Tianshan mountain range in what is today the Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region of China).aButanayev V. Ya., The Yenisei Kyrgyz State during the Old Turkic and Mongolian Epochs, pp.63-64; Khudiakov Yu. S., The Warfare Art of the Kyrgyz, Bishkek, 2017, pp.57-60; Chorotegin T. K., A Concise History of the Kyrgyz, Bishkek, 2011, pp.157-195. See also:Bartold V. V., The Kyrgyz, 1963, pp.471- 543; Tchoroev T. K., Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan) as the region..., 1995, pp.14-16.

    Ban Gu (32-92 CE), the ancient Chinese historian of the Han Dynasty, wrote in his Hanshu (Book of Han) that: “There is the horde of the Xiongnu who settled about 7,000 li to the east of [the location] of the Kyrgyz”. The modern Russian archaeologist Professor Juli Sergeevich Khudiakov (b. 1947), the sinologist Lyudmila Akimovna Borovkova (1930-2011),and several modern Kyrgyz historians have used this source to claim that the ancient Kyrgyz people had settled in the Eastern Tengir-Too region in the 1st century BCE.bOn locations of the ancient Kyrgyz in the eastern part of the Tianshan mountains, see: Borovkova L. A., The West of Central Asia..., 1989,p.62; Khudiakov Yu. S., The Kyrgyz in the Expanses of Asia, 2nd. revised edition, 1995, pp.48- 56, 58 and 68; Kojobekov M. Ch., The History of the Kyrgyz Khaganate..., pp.5-10; etc.This area is located in the northern areas of the Borohoro Shan of the Tianshan MountainscKhudiakov Yu. S., The Kyrgyz in the Expanses of Asia, 2nd edition, pp.48- 58, etc.near today’s urban centers of Manas and Kara-Shaar.

    The ancient Turkic peoples known as the Hun, Wusun, and Dingling, as well as people who spoke Indo-European languages in Eastern Turkestan (Yuezhi, i.e., Tocharians) lived as neighbors of the ancient Kyrgyz.dChorotegin T. K. and Moldokasymov, The Concise History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan; Khudiakov Yu. S., The Sword of Baghyr...,p.24.

    How the ancient Kyrgyz became subjects of the Xiongnu empire

    The ancient Chinese scholar Sima Qian claimed in his Shiji that in 201 BCE the ruler of the Hun (Xiongnu), Modu (Maodun) Chanyu (Bagtug tengir-qut)eOn the title of Tengir-qut and other new readings of the ancient and Medieval Turkic names and titles illuminated in the Chinese written sources, see: The Kyrgyz In Accordance with the Chinese..., 2014; see also: Baytur, Anvar, The Lectures on Kyrgyz History....invaded the neighboring northern and north-western territories. During this war the ruler fought and subjugated a number of peoples–the Hanui, Ciyshe (Kuishe), Dingling, Kyrgyz, and Sinli tribes.fChristian D., A History of Russia, Central Asia..., Vol.1, Inner Eurasia..., pp.184-187; Golden P., An Introduction to the History...,pp.60-61.

    It is not possible to clearly establish whether the Kyrgyz had statehood at the time of Modu Chanyu’s invasion. The early Chinese sources (including Sima Qian) do not state whether the above-mentioned peoples, ethnic groups, and tribes were independent polities before the Xiongnu empire conquered their lands. However, we also cannot reject the possibility that they had nomadic states similar to that of the Huns.

    Nevertheless, one cannot deny that from the end of the 3rd century BCE the Kyrgyz were part of the Hun (Xiongnu) empire, preserving their own territory compact within the nomadic empire (see the story on General Li Ling in accordance with the Tang Dynasty’s chronicles, below). This demonstrates that the Kyrgyz were under the influence of the vast Turkic speaking nomadic civilization of Inner Asia.

    Multiple ethnicities and cultures mixed in the multi-ethnic state established by the Hun empire, and the ancient Turkic languages and their cultures became closer. The Kyrgyz adopted the political establishment and practices, as well as military arts, from the Huns (in the medieval period, the Kyrgyz, like the Huns, divided their forces and tribal groups into right wing, left wing, and central groups).

    The Kyrgyz in the first half of the 1st century BCE

    When Qiedihou-Chanyu (99 BCE) ruled the Hun (Xiongnu) empire, the Han Dynasty’s armies attacked Eastern Tengir-Too (Eastern Tian-Shan) and lost the war. After the war, the Chinese comander Li Ling, courtesy name Shaoqing, agreed to serve the Huns (Xiongnu). If he had returned to China he would have been executed.

    Qiedihou-Chanyu married his daughter to General Li Ling and gave him the title of“juki-bek” to rule the western areas inhabited by the Kyrgyz.aAristov N. A., Usuni and the Kyrgyz..., p.144; Gumilev L. N., History of the Hun..., pp.143-144; Khudiakov Yu. S., The Kyrgyz in the Expanses of Asia, pp.48-49.The descendants of Li Ling and his ethnic Hun wife constantly lived amongst the Kyrgyz. Their appearance, typified by black hair and dark eyes, was different from that of the local Kyrgyz, characterized in turn by blue eyes and yellow hair.

    In 90 BCE the Xiongnu forces under the command of General Li Ling joined the military divisions of the Xiongnu army to fight the Han Dynasty’s forces at the mountain called Yanzhi in the Hangai region. The idea of a unified war of independence against Chinese, Mongolian, and Manchu invaders is one of central themes of the Kyrgyz epic Manas. Manas includes a character by the name of Almambet who was an ethnic Chinese warlord who voluntarily joined the Kyrgyz armies and became the best friend of the Kyrgyz ruler, Khan Manas. Many believe that the episode in Manas treating Almambet’s fate incorporated events related to Li Ling.a?orotegin T., K?rg?z Devletinin Olu?umu..., pp.61-76.

    The Kyrgyz also actively participated in the political system of the Hun (Xiongnu)empire. This was clearly demonstrated in the year 56 BCE when the Kyrgyz leaders supported the Hun general Uxi (previously not part of the ruling elite of noblemen within the Hun empire) to become the Chanuy (tengir-qut, i.e., supreme ruler) of the Xiongnu, evn though Uxi would lose out to Huhanye Chanuy.

    This example demonstrates that the Kyrgyz attempted to protect their interests through palace coup d’états (political intrigue).

    Temporary independence of the Kyrgyz

    During the political upheaval and the weakening of central rule within the Hun empire in 56 BCE, the Kyrgyz gained independence for a short period. The territory that the Kyrgyz controlled consisted of the northern area of the Borohoro Shan mountains of Eastern Tengir-Too and the central areas of the Gurbantünggüt Desert (Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert).bKhudiakov Yu. S., The Warfare Art of the Kyrgyz..., Bishkek, 2017, pp.57-60; Chor otegin, T. K., A Concise History of the Kyrgyz...,Bishkek, 2011, pp.157-195; Kojobekov M. Ch., History of the Kyrgyz..., pp.9-11.

    The Han Dynasty’s written sources also mention the independent Kyrgyz kingdom; the Chinese historian Ban Gu uses the word “guo” (state) when referring to the small Kyrgyz polity. Due to the territorial isolation of the Kyrgyz state and the Hun (Xiongnu) Empire and the dynastic struggle for the throne of the Hun Empire, the empire did not pay attention to the Kyrgyz state for a number of years. This period thus marked a new stage in the beginnings of Kyrgyz statehood.cChorotegin T. K., Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan) as the Region of Ethnic Origin..., pp.204-209.

    In the year 49 BCE the leader of the Northern Huns, Zhizhi Chanyu (Hutuus, i.e. Tezektengir-qut) destroyed the Uxi kingdom (present-day Manas city), then occupied the Kyrgyz kingdom located to the west and the Dingling state located to the north.

    Zhizhi Chanyu remained for a while in the territory of the Eastern Tian-Shan where the Kyrgyz established their state in previous years. The Kyrgyz territory in 56-48 BCE was located much closer to the Wusun state with its capital city in the Issyk-Kul area. The Eastern Tengir-Too (Eastern Tian-Shan) is a much more realistic proposition than Upper Yenissei or North-western Mongolia.aBorovkova L. A., The West of Central Asia..., pp.61-62; Joldoshov, Ryskul, The Ancient Kyrgyz..., pp.235-237; etc.

    However, due to his close ties with the Kanju kingdom, Zhizhi Chanyu moved towards the west. Some sources point out that some gropus of the Kyrgyz went as far as the Talas valley due to Zhizhi Chanyu’s military marches to the west in the year 48-42 BCE.bBernshtam A. N., Selected Works on Archaeology..., Vol.1, pp.204-205, 239; Aristov N. A., Usun and Kyrgyz..., p.136; and others. In Kyrgyz folklore, the Talas region is regarded as their ancient historical homeland. At that time it was a part of the Kanju (Kangly) state.Eventually, the Kangly were assimilated by different Turkic ethnic groups, including the Kyrgyz.

    The Kyrgyz in the 1st-5th centuries CE

    The main people living in what is today Kyrgyzstan in the 1st century CE were the population surrounding the Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan) region. The Chinese written sources state that the Kyrgyz lived as neighbors of the Turkic tribes belonging to the Tiele political union, located to the “north of Yanqi (Karashahr city), next to Aktoo”. The same source states that majority of the Dingling people had assimilated with the Kyrgyz and some of the Hun(Xiongnu) people had also joined the Kyrgyz.

    In the 5th century, the Kyrgyz, like other Turkic Tiele tribes, fought against the Ruoran(i.e., Avars) who came from northern China. However, they were conquered by the Rouran people.cBichurin N. Ya., Collection of Information..., Vol.1, pp.188, 350- 351.The Turkic tribe of Ashina (the Wolf), or in some interpretations Asilan ( the Lion),had close ethnic ties with the Kyrgyz.

    Some believe that the legend of the female wolf mentioned in some Chinese chronicles was derived from the history of the inter-ethnic relations between the Ashina tribe and the Kyrgyz while they were based in the eastern areas of the Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan) mountain ranges. In the chronicles, the Kyrgyz are believed to be one of the Turkic descendants of the female wolf.

    In summary, ancient written sources demonstrate that the Kyrgyz have a deep history where the Kyrgyz people mixed with Turkic tribes, assimilated many of the Turkic speaking people in Inner and Central Asia, culturally influenced these people in the above-mentioned territories and traded with a number of countries along the Silk Road.dKhudiakov Yu. S., The Role of Ancient Turks and Kyrgyz..., pp.110-118; Khudiakov Yu. S., Trade Routes Linking South Siberia..., pp.72-84; Khudiakov Yu. S., The Role of Trade and Cultural Ties..., pp.171-175; Tabaldiev K. Sh., Ancient Monuments...; etc.

    Decrypting the Ethnonym “Kyrgyz”

    The Kyrgyz, a part of the Turkic peoples, were always known by the ethnonym “Kyrgyz”.The termaLigeti L., Die Herkunft des Volksnamens Kirgis...; Tchoroev T. K., The Ethnonym “Kyrgyz”...; Yakhontov S. E., The Earlier References... .is decrypted within the Turkic languages. The popular (folkloric) and academic explanations vary significantly.

    One folkloric interpretation suggests that the ethnonym “Kyrgyz” consists of two words:“kyrk” meaning forty and “kyz” meaning women (i.e., the descendants of forty women).The second folkloric interpretation suggests that “kyrk” is the number forty, and the other component is the ethnonym “Oguz” (i.e., the Oguz union of the forty tribes). In another explanation the component “kyr” of the ethnonym is interpreted to mean “a cliff”, and it is connected with the ethnonym “Oguz” (i.e., the Oguz branch from the mountainous regions).

    The Chinese 14th-century history titled Yuanshi (History of the Yuan Dynasty) cites the folkloric interpretation stating that the descendants of forty Chinese women and the northern“Us” (us–ugus–oguz?) people were known as the Kyrgyz. The ethno-genealogical legend of the Kyrgyz recounted in a 16th-century Farsi work by Saif al-Din Akhsikendi from the Fergana Valley states that when Sultan Sanjar invaded the Fergana Valley in the 12th century,a group of forty Oguz from Ozgen fled to Khojend (Northern Tajikistan) and these clans formed the Kyrgyz.

    Academical interpretations of the ethnonym “Kyrgyz” are different and this approach does not rely on folklore or legends, but uses linguistic and onomastic methods to divide the“Kyrgyz” ethnonym into two parts to explain its origin. The various scholarly interpretations and their proponents include: 1. “Kyrk” (forty) + “juz” (one hundred) = “Kyrk juz”, the forty confederations (V. V. Radloff); 2. “Kyrk” (forty) + “er” (people) = “Kyrk er” (the ethnic Bashkyr Turkologist, Professor Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan); 3. “Kyra” + “Gyz” = people with black hair (the Karakalpak scholar Davlen Aitmuratov); 4. “Kyrgu” (“kyryg”) + the plural suffix “yz” = the “Red Ones” (Soviet Russian historian Konstatin Petrov); 5. “kyryg” +“oguz” = “Red Oguz”, Southern Oguz, or Western Oguz (Soviet Russian Turkologist Nikolai Baskakov); 6. “Kyrgyz” = “kyrgyt”/“Kyrgyz”, “glowing features”, meaning people with yellow hair, a glowing face, and blue eyes (Soviet Russian Turkologist Andrei Kononov);and, 7. “kyrk” (forty) + the suffix “yz” that is used to show union or integrity among numbers(Kyrgyz Turkologist, Professor Gulzura Jumakunova).aJumakunova G., “K?rg?z” Etnoniminin K?keni..., pp.38-47-б; Tchoroev (Chorotegin) T., The Kyrgyz // The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol.5, UNESCO, 2003, pp.109-125; Karatayev O. K., A Dictionary of the Ethnic Names...; Karatayev O. K., The Origin,Dispersing Areas... .

    When decrypting the ethnonym “Kyrgyz”, it is important to point out that the names of other neighboring Turkic people, such as “gyz”, “guz”, “gun”, “gur”, “gar”, “gaz”, “ar”, “ash”,and “az” (Oguz, Gagauz, Kun, Uighur, Onogur, Bulgar, Suvar, Hazar, Kumuk, Khoorai,Chuvash, Tiele) and other closely tied components must also be compared. Hence, the ethnonym “Kyrgyz” was derived only from the Turkic language group.bSee: Butanayev V. Ya., Khudiakov Yu. S., The Yenisei Kyrgyz State during the Old Turkic and Mongolian Epochs, pp.18-40;Chorotegin T., Omurbektegin T. Ethnonym “Kyrgyz”, pp.3-9; Butanayev V. Ya., Butanayeva I. I., The Yenissei Kyrgyz..., 2002;Jumakunova G., “K?rg?z” Etnoniminin K?keni..., pp.38-47; Tchoroev (Chorotegin) T., The Kyrgyz..., 2003; etc.

    The Kyrgyz people together with their ethnonym have other features closely tied to the Turkic world. At least from the first Millennium BCE the Turkic peoples of Eurasia had Caucasoid (i.e., Europoid) and Mongoloid racial genetic traits. Apparently, in ancient times,the Kyrgyz people had racial genetic features closer to those of Caucasoid groups than other ancient and early medieval Turkic ethnic groups.

    The Turkologist Karl Menges stated that the allegedly non-Turkic Kyrgyz were assimilated with the Turks in a much later period,cMenges, Karl Heinrich, The Turkic Peoples and Their Languages... (Kyrgyz translation), p.94.This German linguist and scholar made these claims because of the Caucasoid racial features of the Kyrgyz people. However, it is difficult to support this statement because one cannot claim that all Turkic people looked alike. One must assume that people with different Caucasoid features, such as yellow hair and blue eyes, lived in the vast area of Central and Inner Asia even in the 1st millennium BCE; as the Uzbekistani anthropologists T. K. Khodjayov and G. K. Khodjayova stress, the Wusun people in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia also had more Caucasoid features than other Mongoloid groups at that time.dKhodjayov T. K., Khodjayova G. K., The Historical Anthropology..., pp.23-27.

    That is why we assume that it is impossible to isolate the ancient (even pre-historic)Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations in Eurasia from each other in accordance with the linguistic views of scholars who lived in the twentieth century and who did not consider the latest achievements of modern anthropology. It would be more realistic to expect that the ethnic groups with different language and racial background were mixed even prior to the time when their ethnic names were recorded in ancient written sources.

    The Kyrgyz during the Great Turkic Kaghanate

    In the 6th century the Turkic people from Altai defeated the Ruanruan (Rouran)Khaganate whose army was constantly attempting to conquer the whole of Central Asia.During this period the Kyrgyz gained independence in the Upper Yenissei region in Southern Siberia. Chinese chronicles state that the “King named the Kyrgyz established a kingdom on the banks of Afu (Abakan) and Jian (Kem, i.e. Yenissei) rivers”.aBichurin N. Ya., Collection of Information..., 1998, pp.225, 226.

    When the ruler of the Great Turkic Khaganate Bumin Qaghan passed away, the Kyrgyz Qaghan/Qakhan sent his ambassador to the funeral feast. This information demonstrates that the Kyrgyz were not always the subjects of the Altai Turks.

    The historians from the Tang Dynasty wrote in Xin Tangshu that the Kyrgyz khagan(ruler) Elteber ??bara A?an 失鉢屈阿棧 visited the Chinese empire to personally establish diplomatic ties (in the year 648). The chronicles also state the Tang Dynasty’s Emperor Taizong greeted the Kyrgyz leader with great pomp.bTursun, Jarkyn, Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate and..., pp.77-78.

    Kyrgyz Qaghan Bars-Bek

    The situation in the broader region during the seventh century was clearly portrayed in the Orkhon monumental runic inscriptions. These monuments were built to glorify the Qaghans and leaders of the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Moreover, the ideology and political interests of the state are also mentioned.

    The monument built for the prince Kul-tegin states: “On the right [i.e. in the south], the people of Tabhach were his enemies, on the left [in the north] the Toguz-Oguz people of Baz Khagan were his enemies. The Kyrgyz, Kurykan, Oguz-Tartar, Kytan, and Tatabi were all his enemies”.cSee: The Kultegin monument’s runic-like script in Mongolia with the Kazakh translation. URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&o id=15&m=1.

    As we now know, Elteber ??bara A?an was the first Yenissei Kyrgyz Kaghan/Qakhan with a known name. The first Kyrgyz leader who reinstated the title Qaghan from the Second Eastern Turk Kaghanate was Bars-bek. He died in the winter of 710/711.

    The petroglyph erected in memory of Bars-bek was found in the valley of the Yenissei near a lake called Altyn-K?l (nowadays the monument is housed in the Minusinsk City Mmuseum, Krasnoyarsk region, Russia).

    The runic text on this monument touches on the life of Bars-bek lived, stating: “For ten months my mother carried me. She presented me to my people [my country]. With my gallantry, I grew strong in my own country. I fought many enemies with all my strength…”aSee: The Altyn-K?l (E-28) runic script from Upper Yenissei (in todays Khakas Republic of Russia) with the Kazakh translation. URL:http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=2&oid=39&m=1.

    In order to build peace with the Kyrgyz, Kapagan Qaghan/Qakhan (the brother of Elteris Qakhan) recognized Bars-bek as a leader with the title of Qaghan/Qakhan. Around the year 700 Kapagan Qaghan/Qakhan gave the daughter of his brother Elteris Qaghan/Qakhan as a wife to Bars-bek. This story is mentioned in the monument of Kul-tegin:

    “Bars-bek became a Qaghan. We presented him with the title of Qakhan and gave my sister in marriage to be his queen.”bThe Kul-tegin Monument (Line No.20). http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1; see also: The Bilge-Kaghan Inscription in Khosho=Tsaidam (lines 16-17). URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1.

    During the reign of Bars-bek kaghan the Kyrgyz Kaghanate became stronger and more influential.

    Foreign Policy of Bars-bek

    After securing diplomatic ties with the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate, Kyrgyz Qaghan Bars-bek continued to rule an independent country with its own political agenda.Although Bars-bek’s in-laws had a different agenda from him, Bars-bek continued to strengthen and apprise the Kyrgyz Kaghanate in the Upper Yenissei.

    In the years 707 and 709, the Kyrgyz Kaghanate’s ambassadors were sent to Chang’an,the capital city of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Tang Empire was fighting the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate, strengthening Kyrgyz-Chinese diplomatic ties was of interest to both the Kyrgyz and Tang parties.

    The Kyrgyz Kaghanate also strengthened its diplomatic and trade ties with the Turgesh Kaghanate (704-766), which controlled the territories in the eastern regions of Western Central Asia and the Tengir-Too area. Uch-elig, the Turgesh Qaghan (d. 706) who established a new dynasty after killing the last remaning Qaghan of the Ashina clan, was resisting the Arab invasion in the west, and fighting the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate in the east.Hence, it was in the interest of the Turgesh Kaghanate to establish strong diplomatic ties with the Kyrgyz Kaghanate which controlled the Upper Yenissei region.

    In approximately 709, three kingdoms created a military alliance against the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate: the Kyrgyz Kaghanate in the north, the Tang Empire in the east,and the Turgesh Kaghanate in the west.

    The allies of the Kyrgyz Qaghan Bars-bek wanted revenge and agreed to jointly fight the Second Turkic Kaghanate. This event is related in the runic inscription on the monument built for the famous eastern Turkic leader Ton-yokuk (Tong-Yoquq, the First Diamond): “The leader of the Tang Empire was our enemy. The leader of the On-Oq was our enemy. But our main enemy was the strong Qaghan of the Kyrgyz. These three Qaghans entreated us to march towards Altun Jysh, the Altun forests in what is today Northern Mongolia, against the Turkic Qaghan. If we do not take (the initiative) against them, then they will (defeat us)…”aThe Bilge Ton-yokuk (Ton-yoquq; another reading is Tunuq-oq, i.e. Pure Arrow) Monument in Mongolia with the Kazakh translation.URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=17&m=1.

    The Orkhon runic monumental inscriptions portray the events in the winter of 710-711.The leader of the Kyrgyz Kaghanate Bars-bek wanted to invade, together with his allies, and destroy the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate with its capital in the Orkhon river basin.

    This invasion would open up the Central Asian valleys and the territories in Orkhon to the Kyrgyz Kaghanate and it would also weaken the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate.

    The leader of the Second Turkic Kaghanate, Kapagan Qaghan through his spies managed to discover the plans of the Kyrgyz Kaghanate, Tang Empire, and Turgesh Kaghanate. Kapagan Qaghan decided to initiate a pre-emptive strike against the Kyrgyz Kaghanate. Kapagan Qaghan sent his brother Elteris’ son, Bilge, aged 26 in the year 709, to the Yenissei region to fight the Kyrgyz. Bilge’s brothers Kul-tegin and Ton-yokuk joined his army as commanders.

    This event was described in the monumental inscription of Bilge Qaghan found in Khosho-Tsaidam: “When I was 26, I went to war with the Kyrgyz. Together with my soldiers,we crossed the Kem River and fought the Kyrgyz. I fought bravely and destroyed their army”.bThe Bilge-Kaghan Inscription in Khosho-Tsaidam (Lines 26-27).

    When the invasion started, the Yenissei or the western passage through the Sayan Mountains was covered in snow, so it was not easy for the Eastern Turkic army to cross the passage. In 711 they surprised the Kyrgyz with their attack.

    The Orkhon runic monumental inscriptions dedicated to Kul-tegin and Bilge Qaghan state that the decisive battle took place in a forest called Sungha. The inscription found in Altyn-Kol to Bars-bek also talks about the Sungha forest: “I fought against a bigger army than mine, and unfortunately left my people…”aThe Altyn-Kol inscription...: URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=2&oid=39&m=1.

    This battle was also mentioned in the inscription on the monument dedicated to Ton-Yokuk: “We attacked the Kyrgyz while they were sleeping. We opened our way with spears.Their army and people scattered through the territory. We fought and we won”.bThe Bilge Ton-yokuk Monument in Mongolia... (Lines 27-28).

    The bravery of the Kyrgyz Qaghan during the battle was portrayed on the monuments found in Altyn-Kol. It is important to mention that the Orkhon monuments always popularized the actions of their own leaders.

    The monument built for Kul-tegin is inscribed: “We fought with their Qaghan (i.e.,Kyrgyz Qaghan) on the border of the Sungha forest. Kul-tegin riding his white horse attacked and killed a man with his arrow, then he killed two men with his spear, one after the other…”cThe Kul-tegin Monument (Line No. 36).

    In this battle Bars-bek died as a hero. The Yenissei Kyrgyz Kaghanate lost to the Second Eastern Turic Kaghanate and temporarily became their subjects.

    The death of Bars-bek and the defeat of the Kyrgyz Kaghanate were described in the inscriptions on the monuments found at Altyn-K?l (Lake) in Southern Siberia. One of the lines of the inscription, dedicated to the brave Kyrgyz leader, states: “Bars, do not leave us!...”

    However, the authors of the Altyn-Kol inscription believed that the Kyrgyz state would be free again and its people independent in the future. The lines in the inscription dedicated to Bars-bek state: “For my bravery in battle, due to the respect for my older relatives and younger relatives, this monument was built for me and it will stand forever.”dThe Altyn-K?l (E-28) runic scri pt... .

    This ancient monument inscribed in the Kyrgyz language was designed, apparently, to wake up patriotic feelings among the local people. Subsequently, the Kyrgyz Kaghanate did gain independence shortly after the death of Bars-bek.

    At the beginning of the 8th century, the Kyrgyz attempted to strengthen diplomatic ties with the Tang Empire. Chinese historical chronicles state that Kyrgyz ambassadors came to the capital of the Tang Empire in the years 722, 723, 724, 747, and 748.aTursun, Jarkyn, Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate..., pp.79-81.

    When prince Kul-tegin died in 731, the one-year commemoration of his soul was a grandiose event. The Kyrgyz Kaghanate sent its representative to the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate to attend this funeral event. The monument dedicated to Kul-tegin states:

    “Qyrqyz qaghanda Tardush Ynanchu Chor keldi”

    “Chor-Tardush Ynanchu came from the Kyrgyz Kaghan.”bThe Kul-tegin Monument (Line No.12). – http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1.

    The governmental system of the Yenissei Kyrgyz Kaghanate

    In the hierarchy of power – the Qaghan was considered the leader of state in the Kyrgyz Kaghanate. The “Qaghan” title was given to the monarch, whose power was slightly limited by the council of noblemen.

    The Kyrgyz noblemen had such titles as elteber, tegin, tutuk, and tarkhan. This system of power was similar to that in the other Central and Inner Asian Turkic Kaghanates.

    The Chinese chronicles titled Taiping Huanyu Ji, written in 984-987, records: “The Kyrgyz state is led by Hesi-bei, the second in rank is Ajuishebi-bei, and the third in rank is Ami-bei. These three men together lead the country. The Kyrgyz are governed by people with the titles of xai-san, dudu [i.e., tutuk], the second in rank are leaders with the titles of xianxiun, and daxian [i.e., tarkhan].”cJarkyn Tursun restores the three names/titles as follows: Keser Beg (訖悉輩), ?ab?? Beg (居沙波輩) and Amey Beg (阿米輩). See:Jarkyn Tursun, Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate..., p.77. (She also thanked the Kyrgyz Turkologist Rysbek Alimov for his terminological suggestions.)

    New History of Tang Dynasty states that the Kyrgyz governance system entailed six ranks for government officials. Within the above-mentioned ranks, there were seven ministers, three senior leaders, and ten supervisors; other ranks such as junior leader, and tarkhan were also part of the system.dBichurin N. Ya., Collection of Information on Peoples..., 1950, p.352; Kojobekov M. Ch., The History of the Kyrgyz..., pp.132-133.

    The Kyrgyz during the inpedendence of Uighur Kaghanate

    During the final years of the 8th century, the Kyrgyz Kaghanate was part of the Uighur Kaghanate which controlled the Orkhon region and other parts of Inner Asia.aOn the Uighur khaganate see: Kamalov A. K., Ancient Uighurs, 2001.These events were mentioned in a multilingual inscription found at Kara-Balghasun. The Chinese language script states that the Kyrgyz army consisted of about 400,000 strongmen; however, the Sogdian script states that it was about 200,000 strongmen.

    Dr. Ablet Kamalov proposed a new translation of the Chinese text of the Kara-Balgasun script into Russian:

    “Previously, the Kyrgyz state in the North could have pulled about four hundred thousand arrows [i.e., could have about four hundred thousand soldiers. – TTch]. Their kaghan was brave, audacious, wise, courageous, and warlike, possessing more powerful forces since his childhood. He could hit a target with his first shot. The Kyrgyz kagan met an arrow shot and died”.bKamalov A. K., Ancient Uighurs, p.197 (See Lines 13-14).

    The Kyrgyz Qaghan died in battle and his successor received the lower title “Inal”conferred by the Uighur Kaghanate. This meant that the Upper Yenissei area temporarily came under the control of the Uighur kaghanate. However, the Kyrgyz country in the Upper Yenissei continued to maintain its trade with its traditional partners in different regions of Eurasia.cOn the Kyrgyz trade route see: Lubo-Lesnichenko, E. I., The Uighur and the Kyrgyz..., pp. 4-9.

    During the last reigning period of the Uighur Qaghan Bao-I (808-821) the Kyrgyz “inal”announced his state’s independence. Thus, for the Kyrgyz Kaghanate the year 820 became a new stage in the struggle to gain full independence from the Uighur Kaghanate.

    The Kyrgyz Qaghan named his mother (her ethnic origins were in the Turgesh Kaghanate) the “Widowed Queen”, and named his wife (a daughter of the Karluk Jabghu) as the Queen. Although the Uighurs gave the title “inal” to the Kyrgyz leader, we assume that the Yenissei Kyrgyz population continued to call their leader Qaghan.

    This information also illuminates that the Tengir-Too states (the Turgesh kaghanate, then Karluk Jabghu state) had been traditionally supporting the Kyrgyz Qaghan.

    The Chinese chronicles refer to his title as “A-Re”.dAlimov, Rysbek, On the Yenisei Kirgiz title..., pp.265-283. We suppose that some modern Kyrgyz and Chi nese linguists, publicists,and writers, such as Makelek ?mürbay, re-constructed the title as “ajo” by mistake. The modern proverb “Ai deer aja joq, qoi deer qojo joq” (There is no Hadjji who would oppose [challenge] the person; there is no Khodja who would oppose the person) is connected with the period when most of the Tengir-Too Kyrgyz became Sunni Muslims. Some Sufi Khodjas, as well as some devoted Muslims who visited Mekkah (Hadji / Ajy / Ajo), could have influenced them. However, the Yenissei Kyrgyz kaghanate was a non-Islamic state. See:?mürbay, Makelek, The Kyrgyz Statehood in..., pp.18-19. See its criticism: Chorotegin T., The Kyrgyz History: Suggestions by Makelek ?mürbay, Second article.This Kyrgyz Qaghan fought with the Uighur Kaghanate for about twenty years (820-840).

    The Great Kyrgyz Empire (840 to the beginning of the 10th century)

    In 840 the army of the Kyrgyz Kaghanate numbering 100,000 men destroyed the capital city of the Uighur Kaghanate, the Ordo-Balyq. The last Qaghan of the Uighur died during the battle. The Kyrgyz Qaghan destroyed the Yurt made of gold for the Uighur Qaghan and pushed the local Uighur tribes to spread in Inner Asia and Turfan basin.aDrompp M. R., Tang China and the collapse..., 2004; Kamalov A. K., Ancient Uighurs; Kojobekov M. Ch., The History of the Kyrgyz...: etc.

    The prominent Academician Vasilij Vladimirovich Bartold (Wilhelm Barthold;1869-1930) coined the term “The Great Kyrgyz Empire” (in Russian: Kyrgyzskoie velikoderzhavie).bBartold V. V., The Kyrgyz: Historical Outline; Kojobekov M. Ch., The History of the Kyrgyz..., p.71.This term was also used to differentiate the previous stages of the Yenissei Kyrgyz Kaghanate from the stage when the kaghanate became a large nomadic empire between the middle of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century.

    The Kyrgyz leaders also used the title Qaghan (abbreviated to “kan”, “han”, or “khan”)during the Great Kyrgyz Empire. This Empire which existed from 840-924 is named by modern Kyrgyzstani scholars as the Great Kyrgyz Kaghanate.cKyrgyz and Karakhanid Khaganates: Indelible Traces..., 2014.

    The Tang dynasty chonicles in Chinese language titled Xin Tangshu (New History of the Tang Dynasty), written in the 11th century, records: “The Kyrgyz is a large state. With its territories, it is equal to the other Turkic states together. The eastern parts of it extend to the state of Kurykan (Quryqan), its southern area reaches Tibet, and its south-western borders reach Karluk country”.dMaterials on the History of the Kyrgyz..., Vol.2. Extracts from the Chinese Sources. See also: Kyuner N. V., Chinese information...

    There were episodes of intensive diplomatic relations between the Kyrgyz kaghanate and the Tang Dynasty, especially in the 840s.eSuprunenko G. P., Documents on Relatons between China and..., pp.67-81; Tursun, Jarkyn, Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate..., pp.81-86;etc.

    Persian and Arabic written sources state that the western borders of the Great Kyrgyz Kaghanate reached Jeti-Suu and the Central Tengir-Too regions. Morever, the Yenissei Kyrgyz inscriptions found in Sujiin-Davan (Süüdziin-dawaa; 48°30'N, 105°E)fUseev N., The Written Monuments in Yenissei..., pp.503- 504: Chorotegin T., The Kyrgyz History: Suggestions by Makelek ?mürbay:Second article. See also: Orkhon-Enissei texts / Edited by S. Kudaibergenov and S. Sydykov; Izgi ?., A Book on the Visit of the Chinese Ambassador....clearly prove that the Kyrgyz subjected the region of what is today Northern Mongolia in the 840s and after.

    The prominent Russian archaeologist, Professor Yulij Sergeevich Khudiakov wrote that the Kyrgyz Kaghanate’s political achievements in 840-845 led to an “hour of stardom” in the Kyrgyz people’s medieval history.aKhudiakov Yu. S., The Kyrgyz in Tabat, pp. 62-63.

    During this period (840-925), the Great Kyrgyz Kaghanate controlled most of Southern Siberia, Inner Asia, and the eastern parts of the Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan). Hence, the nomadic state established at the end of the early medieval period was the most impressive of the Kyrgyz people’s ancient and early medieval states.

    During the era of the Great Kyrgyz Khaganate many groups of the Yenissei Kyrgyz moved to the eastern Tengir-Too and Inner Asia.bKaraev O. K., The Arabic and Persian Sources...; Karaev O. K., Kojobekov M. Ch., On the Migration of the Yenissei Kyrgyz..., pp.41-66;Chorotegin T. K., Moldokasymov K. S., A Concise History....Apparently, some of them also moved towards the Urasl together with the Bashkirs and Kipchaks.

    It was time when the Kyrgyz migrations created another wave of ethnic migrations across the vast territory of Eurasia: the Kipchaks and Bashkirs moved towards the Urals and the Volga (Itil), the Pechenegs moved further towards the lands of Kievan Rus, the Finnish-Ugrian peoples including the Hungarians moved towards Central Europe, the Turkic Oghuz moved towards Iran, Anatolia, and the Caucasus, and the Uighurs dispersed in the vast territory between Ordos and the Turfan Basin in Inner Asia.cChorotegin T. K., The Ethnic Situations in the Turkic Regions...; Tchoroev T. K., The Kyrgyz in Siberia and..., pp.143-146; Urstanbekov B. U., Tchoroev T. K., The Kyrgyz History...; etc.

    Conclusion

    In summary, the Kyrgyz who were first mentioned in the ancient Chinese sources in relation with the political and diplomatic events in the 1st Millennium BCE had different stages in their history of statehood, subject to various vicissitudes. However, the ethnic roots of the Kyrgyz were developed wider and deeper in connection with other historical neighbors in Eurasia.dAsankanov A., Diaspora, pp.53-63; A History of the Kirghiz SSR...; Akhmedov B. A., The Historical and Geographic...; Alymkulova S. K., The Kypchaks...; Beishenaliev T. O., The Life of M?nk?-Temir...; Beishenaliev T. O., The Fate of the Tatar...; Aspects of the Ethnic History of the Kyrgyz...; Butanaev V. Ya., The Ethnic History...; Dor, Rémy, The Kyrgyz in...; Hu Zhen-hua and Imart, G.,Fu Yü G?rg?s ...; Jian Taisiang, Shomaev A. A., and Skobelev S. G., The origin ...; Karaev ?. K., The History of the Qarakhanid...;Mambetakun, Mambetturdu, Salk, Gundula, The Fu-Yu G?rg?s..., pp.287-296; Moldobaev I. B., “Manas”...; Moldobaev I. B., The Ethnic Ties...; Traditional Sport Games...; Tchoroev T. K. (Chorotegin), The Ancient and Medieval Kyrgyz..., pp.5-27; Chorotegin T. K., Mahmud Kashghari (Barsqani)...; Chorotegin (Tchoroev) T. K., Divanu, Lugati t-Türk...; Tchoroev T. K., Urstanbekov B. U., The Main Stages in Spreading of Islam..., pp.28-44; Umurzakov S. U., Essays on the History...; etc.

    During the ancient and early medieval ages and afterwards, the Kyrgyz spread and assimilated many of the neighboring ethnic Turkic and other peoples. At the same time, the ancient Kyrgyz became one of the ancestors of various nations. Among them are the Tengir-Too and Pamir (including the Ala-Too) Kyrgyz, the Fuyu (Manchus) Kyrgyz, Khakas, Tyva,Shor, Saryg-Yugur, and some tribes amongst the Altai, Bashkyr, Sakha, Kazakh, and Lobnor peoples, as well as components of the Uighur and other Turkic ethnicities in Eurasia. These ethnicities (including the Tengir-Too Kyrgyz) went through difficult and complex historical processes. However, one cannot deny that not only the modern Kyrgyz, but also other above mentioned ethnicities are closely connected to the ancient and early medieval Kyrgyz history and their statehood stages.

    Bibliography

    A History of the Kirghiz SSR from the Earliest Times Down to the Present Day [Istoria Kirgizskoi SSR s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei] / Editor-in-chief V. M. Ploskikh.Frunze, Kyrgyzstan, 1984. Vol. 1. 800 p. in Russian.

    Akhmedov, Bori, The Historical and Geographic Literature of Central Asia of the 16th-18th Centuries (Written Sources) [Istoriko-geografiheskaia literatura Srednei Azii XVI-XVIII vv.: (Pismennye pamyatniki)], Editor-in-chief U. I. Karimov. Tashkent, 1985. 263 p.

    Alimov, Rysbek, “On the Yenisei Kirgiz title A-Re” // Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 69 (3), 2016. pp.265-283.

    Alymkulova S. K., The Kipchaks Amongst the Turkic Peoples: The Ethnic and Political Aspects [Kypchaki v sostave tiurkskih narodov: Etnopoliticheskie aspekty]. Bishkek: Kyrgyz Jer, 2013. 119 p. in Russian.

    Aristov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, Usuni and the Kyrgyz or Kara-Kyrgyz [Usuni I kyrgyzy ili kara-kyrgyzy]. Bishkek: Ilim, 2001. 582 p. ISBN 5-8355-1132-9. in Russian.URL: http://bizdin.kg/static/media/pdf/usuni-kyrgyzy-kara-kyrgyzy.pdf.

    Asankanov, Abylabek, Diaspora [Diaspory], in: The Kyrgyz [Kyrgyzy] / edited by A. Asankanov, O. Brusina, A. Japarov, Moscow: Nauka, 2016. pp.53-63.

    Aspects of the Ethnic History of the Kyrgyz People [Voprosy etnicheskoi istorii kirgizskogo naroda] / Editors-in-chief: ?. K. Karaev and I. B. Moldobaev. Frunze: Ilim,1989. 140 p.

    Bartold [Barthold] V. V., Excerpts from Gardizi’s Zain al-Akhbar [Izvlechenie iz sochinenia Gardizi “Zain al-akhbar”]. In: Works [Sochinenia], Moscow, 1973, Vol. 8, pp. 23-62.

    Bartold V. V., The Kyrgyz: Historical Outline [Kirgizy: Istoricheskiy ocherk]. In: Bartold V. V. Works [Sochinenia], Moscow, 1963, Vol. 2(1), pp. 471-543.

    Baytur, Anvar., The Lectures on Kyrgyz History [Kyrgyz tarykhynyn lektsiyalary], (in Kyrgyz), converted from Arabic Kyrgyz script into Cyrillic Kyrgyz script by K.Artykbaev and T.Abdyldabekov; edited by J. Japiev. Bishkek, Uchkun, 1992. Vol. 1 (128 p.), Vol. 2 (128 pp.).

    Beishenaliev T. O., The Life of M?nk?-Temir, the Khan of the Kyrgyz [Kyrgyz khany M?nk? Temirdin ?mürü] (in Kyrgyz). In: The Kyrgyz: Genealogy, History, Heritage,Art [Kyrgyzdar: Sanjyra, Tarykh, Muras, ?n?r], compiled and edited by Kenesh Jusupov,Bishkek, 1995. Vol. 3. pp. 82-90.

    Beishenaliev T. O., “The fate of the Tatar Oirat State and the migration of the Kyrgyz to Tien-Shan” [Gibel Oiratskogo gosudarstva tatar i pereselenie kyrgyzov na Tian-Shan](in Russian). In: The Kyrgyz: Ethnogenetic and Ethnocultural Processes in Antiquity and the Middle Ages of Central Asia [Kyrgyzy: Etnogeneticheskie i etnokulturnie protsessy v drevnosti i srednevekov’e v Tsentralnoi Azii]: Summarised Proceedings of an International Conference on the Millennium of the Folk Epic Manas, 22-24 September 1994, Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan, 1995. pp. 20-21.

    Bernshtam, Aleksandr Natanovich, Selected Works on Archaeology and History of Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan [Izbrannye Trudy po arheologii I istorii kyrgyzov I Kyrgyzstana] /Compiled by Kadicha Iskenderovna Tashbayeva and Liubov’ Mihailovna Vedutova. Bishkek:Aibek, 1997. T. 1. 560 p. in Russian.

    Bichurin N. Ya. (Hyacinth), Collection of Information on Peoples in Central Asia in Ancient Times [Sobranie svedeniy o narodakh, obitavshshikh v Srednei Azii v drevnie vremena], Moscow-Leningrad: The Printing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR,1950-1953, Vol. 1-3. Vol. 1. 471 p.

    Bichurin N. Ya., Collection of Information on Peoples in Central Asia in Ancient Times[Sobranie svedeniy o narodakh, obitavshshikh v Srednei Azii v drevnie vremena]. Almaty,1998. Vol. 1.

    Borovkova L. A., The West of Central Asia between the 2nd Century BC and the 7th Century AD [Zapad Tsentralnoi Azii vo II v. do n.e.-VII v. n.e.], Moscow: Nauka, 1989. 181 p.

    Butanaev V. Ya., The Ethnic History of the Khakas from the 17th to 19th Centuries[Etnicheskaya istoria Khakasov XVII-XIX vv.]. Moscow, Institute of Ethnology and Ethnic Anthropology, Acad. Sci. USSR, 1990, 273 p.

    Butanayev V. Ya., The Yenisei Kyrgyz State during the Old Turkic and Mongolian Epochs [Gosudarstvo kyrgyzov na Yenisee v drevnetiurkskuiu I mongol’skuiu epokhi] /Edited by Prof. T. K. Chorotegin. Bishkek: MaxPrint Printing House, 2016. 302+iv p., ill.The Kyrgyz History Society International Public Association. The Muras Foundation. The History and Heritage Series. ISBN 978-9967-12-550-6. p. 63ff.

    Butanaev, Viktor Yakovlevich, Butanayeva, Irina Isayevna, The Yenisei Kyrgyz:Folklore and History [Enesai kyrgyzdary: Fol’klor jana taryh] / Translated from Russian into Kyrgyz by Oljobay Karatayev. Bishkek: Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation, 2002. URL: http://www.bizdin.kg/книга/эне-сай-кыргыздары-фольклор-жана-тарых/.

    Butanayev V. Ya., Khudiakov, Yu. S., History of the Yenissei Kyrgyz [Istoriya eniseiskih kyrgyzov] / Edited by O.Novikova. Abakan: Khakass State University’s Printing House,2000. 272 p. ISBN 5-7810-0119-0. in Russian.

    Chinese Chroniclers Have Increased the History of the Kyrgyz by 300 Years More[Kitaiskie letopistsy uvelichili istorii kyrgyzov na 300 let] // kabarlar.org. 11 March 2016. in Russian. URL: http://kabarlar.org/news/79526-kitayskie-letopiscy-uvelichili-istorii-kyrgyzovna-300-let.html.

    Christian, David, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol. 1. Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Oxford-Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell,1998. ISBN-13: 978-0631208143; ISBN-10: 0631208143. 472 p.

    Chorotegin T., 2219 Years On from the Events Related to First Mention of the Ethnonym Kyrgyz [Kyrgyz etnonimi algach eskerilgen okuialarga 2219 jyldai boldu] // azatty.org. 26 April 2018. in Kyrgyz. URL: https://www.azattyk.org/a/ancient_kyrgyz_history_row_and_sultan_rayev_assumption_blog_ky/29193740.html.

    Chorotegin T. K., A Concise History of the Kyrgyz (From Ancient Times until the End of the 18th Century) [Ocherki istorii kyrgyzov i Kyrgyzstana] // The Kyrgyz: The 14 volume compendium collected by Kengesh Jusupov and Kanybek Imanaliev; Editors: Temirkul Asanov and Ryskul Joldoshov. Bishkek: Biyiktik Publishing House, 2011. Vol. 11. pp.157-195. ISBN 978-9967-13-792-9.

    Chorotegin (Tchoroev), Tynchtykbek, Divanu Lugati t-Türk, the work by Mahmud Kashgari Baskani, as an Inexhaustible Source on the History of the Turkic Peoples [Mahmud Ka?gari Barskaninin ?Divanu lugati t-türk? emgegi türk elderinin tarihi boyun?a k??n?rgüs bulak: ?limiy bas?l??] / Editorial Board: K. Moldokasymov (Chairman), etc. Edited by Toktorbek Omurbekov and Kyias Moldokasymov. Bishkek: Turar Printing House, 2017. 376 pages, ill., map. ISBN 978-9967-15-701-9. in Kyrgyz.

    Chorotegin (Tchoroev) T., Historiography of Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan // International Journal for Middle East Studies, 2002. Vol. 34. pp. 351-374. Cambridge University Press 0020-7438/02. USA.

    ?orotegin T?n?t?kbek, K?rg?z Devletinin Olu?umu: Eski ?a? Ve Erken Orta ?a? // I.Uluslararas? Ge?mi?ten Günümüze K?rg?z Türk ?li?kileri Sempozyumu Bildirileri (3-5 May?s 2013 Bursa) / Kitab? yay?na haz?rlayan ve edit?rü Prof. Dr. Gülzura Cumakunova. Bursa,Bilnet Matbaac?l?k ve Ambalaj San. A.?., 2017. T.C. Uluda? üniversitesi Yay?nlar?. 1. Bask?.XXII+428 s. ISBN 978-975-6149-83-6. S. 61-76.

    Chorotegin T. K., Mahmud Kashghari (Barsqani) and his Compendium “Diwanu lughati’t-Turk” (1072-1077) [Mahmud Kashgari jana anyn “Divanu lughati’t-türk” s?z jyinaghy(1072-1077)], editor-in-chief ?. Kara uulu [Karaev], 2nd, revised, added edition, Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan, 1997, 160 p.

    Chorotegin T. K., Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan) as the Region of Ethnic Origin for the Kyrgyz People [Tengir-Too (Pritianshanie) kak region etnogenezisa kyrgyzskogo naroda] // The Kyrgyz:Ethnogenesis and Ethnoculture: Processes in Antiquity and the Middle Ages in Central Asia:Proceedings of the International Conference Dedicated to the 1000th Anniversary of the Epic“Manas”, in Bishkek, on September 22-24, 1994. Bishkek: Kyrgyzstan, 1996. pp. 204-209. in Russian.

    Chorotegin T. K., The Ethnic Situations in the Turkic Regions of Inner Asia in the Pre-Mongolian Era: According to the Muslim Sources of the 9th-13th Centuries [Etnicheskie situatsii v tiurkskih regionah Tsentral’noi Azii do mongol’skogo vremeni: Po musul’manskim istochnikam IX-XIII vv.] / Edited by B?ri A. Akhmedov. Bishkek: Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation, 1995. 208 p. in Russian.

    Chorotegin T., The Kyrgyz History: “Scholarly” Suggestions by Makelek ?mürbay:First article. [Kyrgyz taryhy: Makelek ?mürbaydyn “ilimiy” joromoldoru: 1-makala] //azattyk.org. 05 May 2018. URL: https://www.azattyk.org/a/kyrgyz_history_in_chinese_sources_criticism_on_makelek-omurbay_pt1_ky/29209869.html.

    Chorotegin T., The Kyrgyz History: Suggestions by Makelek ?mürbay: Second article.[Kyrgyz taryhy: Makelek ?mürbay aganyn joromoldoru: 2-makala] // azattyk.org. 16 May 2018. URL: https://www.azattyk.org/a/kyrgyz-history_in_chinese_sources_and_makelekomurbay_pt2_ky/29228659.html.

    Chorotegin T. K. and Moldokasymov K. S., The Concise History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan [Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn kyskacha taryhy]. Bishkek, 2000. ISBN 9967-00-001-5. 160 p.

    Chorotegin T. K. and ?mürbektegin. T. N., Our Ancestors in the Epoch of Hsiungnu [Khunnu doorundaghy babalarybyz]. In: The Kyrgyz: Genealogy, History, Heritage,Art [Kyrgyzdar: Sanjyra, Tarykh, Muras, ?n?r], compiled and edited by Kenesh Jusupov,Bishkek, 1995, Vol. 3, pp. 324-327.

    Chorotegin T. K. and ?mürbektegin T. N., The Meaning of the “Kyrgyz” Ethnonym[“Kyrgyz” etnoniminin maanisi] (in Kyrgyz) // El aghartuu magazine. Bishkek, 1994, No. 5-6,pp. 3-9.

    Dor, Rémy., “The Kyrgyz in Afghanistan’s Pamir: A Historic and Ethnographic Essay”[Ooghan Pamirindegi kyrgyzdar: Tarykhyi-etnografiyalyk bayan] (in the Kyrgyz translation),compiled by Pamirbek Kazybaev, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 1993. 102 p.

    Drompp, Michael Robert, Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire:A Documentary History. 2004. 336 p. Brill’s Inner Asian library. 13. Brill. ISBN 10:9004141294. ISBN 13: 978-9004141292.

    Golden, Peter., An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1992. ISBN 10: 344703274X; ISBN 13: 978-3447032742. 483 p.

    Gumilev Lev N., History of the Hun [Istoriya naroda hunnu] // Gumilev L. N.. Essay.Moscow: Institut DI-DIK, 1998. Edition No. 9. 448 p.

    Hu Zhen-hua and Imart, G. Fu Yü G?rg?s, A Tentative Description of the Easternmost Turkic Language, Bloomington, Indiana, 1987, 61 p.

    Izgi ?., A Book on the Visit of the Chinese Ambassador Wang Yen-Te to the Uighurs[?in El?isi Wang Yen-Te’nin Uigur Seyahatnamesi] (in Turkish), Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1989, X+111 p.

    Jian Taisiang, Shomaev A. A. and Skobelev, S. G., The origin of the “Fu Yü Kyrgyz”[Proiskhozhdenie fu-yuiskikh kyrgyzov] (in Russian). In: Ethnocultural processes in Southern Siberia in the first and second millennia AD [Etnokulturnye protsessy v Yuzhnoi Sibiri i Tsentralnoi Azii v I-II tysiacheletii n.e.], Kemerovo, 1994, pp. 227-233.

    Joldoshov, Ryskul, The Ancient Kyrgyz (3rd c. BC-5th c. AD) [Baiyrky kyrgyzdar(b.z.ch. III-b.z. V k.], in: The Kyrgyzstan History (From Ancient Times until Now)[Kyrgyzstan taryhy: Baiyrky mezgilden bugunku kungo cheyin] / Head of the Editorial Board A.Jumanaliev. Bishkek: Kut-ber Printing House, 2016. Vol. 1. pp. 230-243.

    Jumakunova G., “K?rg?z” Etnoniminin K?keni üzerine (“Kyrgyz” termininin etimologoyasy tuuraluu) // “Ordinaryüs Profes?r Doktor Bübiyna Oruzbaeva Arma?an?”.Ankara: TDK Yay., 2012. S. 38-47.

    Kamalov, Ablet Kaiumovich, Ancient Uighurs [Drevnie uigury] / Edited by S.G.Kliashtorny. Almaty: Nash mir, 2001. 216 p. ISBN 9965-01-884-7. URL: http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/b_kamalov_2001.pdf.

    Karaev ?. K., The Arabic and Persian Sources from IX-XII centuries regarding the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan [Арабские и персидски еисточники IX-XII вв. О киргизах и Киргизии]. Frunze, 1968. in Russian.

    Karaev ?. K., The History of the Qarakhanid Khanate (10th-early 13th centuries) [Istoria Karakhanidskogo kaganata (X-nachalo XIII vv.)], editors-in-chief M. B. Jamgerchinov and V.P.Mokrynin, Frunze, Ilim, 1983. 302 p.

    Karaev ?. K. and Kojobekov M. Ch., On the Migration of the Yenissei Kyrgyz to the Tian-Shan [O pereselenii eniseiskikh kyrgyzov na Tian-Shan]. In: Aspects of the ethnic history of the Kyrgyz people… Frunze, 1989. pp. 41-66.

    Karatayev O. K., A Dictionary of the Ethnic Names of the Kyrgyz [Kyrgyz etnonimder s?zdügü]. Bishkek: KTMU, 2003. 265 p. ISBN 9967-21-621-2. in Kyrgyz.

    Karatayev O. K., The Origin, Dispersing Areas, Ethnic and Cultural Relations of the Kyrgyz [Kyrgyzdardyn tegi, taraluu arealy, etnostuk-madaniy alakalary] / edited by T. Chorotegin, P. Kazybayev. Bishkek: KTMU, 2013. 290 p. ISBN 978-9967-27-070-1. in Kyrgyz.

    Karatayev, Olcobay; Y?lmaz, Mehmet Serhat; Yakubo?lu, Cevdet., “D?vanu Lugati’t-Türk” Adl? Eserin Tamamlanmas?n?n 940. Y?ld?nümü: ?arkiyat??, Tarih?i, Antropolog Prof. Dr. T?n?t?kbek K. ?orotegin’in Ara?t?rmalar? (940th Anniversary of the Completion of “D?vanu Lugati’t-Türk”: Researches of Orientalist, Historian, Anthropologist Prof. Dr.T?n?t?kbek K. ?orotegin) // Al?nteri Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Kastamonu üniversitesi, 2017.Volume 1 (2). pp. 89-99. ISSN 2564-6583.

    Khodjayov T. K. and Khodjayova G. K., The Historical Anthropology [Istoricheskaia antropologiya] // The Kyrgyz [Kyrgyzy] / edited by A. Asankanov, O. Brusina, A. Japarov,Moscow: Nauka, 2016. pp. 22-35.

    Khud’akov U. S. [Khudiakov Yu. S.], The Commercial Routes Binding up “The Great Silk Road” with Southern Siberia. In: Korean Ancient Historical Society, Seoul, Korea, 1994,Vol. 5, pp. 329-345.

    Khudiakov, Yuliy Sergeevich, The Kyrgyz in Tabat [Kyrgyzy na Tabate]. Novosibirsk:Nauka, 1982. 240 p. in Russian.

    Khudiakov Yu. S., The Kyrgyz in the Expanses of Asia [Kyrgyzy na prostorakh Azii] /Editor-in-chief T. K. Chorotegin. 2nd, revised edition. Bishkek, 1995. Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation. 232 p., ill., map.

    Khudiakov Yu. S., The Role of Ancient Turks and Kyrgyz in Transforming the Cultural Achievements into the Forest-Steppe and Taiga Regions of Siberia in the Era of the Early Middle Ages [Rol’ drevnih tiurok I kyrgyzov v transliatsii kul’turnyh dostizheniy v lesostepnye I taiexhnye raiony Sibiri d epohu rannego srednevekv’ia] // Problems of Archaeology and History of Northern Eurasia. Tomsk: Agraf-press, 2009. pp. 110-118.

    Khudiakov Yu. S., The Role of Trade and Cultural Ties of the Yenissei Kyrgyz with the Countries of Central Asia in the Ethnic and Cultural Genesis of Southern Siberia[Rol’ torgovyh I kul’turnyh sviazei eniseiskih kyrgyzov so stranami Tsentral’noi Azii v etnokul’turogeneze Yuzhnoi Sibiri] // Integration of Archaeological and Ethnographic Research. Omsk; Ufa, 1997. pp. 171-175.

    Khudiakov Yu. S., The Sword of Baghyr: Armaments and Military Art of the Kyrgyz in the Middle Ages [Sablia Bagyra: Vooruzzhenie I voennoie iskusstvo srednevekovyh kyrgyzov]. Sankt-Petersburg, 2003. from the series of Militaria Antiqua. in Russian.

    Khudiakov Yu. S., Trade Routes Linking South Siberia and the Great Silk Road[Torgovye puti, sviazyvaiushshie Yuzhnuiu Sibir’ I “Velikiy Shelkovyi put”] // Kuznetsk Antiquity. Novokuznetsk, 1999. the 4th Edition pp. 72-84.

    Khudiakov Yuli., The Warfare Art of the Kyrgyz in Central Asia (9th-18th cc.) [Voiennoie delo kyrgyzov Tsentral’noi Azii (IX-XVIII vv.) / Edited by Prof. T. Chorotegin. Bishkek:Turar Printing House, 2017. 280 p., ill., map. The Muras (Heritage) Foundation. History and Heritage Series.

    Kojobekov M. Ch., The History of the Kyrgyz Khaganate [Kyrgyz kaganatynyn taryhy] /Edited by T. Chorotegin. Bishkek: The Universitet Printing House, 2013. 188 p., map. ISBN 978-9967-02-942-2. The Muras Foundation. The Kyrgyz History Society International Public Association.

    Kyrgyz and Karakhanid Khaganates: Indelible Traces: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, 18-21 September 2014, Issyk-Kul [Kyrgyz jana Karahandar kaganattary: K??n?rb?s izder] / Editorial board: T. Chorotegin, etc. Bishkek: Maxprint Printing Office, 2014. 362 p. The Muras (Heritage) Foundation. [The History and Heritage Series.] ISBN 978-9967-12-423-3.

    Kyuner N. V., Chinese Information on the Peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East [Kitaiskie izvestia o narodakh Yuzhnoi Sibiri, Tsentralnoi Azii i Dalnego Vostoka]. Moscow, 1961. 391 p. URL: http://kronk.spb.ru/library/kuner-nv-1961.htm.

    Ligeti L., Die Herkunft des Volksnamens Kirgis. // Korosi Csoma Archivum (Budapest),Vol. 1, No. 5, 1925, pp. 369-383.

    Lubo-Lesnichenko E. I., The Uighur and the Kyrgyz Routes in Central Asia [“Uighurskiy”i “Kyrgyzskiy” puti v Tsentralnoi Azii]. In: Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha, Leningrad,1989, Vol. 27, pp. 4-9.

    Mambetakun, Mambetturdu & Salk, Gundula, The Fu-Yu G?rg?s and their past. Three stories collected in Manchuria during the Period of the Establishment of the People’s Republic of China. In: Turcica, No. 30. 1998. pp. 287-296.

    Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek: KTMU, 2003. Vol. 2.Extracts from the Chinese Sources [Materialy po istorii kyrgyzov I Kyrgyzstana. Т.2.Izvlecheniya iz kitaiskih istochnikov]. in Russian.

    Menges, Karl Heinrich, The Turkic Peoples and Their Languages: Introduction to Turkology [Türk elderi jana alardyn tilderi] / Translated from English into Kyrgyz by Taalaibek Abdiev. Bishkek: Kyrgyzstan-Soros Foundation, 2000. translated by T. Abdiev. p.94. URL: http://bizdin.kg/книга/т?рк-элдери-жана-алардын-тилдери/.

    Mokeev A. M., The Kyrgyz in Altai and Tian-Shan [Kyrgyzy na Altaye I na Tian-Shane]. Bishkek: KTU “Manas”, 2010. in Russian.

    Moldobaev I. B., “Manas” – A Historical and Cultural Treasure of the Kyrgyz [“Manas”—istoriko-kulturnyi pamyatnik kyrgyzov] / Edited by S. S. Daniyarov. Bishkek, Kyrgystan,1995. 312 p.

    Moldobaev I. B., The Ethnic Ties of the Kyrgyz as Reflected in the Epic “Manas”[Otrazhenie etnicheskikh svyazei kirgizov v epose “Manas”] / Edited by B. ?. Oruzbaeva.Frunze, Ilim, 1985. 111 p.

    ?mürbay, Makelek., The Kyrgyz Statehood in the Written Sources [Kyrgyzdyn mamlekettuulugu jazma bulaktarda] / Edited by Jumadin Kadyrov. Bishkek: Uluu Toolor Printing House, 2016. 260 p. ISBN 978-9967-470-43-9. in Kyrgyz.

    ?mürbekov T. N. and Chorotegin T. K., A Pre-Modern History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan (from the seventeenth century down to the beginning of the twentieth century)[Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn jangy doordoghu tarykhy (XVII-XX k. bashy)] / Edited by K.Usonbayev, A. Asankanov. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 1995. ISBN 5-655-01032-1. 187 p. in Kyrgyz.

    Orkhon-Enissei texts [Orhon-Enisei tekstteri] / Edited by S. Kudaibergenov, S. Sydykov.Frunze: Ilim, 1982. 240 p.

    Ploskih V. M., Short Historical Excursion of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan [Kratkiy istoricheskiy ekskurs v istoriyu kyrgyzov I Kyrgyzstana] // Central Asia and the World’s Culture. Bishkek, 2001. № 1-2. in Russian.

    Suprunenko, Galina Pavlovna, Documents on Relatons between China and the Yenissei Kyrgyz in the 9th century Source Entitled “Li Weigun Hoichan Iping Ji” (Compendium of the Works by Li Weigun During the Period of Rule by Huichang, 841-846) [Dokumenty ob otnosheniyah Kitaia s eniseiskimi kyrgyzami v istochnike IX veka “Li Weigun Hoichan Iping Ji”] // News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR [Izvestiya Akademii nauk Kirgizskoi SSR]. 1963. Social science series. Vol. 5. Issue 1/ Frunze, 1963. pp. 67-81. in Russian. URL: http://kronk.spb.ru/library/suprunenko-gp-1963.htm.

    Tabaldiev K. Sh., The Burial Sites of the Medieval Nomadic Tribes of Tian-Shan[Kurgany srednevekovykh kochevykh plemen Tian-Shanya], edited by P. G. Manokhin,Bishkek, Aibek, 1996, 254 p.

    Tabaldiev, Kubatbek Shakievich, Ancient Monuments of the Tien Shan [Drevnie pamiatniki Tian-Shania]. Bishek: V. R. S. Company, University of Central Asia, 2011. 320 p.ISBN 978-9967-26-422-9. in Russian.

    Tchoroev T. K. (Chorotegin), The Ancient And Medieval Kyrgyz And Their Relations With Inner Asian Peoples (201 BCE-17th Century A.D.) // International Journal of East Asia Research,Vol. 3, 2018, Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 5-27. URL: http://storage.googleapis.com/cr-resource/forum/c2a144dbd7e7179e273ddb47f4590ca3/eb590b7cd391ab9ce7d025fb88993608.pdf.

    Tchoroev T. K., The Ethnonym “Kyrgyz” According to Mahmud Kashghari (11th century) [Etnonim “Kyrgyz” po dannym Mahmuda Kashgari]. In: Aspects of the ethnic history of the Kyrgyz people… Frunze: Ilim, 1989. pp. 113-121.

    Tchoroev T. (Chorotegin), The Kyrgyz; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia,Vol. 5, Development in Contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors:Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. 2003. Chapter 4, pp. 109-125. ISBN 92-3-103876-1. URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf.

    Tchoroev T. K., The Kyrgyz in Siberia and Expanses of Asia [Kyrgyzy v Sibiri I prostorah Azii] // Ancient Monuments of Northern Asia and Their Excavations: Collection of Works. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1988. pp. 143-146. in Russian.

    Tchoroev T. K., Tengir-Too (Tian-Shan) as the Region in Which the Kyrgyz People Arose[Tengir-Too (Pritianshanie) kak region etnogenezisa kyrgyzskogo naroda] // The Kyrgyz:Ethnogenetic and Ethnocultural Processes in Antiquity and the Middle Ages of Central Asia[Kyrgyzy: Etnogeneticheskie i etnokulturnie protsessy v drevnosti i srednevekov’e v Tsentralnoi Azii]: Summarised proceedings of an international conference on the millennium of the folk epic Manas, 22-24 September 1994, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 1995, pp. 14-16. in Russian.

    Tchoroev T. K. and Urstanbekov B. U., The Main Stages in Spreading of Islam in Kyrgyzstan in the 7th-14th Centuries [Osnovnye etapy rasprostranenia islama v Kirgizstane v VII-XIV vv.]. In: Aspects of the History of the Material and Spiritual Culture of Kyrgyzstan[Voprosy istorii materialnoi i dukhovnoi kultury Kirgizstana], Collected essays / Edited by Ablabek Asankanov. Frunze, Kyrgyz State University, 1987. pp. 28-44.

    The Altyn-K?l (E-28) runic script from Upper Yenissei (in nowadays Khakas Republic of Russia) with the Kazakh translation by N.Bazylkan. // http://bitig.org. URL: http://bitig.or g/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=2&oid=39&m=1.

    The Bilge-Kaghan Inscription in Khosho-Tsaidam with the Kazakh translation by N.Bazylkan. // http://bitig.org. URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1.

    The Kultegin monument’s runic-like script in Mongolia with the Kazakh translation by N.Bazylkan. // http://bitig.org. URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1.

    The Kyrgyz [Kyrgyzy] / edited by A. Asankanov, O. Brusina, A. Japarov, Moscow:Nauka, 2016. 623 p. ISBN 978-5-02-039252-6. Peoples and Cultures Series.

    The Kyrgyz in Accordance with the Chinese Historical Written Sources [Hanzu taryhyi jazmalaryndagy kyrgyzdar] / Editor-in-Chief Mambetturdu Mambetakun; editor Mametkary Abdykerim uulu, Oiungova. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Main Printing House; Xinjiang People’s Printing House, 2014. 670 p. (In Kyrgyz in Arabic script). + 349 p. (in Chinese).ISBN 978-7-228-18127-8.

    The Kyrgyzstan History (From Ancient Times until Now) [Kyrgyzstan taryhy: Baiyrky mezgilden bugunku kungo cheyin] / Head of the Editorial Board A.Jumanaliev. Bishkek:Kut-ber Printing House, 2016. Vol. 1. 648 p. ISBN 978-9967-12-621-3.

    The Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan [Materialy po istorii kirgizov i Kirgizii] (in Russian), Editor-in-chief Vadim A. Romodin. Vol. 1. Moscow, Nauka, 1973. 280 p.

    The Oriental Writers on the Kyrgyz [Vostochnye avtory o kyrgyzakh], compiled, with Introduction and Commentary by ?. Karaev, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 1994. 96 p.

    The Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference devoted to the 60th Anniversary of Dr. Muratbek Kojobekov, the scholar who studies the history of the Kyrgyz Khaganate in the Yenissei basin: (KSU, Bishkek, 23 November 2018) [Enesai Kyrgyz kaganatynyn taryhyn izildegen ilimpoz Muratbek Kojobekovdun 60 jyldyk maarakesine arnalgan “Kyrgyz kaganaty taryhy jana kyrgyz taanuu maseleleri” attuu el aralyk ilimiytajryibalyk jyiyndyn materialdary (KMU, Bishkek, 23.11.2018)] / Edited by T. Chorotegin,O. K. Karatayev. Bishkek: MaxPrint Printing House, 2018. 378+ii p., ill. The Kyrgyz State University named after I. Arabayev. The Kyrgyz History Society International Public Association. The Muras Foundation under the Office of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic.The History and Heritage Series.

    The Bilge Ton-yokuk Monument in Mongolia with the Kazakh translation by N.Bazylkan. // http://bitig.org. URL: http://bitig.org/?lang=k&mod=1&tid=1&oid=17&m=1.

    Traditional Sport Games of the Turkic Peoples [Turk elderinin salttuu sporttuk oiundary.Türk Halklar?n?n Geleneksel Spor Oyunlar? / Compiled by A. Mokeev, F. Unan, O. Karatayev,O. Yorulmaz, J. Alymbayev, C. Buyar. Bishkek: Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 2015.272 p. ISBN 978-9967-27-844-8.

    Tursun, Jarkyn, “Between the Kyrgyz Khaganate and the Tang Dynasty: Kyrgyz rulers(khagans), chieftains, chief ministers, chancellors, generals and envoys in Chinese historical records (circa 7th to 9th century)”, in: The Proceedings of the international scientific conference devoted to the 60th anniversary of Dr. Muratbek Kojobekov, the scholar who studies the history of the Kyrgyz Khaganate in the Yenissei basin: (KSU, Bishkek, 23 November 2018) [Enesai Kyrgyz kaganatynyn taryhyn izildegen ilimpoz Muratbek Kojobekovdun 60 jyldyk maarakesine arnalgan “Kyrgyz kaganaty taryhy jana kyrgyz taanuu maseleleri” attuu el aralyk ilimiytajryibalyk jyiyndyn materialdary (KMU, Bishkek, 23.11.2018)] / Edited by T. Chorotegin, O. K.Karatayev. Bishkek: MaxPrint Printing House, 2018. pp. 76-93.

    Umurzakov S. U., Essays on the History of the Geographical Discoveries and Researches in Kyrgyzstan [Ocherki po istorii geografiheskikh otkrytiy i issledovaniy v Kirgizii]. Frunze, 1959. 150 p., ill., map.

    Urstanbekov B. U. and Tchoroev, T. K., The Kyrgyz History: A Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary [Kyrgyz tarykhy: Kyskacha etsiklopediyalyk s?zdük] (in Kyrgyz), Frunze, Kyrgyz Sovet Entsiklopediyasynyn Bashky redaktsiasy, 1990. 288 p.

    Useev, Nurdin., The Written Monuments in Yenissei: Lexicon and Texts [Enisei jazma estelikteri: Leksikasy jana tekstter] / Edited by Kadyraly Konkobayev. Bishkek: Turar, 2011.724 p. ISBN 978-9967-15-031-7. in Kyrgyz.

    Yakhontov S. E., The Earlier References to the Name Kyrgyz [Drevneishie upominania nazvania “kirghiz”]. In: Sovetskaia etnografia, 1970. No. 2, pp. 110-120.

    Yu Taishan, A Concise Commentary on the “Memoir on the Western Regions” in the Official History Books of the Western Han, Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, the Northern and Southern Dynasties / Commentary translated by Li Qiancheng; Historical texts translated by Yu Taishan et al., and edited by Victor H. Mair; English Editor Bruce Doar. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2014. 4+907 p. Monograph Series on Eursian Cultural and Historical Studies; edited by Li Jinxiu. ISBN 978-7-100-10532-3.

    Yu Taishan, A Note On The Geographical Location Of Jiankun // The article in this volume.2019. (We have used its English translation thanks to the author and his Beijing collegues.)

    猜你喜歡
    阿米
    薩拉赫·阿米里:帶領(lǐng)阿聯(lián)酋登陸火星的女性
    英語文摘(2022年6期)2022-07-23 05:45:44
    嘎吱響的門
    快樂語文(2019年8期)2019-11-28 01:35:05
    阿米想長(zhǎng)大
    阿米
    阿米狐藏寶
    啟蒙(3-7歲)(2017年10期)2017-11-01 05:46:26
    飼養(yǎng)員手記
    動(dòng)物園里趣事多
    是這樣嗎
    兒童繪本(2016年5期)2016-05-14 14:37:15
    納米金催化Luminol-AgNO3化學(xué)發(fā)光體系測(cè)定鹽酸阿米替林
    西酞普蘭與阿米替林治療老年抑郁癥的臨床對(duì)照研究
    日本av免费视频播放| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 日日啪夜夜爽| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看 | 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 少妇高潮的动态图| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 日本午夜av视频| 精品一区二区免费观看| 色哟哟·www| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 精品一区二区三区视频在线| 一级av片app| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 观看免费一级毛片| 在线精品无人区一区二区三 | 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 在线播放无遮挡| 九草在线视频观看| 国产av一区二区精品久久 | 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 插逼视频在线观看| 深夜a级毛片| 精品午夜福利在线看| 亚洲内射少妇av| 色网站视频免费| 黄色日韩在线| 美女中出高潮动态图| 夜夜骑夜夜射夜夜干| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 极品教师在线视频| 成年免费大片在线观看| 老司机影院成人| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 黄色配什么色好看| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 久久精品人妻少妇| 亚洲精品视频女| 成年美女黄网站色视频大全免费 | av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| av一本久久久久| 嫩草影院新地址| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 99热全是精品| av在线老鸭窝| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 色吧在线观看| 嫩草影院新地址| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 一级爰片在线观看| h日本视频在线播放| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 精品酒店卫生间| 日本免费在线观看一区| 国产成人精品福利久久| freevideosex欧美| 黑人高潮一二区| 观看美女的网站| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 亚州av有码| 天堂8中文在线网| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 日韩大片免费观看网站| 久久久久久久久大av| 男女边摸边吃奶| h视频一区二区三区| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| .国产精品久久| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 久久97久久精品| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 日韩中字成人| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 啦啦啦中文免费视频观看日本| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 色视频www国产| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 亚洲精品国产成人久久av| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| av网站免费在线观看视频| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 国产av国产精品国产| 高清不卡的av网站| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 日韩中字成人| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 一区二区三区精品91| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看 | 亚洲怡红院男人天堂| 最黄视频免费看| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡 | 中文资源天堂在线| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 久久影院123| 在线天堂最新版资源| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花 | 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 国精品久久久久久国模美| 高清不卡的av网站| 免费观看在线日韩| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 久久国产精品大桥未久av | 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 全区人妻精品视频| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 蜜桃在线观看..| av.在线天堂| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 亚洲av男天堂| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 亚洲av福利一区| 激情 狠狠 欧美| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 99热6这里只有精品| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 视频区图区小说| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 少妇的逼水好多| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 在线精品无人区一区二区三 | av福利片在线观看| av国产免费在线观看| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 免费观看av网站的网址| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 六月丁香七月| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 美女国产视频在线观看| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 日韩强制内射视频| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 视频区图区小说| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 国产成人91sexporn| 精品久久久久久电影网| 成人国产麻豆网| 欧美zozozo另类| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版| 免费av中文字幕在线| 精品一区二区三区视频在线| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 国产永久视频网站| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 精品午夜福利在线看| 搡老乐熟女国产| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 国产毛片在线视频| 日本免费在线观看一区| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 午夜免费鲁丝| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 内射极品少妇av片p| 中文欧美无线码| 成人影院久久| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类| av专区在线播放| 插逼视频在线观看| 国产精品欧美亚洲77777| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站 | 大码成人一级视频| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 国产成人freesex在线| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 性色av一级| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 女人久久www免费人成看片| av在线蜜桃| 久久热精品热| h视频一区二区三区| av天堂中文字幕网| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 国产高清三级在线| 亚洲精品一二三| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| h视频一区二区三区| h日本视频在线播放| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 亚洲国产日韩一区二区| 黄色日韩在线| 亚洲无线观看免费| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 中文字幕制服av| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 精品国产三级普通话版| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 久久影院123| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 九九久久精品国产亚洲av麻豆| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 青春草国产在线视频| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 男女国产视频网站| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 国产av国产精品国产| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 两个人的视频大全免费| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| av卡一久久| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 亚洲精品一二三| 观看av在线不卡| 有码 亚洲区| 三级国产精品片| 超碰97精品在线观看| 国产探花极品一区二区| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 国产精品一及| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 国产精品成人在线| 99久久综合免费| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 只有这里有精品99| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 日日啪夜夜爽| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 97热精品久久久久久| 国产淫语在线视频| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 一本久久精品| 在线播放无遮挡| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 性色avwww在线观看| 如何舔出高潮| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 老司机影院成人| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费| 亚洲av男天堂| 色视频www国产| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 久久久久视频综合| 色视频www国产| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 日韩强制内射视频| tube8黄色片| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 秋霞伦理黄片| 少妇人妻 视频| 欧美性感艳星| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 赤兔流量卡办理| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 九色成人免费人妻av| 性色av一级| 全区人妻精品视频| 欧美精品一区二区大全| 欧美精品国产亚洲| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 亚洲怡红院男人天堂| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 97超碰精品成人国产| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 国产精品一及| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 岛国毛片在线播放| 九九在线视频观看精品| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| xxx大片免费视频| a级毛色黄片| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级 | 成人无遮挡网站| 国产美女午夜福利| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜 | 视频中文字幕在线观看| 夫妻午夜视频| 六月丁香七月| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 美女福利国产在线 | 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 少妇的逼好多水| 久久影院123| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 香蕉精品网在线| 亚洲精品一二三| 久久久久久久久大av| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 麻豆成人av视频| 99热网站在线观看| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 嫩草影院入口| av专区在线播放| 大码成人一级视频| 国产无遮挡羞羞视频在线观看| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 欧美人与善性xxx| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 国产成人精品福利久久| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 一级毛片我不卡| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 国产成人精品婷婷| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 久久久色成人| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 亚州av有码| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图 | 欧美日韩视频高清一区二区三区二| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 久久久久国产网址| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 中国三级夫妇交换| 嫩草影院新地址| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 免费观看性生交大片5| 日韩电影二区| 亚洲av男天堂| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 久久午夜福利片| 免费少妇av软件| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 激情 狠狠 欧美| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| av在线app专区| 成人综合一区亚洲| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 亚洲第一av免费看| 如何舔出高潮| 中文资源天堂在线| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 麻豆成人av视频| 视频区图区小说| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91 | 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 51国产日韩欧美| 成人免费观看视频高清| 久久久久视频综合| 精品久久久久久久久av| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 观看av在线不卡| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 久久午夜福利片| 少妇高潮的动态图| 高清不卡的av网站| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频 | 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 亚洲精品第二区| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 色网站视频免费| av卡一久久| 免费看光身美女| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 国产一级毛片在线| 精品人妻视频免费看| 成年免费大片在线观看| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 国内精品宾馆在线| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| tube8黄色片| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| av一本久久久久| 日日撸夜夜添| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 在线 av 中文字幕| 亚洲久久久国产精品| xxx大片免费视频| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 秋霞伦理黄片| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 久久av网站| 国产精品一及| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频 | 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 一区在线观看完整版| 婷婷色综合www| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| av国产精品久久久久影院| 观看免费一级毛片| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 精品一区二区免费观看| av线在线观看网站| 99久久精品热视频| 99热6这里只有精品| 久久99精品国语久久久| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的 | 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 久久99精品国语久久久| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 99久久人妻综合| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 九草在线视频观看| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| av国产免费在线观看| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 精品久久久久久电影网| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 美女中出高潮动态图| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| av在线app专区| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 观看免费一级毛片| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 22中文网久久字幕| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 久久青草综合色| 男女边摸边吃奶| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 综合色丁香网| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 天天躁日日操中文字幕|