劇院建筑

編譯：季嘉葵

英國劇場技師協(xié)會(Association of British Theatre Technicians，簡稱 ABTT，成立于1961年)于1972年制作了第一部劇院設(shè)計和規(guī)劃指南。在1986年修訂后，成為任何涉及劇院建筑、裝修或者創(chuàng)造一個表現(xiàn)空間的標準參考。2010年由該組織出版、朱迪思·斯特朗（Judith Strong）編輯的《劇院建筑設(shè)計指南》（Theatre Buildings: A Design Guide）一書，是其繼承者。

這本書使讀者了解了劇院的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計的全過程。它在建筑物的每一個區(qū)域都有詳細的注解，包括房子前面、禮堂、后臺和行政辦公區(qū)域。它聚焦于一些具體的指導，比如音響、舞臺工程、燈光、聲音和視頻，禮堂和舞臺的尺寸等等。餐飲、會議和教育使用等方面也包括在內(nèi)。書中涵蓋了28座劇院的案例，《歌劇》雜志將編譯其中精彩的個案，與業(yè)界共同分享。

劇院建筑設(shè)計指南之溫斯皮爾歌劇院

The Winspear Opera House from Theatre Buildings: A Design Guide

美國得克薩斯州，達拉斯

Dallas, Texas, USA

美國達拉斯表演藝術(shù)中心于2009年底開業(yè)，在占地約4萬平方米的公園內(nèi)設(shè)有四個全新場館。這個建筑是一個為期25年的計劃的成果，目的是在城市中心創(chuàng)建一個世界一流的藝術(shù)區(qū)。

The Dallas Center for the Performing Arts, which opened towards the end of 2009, comprises four new venues within a 10-acre public park. It is the result of a 25-year plan to create a world-class arts district in the centre of the city.

瑪格特和比爾·溫斯皮爾歌劇院是其中的主要建筑之一，它是達拉斯歌劇院和得克薩斯芭蕾舞團的常駐地，是上演歌劇、芭蕾舞、音樂劇和其他大型舞臺作品的場所。2200個座位的主廳（表演廳）被形容為“21世紀對傳統(tǒng)馬蹄形歌劇院的重新詮釋”。觀眾被“疊放”在一系列近乎垂直的樓層上，以確保每個座位都盡可能地接近舞臺。通過使用可伸縮的隔板來實現(xiàn)可變的聲學效果，并且使用指定的內(nèi)部裝飾面來改善人聲的共鳴，從而使劇場可以同時適應音樂和戲劇表演的需要。樓座表面的圖案起到了擴散聲音的作用，使聲音分布得更加均勻，從而產(chǎn)生更好的整體聲學效果。

概 要

劇院類型和運營形式

大型的演出場館，旨在成為一個高品質(zhì)的歌劇院，同時可容納參觀活動，并可充當藝術(shù)區(qū)的市民空間。

地址和網(wǎng)站

達拉斯，美國得克薩斯州。

www.dallasperformingarts.org

建造年代

2006年開始建造，2009年年底開業(yè)。

觀眾廳

橢圓形的禮堂，具有現(xiàn)代風格的舞臺。池座和垂直堆疊的樓座可容納2200名觀眾。

舞臺

尺寸為40.2米×19.5米。

建筑師

福斯特合作事務所，英國倫敦。

劇院（設(shè)計和技術(shù)）顧問

劇院項目顧問公司，英國倫敦。

聲學顧問

聲音空間設(shè)計有限公司，英國倫敦。

建筑成本

未公開。

溫斯皮爾歌劇院主禮堂

One of the key buildings is the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House, designed as a base for the Dallas Opera and the Texas Ballet Theatre as well as a venue for visiting opera, ballet, music-theatre and other large-scale productions. The 2,200-seat main auditorium (the performance hall) has been described as a twenty-first-century reinterpretation of the traditional horseshoe opera house. The audience is stacked on a series of vertical tiers to ensure that each seat is as near to the stage as possible. Variable acoustics are achieved by using retractable screens and interior finishes have been specified to improve the resonance for the human voice so that the hall can be adapted for both music and drama. The pattern to the balcony fronts acts as a sound-dispersing surface, distributing it more evenly to create a better overall acoustic.

Summary

Theatre type and operational format

Large-scale performance venue, designed to function as a high-quality opera house as well as accommodate tours and act as a civic space within an arts quarter.

Location and web reference

Dallas, Texas, USA.

www.dallasperformingarts.org

Building dates

Start on site 2006. Opened late 2009.

Auditorium

Oval shaped auditorium with contemporarystyle proscenium. Audience of 2,200 seated in stalls and vertically stacked tiers.

Stages

Dimensions 132’ × 64’.

Architect

Foster and Partners, London, UK.

Theatre (design and technical) consultants

Theatre Projects Consultants, London, UK.

Acoustic consultants

Sound Space Design Ltd, London, UK.

Building cost

Not published.

溫斯皮爾歌劇院的門廳

主表演廳的地板設(shè)計在建筑物的能源節(jié)約方案中起著重要的作用，座位下方設(shè)計的冷風出口可以使觀眾區(qū)域涼爽舒適。溫斯皮爾建筑群還設(shè)有第二個空間，即排練和演奏廳，可容納多達200人的表演陣容，或者為大師班、排練和會議提供場地。

The auditorium floor plays an important part in the energy strategy of the building with cool air outlets positioned to provide a cool comfort zone where the audience is seated. The Winspear complex also has a second space, an Education and Recital Hall that can house performances seating up to 200 people as well as classes, rehearsals and meetings.

該建筑還為普通游客準備了“目的地”設(shè)施，包括全天開放的餐廳和咖啡廳。這種“向所有人開放”的概念，在建筑物的設(shè)計中非常突出。玻璃幕墻給人以透明感，可以看到公共區(qū)域、門廳、大樓梯以及表演廳外墻——鼓型外墻覆蓋著鮮亮的紅色玻璃面板。選擇這種顏色來裝飾外墻，顛覆了紅色是劇院座椅專用色的傳統(tǒng)。

There are ‘destination’ facilities for the general visitor, which include a restaurant and café, open throughout the day. This sense of being ‘open to all’is evident in the design of the building. The glass walls give a sense of transparency, revealing views of the public concourse, foyers and grand staircase as well as the outer drum of the performance hall, which is clad in vibrant red glass panels. The colour was chosen to define the outer shell of the auditorium - an inversion of the traditional use of red for seating.

部分玻璃外墻是可伸縮的，可開放公共區(qū)域作為相鄰的室外表演空間，而建筑物的所有側(cè)面都可延伸出巨大的頂篷。頂篷不僅可以直接阻斷日輻射，從而降低熱能，而且在其下方形成了微氣候循環(huán)。

Part of the glass fa?ade is retractable, opening the public areas to one of the adjacent outdoor performance spaces, while an expansive canopy extends on all sides of the building. The canopy not only reduces the solar gain by stopping the direct solar radiation, but also creates a micro climate beneath.