“細(xì)微”之處易得分

楊定生

英語(yǔ)中的分句，是指主從復(fù)合句，也就是指名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句三大類型的從句。主從復(fù)合句各自的構(gòu)成和用法，教材教輔中都有，本文不作贅述。本文僅就各類型分句在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中常見(jiàn)的細(xì)小問(wèn)題，做一次歸納，但愿本文能對(duì)今后將要參加高考的學(xué)子們有所幫助。

I. 分句運(yùn)用中的若干細(xì)節(jié)

一、名詞性從句 （主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）

1.

名詞性從句通常為陳述句語(yǔ)序。

2. 名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞that， 無(wú)詞意，也無(wú)語(yǔ)法功能，但有時(shí)卻不能省略，如主語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí);

當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)， 第二個(gè)that不能省略。

3. 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句表示疑問(wèn)時(shí)，常用whether不用if

（賓語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可例外）。 whether引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)可以和or not 連用，而if則不能。

The question is whether

they can work out the difficult math problem.

Whether she comes or not

makes no difference.

4. what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，其意要視上下文而定。

What she said at

the meeting surprised us greatly.

She is not what she was 5 years

ago.

This is what they call Salt Lake City.

Our income now is

double what it was ten years ago.

I have no idea what we should do

next.

（一）主語(yǔ)從句

1.

what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不作句子成分，也沒(méi)有任何含義，僅起連接作用但又不可省略，該句句意完整。

What really interested the children was how to use the computer.

What he

said surprised all of us.

That he is famous as an English teacher is

well known.

2. who可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，但往往具有疑問(wèn)的意義;而whoever則沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)的意義，相當(dāng)于anyone

who。

Who will give us a speech is unknown now.

Whoever leaves

the room last should lock the door.

3.

由于主語(yǔ)從句放在句首，句子常顯得笨重，因此常使用it作形式主語(yǔ)，然后把主語(yǔ)從句移至句子后面。

It is known to us how he

became a writer.

It is a pity that you didnt come to Marys party last

night.

（二）賓語(yǔ)從句

1. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱I / we

時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞think，believe，suppose，expect，guess等后面賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。

I dont believe he will come.

We dont think you are here.

注意：若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope，賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。如：I hope you werent ill.

2. 特殊疑問(wèn)句由“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+

do you think （believe / expect / suppose / say等） + 陳述句語(yǔ)序”構(gòu)成。

Mum is

coming. What present do you expect she has got for your birthday？

3.

如果在動(dòng)詞find， feel， think， make等后的賓語(yǔ)從句后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)， 則可用it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，然后將用做賓語(yǔ)的從句后置。

We

must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

Some

students just take it for granted that theyll pass the exams.

4.

whatever 等引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，而no matter what只能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。

I believe whatever he

says. （賓語(yǔ)從句）

Whatever （=No matter what） you say， I will not change my

①

在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who / whom指人。

He has a son， who has gone abroad

for further study.

② 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

I

like the person to whom the teacher is talking.

③ 先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which，

先行詞為those， one， he時(shí)（指人時(shí)）用who。

Those who respect others are usually

respected by others.

特別提醒：

先行詞為situation， case，point， stage，activity，age等，意指某人或某事所處的“某種情景或狀態(tài)”，或指某事所發(fā)展或達(dá)到的“某種地步或程度”;他們都是指“在這種情景、狀態(tài)下”

或“在某個(gè)時(shí)間”，因此，需用where， when等關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

The accident had reached to a

point where both their parents are to be called in.

We have entered into

an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.

三、狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

1. “疑問(wèn)詞+ever”或“no matter+疑問(wèn)詞”表示“不管……”的含義，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

However （= No matter how） much I tried， I failed to work out the maths

problem.

Whatever （=No matter what） you say， I will not change my

mind.

Whenever （=No matter when） you come， you will be warmly

welcomed.

Wherever （=No matter where） you go， you will find the same

thing.

Whoever （=No matter who） you are， you have no right to do such a

thing.

2. “whether... or...” 可以引導(dǎo)含選擇范圍的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“不管……”。

I shall

go， whether you come with me or stay at home.

Whether she wins or loses，

this is her last chance.

（二）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

表示“一……就……”的句式：

1. hardly / scarcely / rarely... when / before， no sooner... than和as soon

as都可以表示“一……就……”的意思。

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to

rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as

I got home， it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly， scarcely 或no

sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to

rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

2. immediately， directly， instantly， the moment， the instant， the

minute等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“一……就……”。

I will go there directly I have finished my

breakfast.

The moment I heard the news， I hastened to the spot.

3. while 的多用途

① 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞。

While the

discussion was still going on， George came in.

Strike while the iron is

hot.

② 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，多用于句首，意為“盡管，雖然”。

While I admit his good points I

can see his bad ones.

③ while作并列連詞用，意思為“而，然而”，表前后意義上的對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折。

Theres plenty of rain in the southeast， while theres little in the

northeast.

（三）方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as， （just） as... so...， as if， as

though引導(dǎo)。

1. as， （just） as...so...引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在 （just）

as...so...結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是“正如……”，“就像”，多用于正式文體。

Always do to the

others as you would be done by.

As water is to fish， so air is to

man.

Just as we sweep our rooms， so we should sweep backward ideas from

our minds.

2. as if， as though

兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。意為“仿佛……似的”“好像……似的”。

He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）

（四） 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so... that 或 such... that引導(dǎo)

so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many， few， much， little連用，形成固定搭配。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組， so...

that與such... that之間的轉(zhuǎn)換即是so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。

The boy is so young that he cant

go to school.

He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.

II. 分句與分詞（非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）間的轉(zhuǎn)換

一、與動(dòng)詞不定式間的轉(zhuǎn)換

1） 名詞性從句與動(dòng)詞不定式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

①

主語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)

When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown

yet.

→ When and where to hold the meeting is unknown yet.

②

賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

I dont know what I can do with the unwelcome

fellow.

→ I dont know what to do with the unwelcome fellow.

③

表語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)

My wish is that I can become a pilot after

graduation.

→ My wish is to become a pilot after graduation.

2）

定語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)（動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生）

The meeting that / which will be held tomorrow

is of great importance.

→ The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great

importance.

3） 狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞不定式作目的、結(jié)果、原因等狀語(yǔ)

They set out early

in order that（so that）they could arrive in time. （目的）

→ They set out

early in order to（so as to）arrive in time.

She was so excited that she

couldnt go to sleep. （結(jié)果）

→ She was so excited as not to sleep.

二、Ving間的轉(zhuǎn)換

1） 名詞性從句與Ving間的轉(zhuǎn)換

① 由

that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成Ving作主語(yǔ)

That the students know English helps them in

learning French.

→ The students knowing English helps them in learning

French.

② 由 that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成Ving作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

I remember that I have

paid him for his work.

→ I remember having paid him for his

work.

③ 由that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成Ving作表語(yǔ)

Our worry is that you depend

too much on him.

→ Our worry is your depending too much on him.

2）從句與分詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

① 由that， who， which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞作定語(yǔ)。

The man who /

that is talking to my teacher is my father.

→ The man talking to my

teacher is my father.

② 表時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步等的狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的分詞作狀語(yǔ)。

While

waiting for the bus， I caught sight of her.（時(shí)間）

→ While I was waiting

for the bus， I caught sight of her.

As he was educated by the Party， he

became a great fighter. （原因）

→ Educated by the Party， he became a great

fighter.

If we had been given enough time， we could have done it better.

（條件）

→ Given enough time， we could have done it better.

③

某些動(dòng)詞后賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

I found that he was waiting for a bus at the

station.

→ I found him waiting for a bus at the station.

④

當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，從句可以將主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)化掉。

常用：連詞 + 形容詞 / ving / ved / to do

/名詞/介詞短語(yǔ)

Work hard when （you are） young， or youll regret.

Although （he was） a farmer， now he is a famous director.

Although （he

is） doing his best in maths these days， he has still got no good marks.

He wont go there with us unless （he is） invited.

He stood up as if （he

were） to say something.

She looked anxious as though （she was） in

trouble.

注意：當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)， 從句部分常用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。

When the shower

was over， we continued our journey.

→ The shower being over， we

continued our journey.

If all things are considered， her paper is better

than yours.

→ All things considered， her paper is better than

yours.

⑤ 表示伴隨狀態(tài)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句或兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。

He went to the front

door， his students following him.

→ He went to the front door， and his students followed him.