公共空間更新與社區(qū)營造

作為外部開放空間的公共空間，滲透在人們生活的方方面面，它不僅影響著空間、人和社會的關(guān)系，也連接著風(fēng)景園林、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計、建筑設(shè)計和社會學(xué)等多個領(lǐng)域。隨著當(dāng)前社會經(jīng)濟(jì)背景的變化，城市物質(zhì)環(huán)境與社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)入了緩慢、謹(jǐn)慎的微更新階段。不同于以往大拆大建、自上而下的規(guī)劃設(shè)計和建設(shè)模式，以公眾參與為基礎(chǔ)、微小社區(qū)空間和公共空間設(shè)施為改造對象的局部更新方式，成為激發(fā)城市和鄉(xiāng)村活力、提升建成公共空間品質(zhì)的新方式。社區(qū)營造在中國尚處于發(fā)展階段，它強(qiáng)調(diào)自下而上的參與性，不僅關(guān)注社區(qū)物質(zhì)空間層面，同時關(guān)注社區(qū)居民歸屬感的培養(yǎng)，通過公眾參與實(shí)現(xiàn)社區(qū)的共建、共治和共享。

因此，在當(dāng)前城市微更新的背景下，公共空間與社區(qū)營造之間建立了比以往更加緊密的聯(lián)系。公共空間更新不再只是單純的空間和視覺的設(shè)計，更是一種關(guān)注人的日常生活、重塑人與人之間交流和鄰里關(guān)系的途徑。公共空間需要具備多重含義：首先，為“日常生活”和“社會生活”提供場所是城市公共空間的基本屬性；其次，作為一種具有集聚意義的生活載體，城市公共空間能夠?qū)⑷说母鞣N行為加以關(guān)聯(lián)，同時又具有生態(tài)、文化、藝術(shù)等多重特征；此外，公共空間應(yīng)該逐步形成網(wǎng)絡(luò)，實(shí)現(xiàn)秩序化和系統(tǒng)化，從而全方位反映并影響人們的生活。

可見，公共空間和社區(qū)營造之間可以起到相互促進(jìn)、互為補(bǔ)充的作用，通過公共空間微更新能積極有效地推動社區(qū)營造，通過社區(qū)營造也能夠促進(jìn)公共空間的在地性和長效性。當(dāng)前的公共空間更新從策劃、設(shè)計到維護(hù)管理，是一個持續(xù)漸進(jìn)的過程，基于社區(qū)營造的公共空間微更新途徑的核心是公眾參與。在物質(zhì)空間環(huán)境建設(shè)方面，基于社區(qū)營造的城市公共空間微更新強(qiáng)調(diào)采用小規(guī)模公共空間和社區(qū)更新的優(yōu)越性，反對大規(guī)模的城市建設(shè)，認(rèn)為“以小為美”和“有機(jī)拼貼”的城市才有活力，宣揚(yáng)公共空間的漸進(jìn)式微更新。微更新強(qiáng)調(diào)對城市的精細(xì)化管理和治理，在以往城市公共空間設(shè)計建設(shè)過程中，相當(dāng)多的城市邊角空間、碎片空間以及附屬空間被忽視以及邊緣化。因此，需要在微更新的過程中通過規(guī)劃設(shè)計和相關(guān)政策管理對這些空間進(jìn)行整合和再利用；在公眾參與和社區(qū)營造方面，基于社區(qū)營造的城市公共空間微更新強(qiáng)調(diào)社區(qū)更新應(yīng)當(dāng)注意保護(hù)與發(fā)展社區(qū)文化，通過結(jié)合使用者和原住民的日常生活，保障空間物質(zhì)環(huán)境和居民生活的真實(shí)性。通過研究社區(qū)和社群的結(jié)構(gòu)、關(guān)聯(lián)度和相互之間的組織協(xié)作模式，基于社區(qū)營造的城市公共空間微更新探討基于多個利益相關(guān)方的社區(qū)更新、營建和維護(hù)管理，由此提出多元主體參與社區(qū)建設(shè)與治理的方式。此外，基于社區(qū)營造的公共空間微更新還需要將政府部門、居民、企業(yè)、社會組織和專業(yè)團(tuán)隊放在一個溝通交流的平臺上共同促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施。借此，多個利益方能夠表達(dá)意愿和訴求，也能調(diào)動居民的參與積極性，使其主動全程參與方案的前期分析、具體制定、后期維護(hù)管理等多個環(huán)節(jié)。多元平臺的建立有助于綜合制定自下而上的長期可持續(xù)的微更新計劃。

伴隨著城市從量化發(fā)展步入品質(zhì)化提升，公共空間微更新更加關(guān)注空間重構(gòu)和社區(qū)激活、公眾參與和社會治理。公共空間微更新作為一個微小的城市事件，以社區(qū)營造為基礎(chǔ)，通過邊緣空間的整合和觸媒方式的選擇，促進(jìn)城市自發(fā)性、緩慢而持續(xù)的自我完善和提升。通過場地歷史文脈原真性的挖掘和社區(qū)居民社會生活方式的保護(hù)，促使城市原真性的保留；通過建立多方協(xié)作的開放溝通平臺、實(shí)現(xiàn)基于公眾參與的全程社區(qū)營造，促進(jìn)城市社區(qū)的共建和共治。

本期專題文章分別從國內(nèi)外案例研究、社會聚集與空間形態(tài)研究、社區(qū)花園的公共空間營造實(shí)踐、胡同綠色微更新實(shí)踐等多個角度探討基于社區(qū)營造的公共空間設(shè)計和提升途徑。試圖理論結(jié)合實(shí)踐，從多個角度深入剖析社區(qū)營造用于公共空間設(shè)計的合理途徑。由于這些研究和實(shí)踐分布于不同的地區(qū)，我們也希望通過本期專題討論，能夠形成一種該領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)和實(shí)踐對話，從而通過不同視角和不同地域的探討，引發(fā)各界的思考和進(jìn)一步探索，促進(jìn)公共空間和社區(qū)營造領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。

本期專題組稿人：侯曉蕾

2019年5月11日

PREFACE

Public Space Renewal and Community Building

Public space, as open exterior space, can be seen in all the aspects of people’s life. It affects the relationship among the space, human and the society as well as relates to many fields such as landscape architecture, urban and rural planning, architecture and sociology etc. As the social and economic context changes recently, urban physical environments and social network have stepped into a slow and prudent phase of micro-renewal. Different from the largescale and the top-down mode of planning and construction in the past, the partial renewal based on public participation and taking small community spaces and public space facilities as the objects has become a new mode applied to stimulating the vigor of urban and rural area and promoting the quality of public spaces. Community building in China is still in the development phase. It attaches importance to top-down participation, pays attention not only to the physical space of communities but also the cultivation of the belongingness of community residents and strives to realize the coconstruction, co-governance and sharing of communities through public participation.

Therefore, in the current context of micro renewal of cities, a closer relationship has been established between the public space and community building. The renewal of public space is no longer just the space and visual design but also an approach with which people’s daily life can be concerned and neighborly relations can be reshaped.Multiple meanings should be given to the public space: Firstly, it is the basic property to provide places for people’s daily routine and social life. Secondly, as a carrier of life with the significance of gathering, it should correlate various of people’s behavior and should have multiple characteristics such as ecology, culture, art, etc. In addition, public spaces should gradually form a network to realize regularization and systematization so that it could affect people’s life in an all-round way.

So that public spaces and community building complement and promote each other. Micro renewal of public spaces plays an active role in promoting community building, on the other side, community building promotes the locality and long-term effectiveness of public spaces. At present, the renewal of public spaces in terms of planning,design and maintenance management is a continued and gradual process. Public participation should be the core of the new approach for public space micro renewal based on community building. In terms of environment construction of physical spaces, the micro renewal of urban public spaces based on community building emphasizes the use of the superiority of small-scale renewal of public spaces and communities, meanwhile opposes large-scale urban construction. It is believed that cities adhering to the philosophy of“regarding small scale as beauty” and “organic combination” will be vigorous, which advocates progressive micro renewal of public spaces. In urban micro renewal, delicate management and governance of cities are emphasized. In the previous urban public space design and construction process, quite an amount of corner spaces,fragmented spaces and auxiliary spaces in cities were neglected and marginalized. Therefore, these spaces need to be integrated and reused in the micro renewal process by the planning and design as well as management based on relevant policies. In terms of public participation and community building, micro renewal of urban public space based on community building emphasizes that the protection and development of community culture should be noted in the process of community renewal, and the reality of the physical environment and residents’ life should be guaranteed by virtue of the combing the daily routine of space users and indigenous residents.Through studies on the structure, the degree of correlation and the cooperative mode of communities and community clusters, micro renewal of urban public space based on community creation needs a discussion about community renewal, construction and maintenance management by taking into account of several stakeholders to put forward the mode of community construction and governance with multiple subjects involved. What’s more, micro renewal of public space based on community building also needs a platform for the communication of the government, residents, enterprises,social organizations and professional teams to promote the implementation of projects jointly. By such a platform, stakeholders can express their willingness and appeals and residents’ enthusiasm for participation can be aroused to make them take an active part in multiple links, such as context analysis, specific envolvment and further maintenance and management. The establishment of a multiplatform helps comprehensive preparation of down-top long-term sustainable micro renewal proposals.

Along with the transformation of cities from quantitative development to qualitative improvement, more importance is attached to the spatial restructuring, community revitalization, public participation and social governance in the micro update process of public spaces. As a tiny event in cities, public space micro renewal based on community creation can promote spontaneous, slow and sustainable self-improvement of cities by the integration of marginalized spaces and catalysts. The authenticity of cities can be reserved by exploring the authenticity of local historical contexts and protecting the lifestyle of community residents. The co-construction and co-governance of urban communities can be promoted by the community building based on whole-process participation of the public and the establishment of an open communication platform based on collaboration of multiple parties.

In topic articles of this issue, design and improvement method of public spaces based on community building are discussed from various perspectives, including case studies home and abroad, studies of social gathering and spatial forms, practices of public space creation of community garden, green micro renewal practice in Hutongs, etc.It tries to combine theories with practices to deeply analyze reasonable approaches of applying community building in public space design from different aspects. Since these studies and practices distribute in different regions, we hope that an academic and practical dialogue can be formed in this field through topic discussion of this issue so as to arouse thinking of all walks of life and further exploration to promote further development of the field of public space and community building.

Translator: WANG Xiyue

Acquiring editor of the current issue: HOU Xiaolei

May 11th, 2019