懷念孫筱祥先生

大學(xué)讀書時(shí)我就時(shí)常聽到孫筱祥教授的名字，盡管那時(shí)我并不在北京林學(xué)院（現(xiàn)北京林業(yè)大學(xué)）求學(xué)。我知道他畫的花港觀魚公園的鳥瞰圖曾作為1959年第5期《建筑學(xué)報(bào)》的封面。我們實(shí)習(xí)曾參觀了杭州的花港觀魚和杭州植物園，在設(shè)計(jì)這兩座新中國(guó)的名園時(shí)，孫先生還只是30歲出頭的年齡，但已是精通繪畫、詩詞、園藝和園林古建的才華橫溢的園林設(shè)計(jì)師。這兩個(gè)園林與其說是對(duì)中國(guó)園林的傳承，不如說是對(duì)中國(guó)園林的創(chuàng)新，它們的出現(xiàn)改變了中國(guó)園林設(shè)計(jì)的方向，使中國(guó)的園林從內(nèi)向走向開敞、從建筑空間走向自然空間、從私密走向公共、從追求藝術(shù)走向追求藝術(shù)與科學(xué)的結(jié)合。

大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，我考上北京林學(xué)院園林系，師從孫筱祥教授攻讀碩士學(xué)位。當(dāng)年的研究生復(fù)試首先做一個(gè)公園中茶室的快速設(shè)計(jì)，然后孫先生和白日新先生問了我一些問題。我的茶室設(shè)計(jì)還算正常發(fā)揮，但口試卻有些磕磕巴巴，顯然我當(dāng)時(shí)的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備還不足以準(zhǔn)確地回答這些問題。孫先生對(duì)我的復(fù)試表現(xiàn)并不滿意，當(dāng)時(shí)就教導(dǎo)我，“少夸夸其談，重要的是把圖畫好，把設(shè)計(jì)做好”。這句話后來一直影響和鞭策著我，幾十年來，無論工作學(xué)習(xí)有多么繁忙、角色有怎樣的轉(zhuǎn)變，我從未敢怠慢對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的思考和對(duì)高品質(zhì)設(shè)計(jì)的追求，寫寫畫畫、勾畫草圖成為一種日常，這句話也是每年我送給新入學(xué)研究生必不可少的寄語。實(shí)際上孫先生一生更是勤于動(dòng)筆，畫畫、寫字、做設(shè)計(jì)，筆從未離手。孫先生是新中國(guó)風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的開創(chuàng)者，也是北京林業(yè)大學(xué)風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的奠基人，他對(duì)待設(shè)計(jì)的態(tài)度深刻地影響了北林的教學(xué)理念和學(xué)術(shù)傳統(tǒng)。設(shè)計(jì)類的課程一直是北林風(fēng)景園林的核心課程，即使是博士研究生也并沒有停止設(shè)計(jì)的訓(xùn)練。北林的學(xué)生能持續(xù)獲得國(guó)內(nèi)外各種設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽獎(jiǎng)，北林的教師能頻繁地參與到國(guó)家的各類設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐中，并不斷涌現(xiàn)出優(yōu)秀的作品，北林能培養(yǎng)出國(guó)家眾多的風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師，這些都依賴于孫先生奠定的基礎(chǔ)和指引。

孫先生集風(fēng)景園林師、教育家、園藝學(xué)家、畫家、詩人于一身，博古通今，融貫中西，是一個(gè)百科全書式的學(xué)者。作為他的研究生，我們是感受最深的人。可惜受到時(shí)代所限，孫先生只招收了4名研究生。我們每個(gè)星期至少一次去孫先生家里上課，在先生的書房中，聽先生談?wù)摳鞣N學(xué)問，哲學(xué)、歷史、詩詞、書畫、美學(xué)、地理、氣象、風(fēng)景、園林、建筑、園藝、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、生態(tài)、地形等，一聊就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)，經(jīng)常錯(cuò)過吃飯的時(shí)間。他的許多思想已經(jīng)積淀在我們的內(nèi)心深處，成為我們最珍貴的財(cái)富。孫先生對(duì)我們這些學(xué)生極為嚴(yán)格，他常說人們都以為名師出高徒，其實(shí)不然，名師加嚴(yán)師才能出高徒。他要求我們必須具有“五條腿”走路的能力，不僅要學(xué)習(xí)生態(tài)、詩詞、繪畫、園藝和建筑，還要融會(huì)貫通。這是我們一生追求但又難以企及的目標(biāo)。

孫先生經(jīng)常和我們談起國(guó)際上的Landscape Architecture到底是怎樣的學(xué)科，大學(xué)應(yīng)該有怎樣的課程體系，從業(yè)涉及哪些領(lǐng)域，以及學(xué)科的中文名稱等問題。我們4位研究生的畢業(yè)論文選題各不相同，其中蘇怡的論文研究的是：如何在江蘇大豐規(guī)劃一個(gè)麋鹿放養(yǎng)區(qū)，從英國(guó)引進(jìn)原產(chǎn)于中國(guó)但已在中國(guó)消失百年的麋鹿，逐步放歸大自然，在大豐建立麋鹿野生種群。即使在今天，這一課題也具有學(xué)科的前瞻性，但是在當(dāng)年，風(fēng)景園林的學(xué)科定位和研究領(lǐng)域還非常窄，學(xué)科認(rèn)同也有限，在學(xué)校學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì)討論中這篇論文就引起了比較大的爭(zhēng)議，因?yàn)橐恍┪瘑T認(rèn)為論文研究的內(nèi)容已超出了風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科涉及的范圍。幾十年來，無論在理論研究還是設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐方面，孫先生的視野都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了同時(shí)代人對(duì)風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，從20世紀(jì)50年代的花港觀魚公園到2000年后的西雙版納植物園，從《園林藝術(shù)及園林設(shè)計(jì)》到 “生境、畫境、意境”三境理論，從園林到“地球表層規(guī)劃”，從“人造環(huán)境必須充滿大自然的生趣”到“城市環(huán)境綠色系統(tǒng)工程”等，孫先生一直站在學(xué)科發(fā)展的前沿。

孫先生聰慧又好學(xué)，晚年時(shí)他經(jīng)常說自己是一名風(fēng)景園林的老學(xué)生，要活到老學(xué)到老。到了80多歲時(shí)他開始學(xué)習(xí)使用電腦，還掌握了一定的電腦繪圖本領(lǐng)。孫先生毅力非凡。我們?nèi)雽W(xué)時(shí)，孫先生的煙癮很大，幾乎是煙不離手，有時(shí)沒煙了還會(huì)到煙灰缸里找煙。但突然一天，他卻戒煙了，問原因，他說連戒煙都做不到，還能做到什么？有如此的毅力就不難理解為什么孫先生在90多歲的高齡還能數(shù)次長(zhǎng)途飛行到西雙版納，設(shè)計(jì)和指導(dǎo)西雙版納植物園的建設(shè)。

孫先生才華橫溢、敢為人先，他的思想引領(lǐng)著中國(guó)風(fēng)景園林的發(fā)展，他是中國(guó)風(fēng)景園林的一代宗師，是中國(guó)風(fēng)景園林的高峰。

主編：王向榮教授

2019年9月23日

PREFACE

Cherishing the Memory of Mr. Sun Xiaoxiang

When I was in college, I often heard the name of Professor Sun Xiaoxiang, although at that time I was not studying in Beijing Forestry College (now Beijing Forestry University). I know that his bird-view drawing of Huagangguanyu Park was used as the cover of the fifth issue ofArchitectural Journalin 1959. We visited the park in Hangzhou and also Hangzhou Botanical Garden during the field trip. At the time of designing these two famous parks in the age of new China, Mr. Sun was still in his early 30s, but he was already a talented landscape designer who was proficient in painting, poetry, gardening and architecture. These two parks are more the innovation of Chinese gardens than the inheritance of it. Their appearance has changed the direction of Chinese landscape architecture, making it turns from inward to open, from architectural space to natural space, from private to public, from the pursuit of art to the pursuit of the combination of art and science.

After my college graduation, I was admitted to Landscape Architecture Department of the of Beijing Forestry Collage and studied for master degree with Prof. Sun Xiaoxiang as the tutor.During the re-examination for postgraduate candidates of that year,I was required to do a quick design for a tea house in a park, then followed by some questions that Mr. Sun and Mr. Bai Rixin asked me. My tea house design was working reasonably well, but my oral examination was a bit stuttering, and it was clear that my knowledge base at that time was not sufficient to answer these questions accurately. Mr. Sun was not satisfied with my performance in the re-examination. At that time, he taught me, “Don’t talk too much.To draw well and design well is of the greatest significance.”These words have always influenced and spurred me in the later years, for decades, no matter how busy my work and study are, no matter what the role of mine changes, I never dare to neglect my design thinking and the pursuit of high quality design, drawing,and sketching has became my daily habit. These words are also the essential messages that I give to my newly-enrolled postgraduates year by year. Actually, Mr. Sun was always diligent in writing,drawing and designing all his life. His pens were always in his hand.

Mr. Sun is the founder of landscape architecture planning and design in the new China, and also the founder of landscape architecture planning and design in Beijing Forestry University. His attitude towards design has profoundly influenced the teaching philosophy and academic tradition of Beijing Forestry University.Design courses have always been the core of the landscape architecture major of Beijing Forestry University, and even doctoral students have never stopped the training of design. The students of Beijing Forestry University can continue to win all kinds of design competition at home and abroad, the teachers of Beijing Forestry University can frequently involve in all kinds of design practice, more and more excellent works are emerging, Beijing Forestry University can cultivate such many landscape architects, it all depends on Mr. Sun to lay the foundation and guidance.

Mr. Sun is a landscape architect, educator, horticulturalist,painter and poet, learned both ancient and modern, both Chinese and western. He is a scholar of encyclopedic style. As his graduate students, we were the ones who felt the most. Unfortunately, Mr.Sun only enrolled 4 graduate students due to time constraints. We went to Mr. Sun’s home to have classes at least once a week. In his study room, we were listening to what he talked about regarding all kinds of knowledge: Philosophy, History, Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting, Geography, Meteorology, Landscape, Architecture,Horticulture, Planning, Design, Ecology, Geomorphology, etc.Chatting for several hours, we often missed the meals. Many of his thoughts have accumulated deep in our hearts and become our most precious treasures. Mr. Sun was very strict with the students,he often said that:“People always think excellent students are taught by great teacher, in fact, the teacher who can make his students excellent should be both learned and strict.” He required us to learn the ability to walk with“ five legs”, not only learn ecology, poetry,drawing, horticulture and architecture, but also need to digest all those information. This is the goal that we should pursue with all our lives, but it is hard to reach.

Mr. Sun often talked with us about what Landscape Architecture is like abroad, what kind of course system a university should have,what the fields should be in the career, and the Chinese name of the subject. Four of us graduate students chose different topics for our graduation thesis, among which Su Yi’s thesis studied:How to plan an elk free range in Dafeng, Jiangsu Province, and introduce the elks from Britain that originated in China but have been missing in our homeland for a hundred years. The gradually release into the nature of elks will gradually establish a wild elk population in Dafeng area. Even today, the topic is still forwardlooking, but at that time, the landscape architecture discipline is very narrow, positioning and research subject of the discipline are limited. In the school academic committee discussion regarding the paper, the large controversy was raised, because some members thought the content of the thesis research was beyond the scope of landscape architecture discipline involved. For decades,whether the theoretical study or design practices, Mr. Sun’s view on the knowledge and understanding of landscape architecture was much advanced than the people of the same epoch. From Huagangguanyu Park in 1950’s to Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden after the year 2000, fromLandscape Art and Designto the 3-conception theory of “l(fā)iving, painting and artistic conception”,from landscape architecture to “Earth surface planning”, from the theory of “Man-made environment must be full of the vitality of nature” to “the green system project of city’s environment”, etc.Mr. Sun was always standing at front tip of academic development.

Mr. Sun was wise and eager to learn. In his later years, he often said that he was an old student of landscape architecture, and was never too old to learn. In his eighties, he began to learn to use computer, and he mastered some computer drawing skills. Mr.Sun had extraordinary perseverance. When we entered the college,Mr. Sun was addicted to smoking badly that he seldom stopped smoking. Sometimes when he had no cigarette with him, he would even try to find cigarette ends in the ashtray. But one day, all of sudden, he said he quitted smoking. While asked the reasons, he said if he could not even quit smoking, what else can be done?With such perseverance, it is not difficult to understand why Mr.Sun in his nineties, was able to fly to Xishuangbanna several times to design and guide the construction of Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden.

Mr. Sun is talented and pioneering. His thoughts lead the development of Chinese landscape architecture. He is the grand master of landscape architecture in China and the peak of Chinese landscape architecture.

Chief Editor: Prof. Dr-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Sep. 23th, 2019