田素敏
摘 要:如何培養(yǎng)并提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重點(diǎn),也是教師最為關(guān)注的話題之一。高中英語(yǔ)教材提供了大量題材廣泛,文體各異,內(nèi)容豐富,語(yǔ)言地道的文章。那么教師在課堂教學(xué)中應(yīng)如何充分利用教材資源和挖掘教材內(nèi)涵,幫助學(xué)生形成有效的閱讀策略,從而提高閱讀能力呢?
關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀能力;閱讀策略
在高中英語(yǔ)的教學(xué)過(guò)程中如何挖掘教材內(nèi)涵提高學(xué)生的閱讀能力。
如何培養(yǎng)并提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重點(diǎn),也是教師最為關(guān)注的話題之一。高中英語(yǔ)教材提供了大量題材廣泛,文體各異,內(nèi)容豐富,語(yǔ)言地道的文章。那么教師在課堂教學(xué)中應(yīng)如何充分利用教材資源和挖掘教材內(nèi)涵,幫助學(xué)生形成有效的閱讀策略,從而提高閱讀能力呢?
1.利用課文標(biāo)題和插圖培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的預(yù)測(cè)能力
課文標(biāo)題往往體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生充分挖掘標(biāo)題的內(nèi)涵有助于學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)文章內(nèi)容,理解主題。課文中的插圖為課文內(nèi)容提供了直觀的線索。鑒于此,筆者在學(xué)生閱讀課文前指導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用標(biāo)題Chinese Paper Art和剪紙插圖并結(jié)合已有的背景知識(shí)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)測(cè)課文內(nèi)容Prediction:Look at the title and the pictures,and guess what the article is mainly about. 進(jìn)而提出問(wèn)題“can you present your paper art?” 通過(guò)同學(xué)們呈現(xiàn)課前準(zhǔn)備的紙藝品及相關(guān)介紹的情景來(lái)引入并確認(rèn)本課的話題:中國(guó)民間藝術(shù)-剪紙藝術(shù)。針對(duì)同學(xué)們呈現(xiàn)的紙藝品中大部分是折紙,少數(shù)是剪紙這一現(xiàn)象筆者提問(wèn):why most of your items made of paper are paper—folding?It seems that you are quite familiar with paper-folding,what about paper-cutting,would you like to read and get more information? 這樣不但培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的預(yù)測(cè)能力,也激發(fā)了學(xué)生的閱讀興趣,促使他們關(guān)注閱讀內(nèi)容,以便進(jìn)行有效的閱讀。
2.利用教材內(nèi)容培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇分析能力
英語(yǔ)文章一般由三部分組成:篇首段,主體段和結(jié)尾段。篇首段往往起著統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文,揭示主題的作用;主體段用來(lái)闡述文章主題;結(jié)尾段概括全文。整篇文章是一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體,圍繞中心展開(kāi),有一定的邏輯關(guān)系。該課我是運(yùn)用將段落和段落大意配對(duì)的方法來(lái)訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇分析能力,具體做法如下:
Read and tell if the topics are mentioned in the text.
A. The paper-cutting expert who was interviewed
B. How to make paper cuts
C. The history of paper cuts
D. Different colors of paper cuts
E. Types of paper cuts people like to make
F. The result of the interview
Match the topics with paragraphs.
Para1 A. The paper-cutting expert who was interviewed
Para2 C. The history of paper cuts
Para3-6 E. Types of paper cuts people like to make
Para7 F. The result of the interview
Which two can be combined into one part
part1 The introduction of the interviewee
part2 The information about paper cuts from the interviewee
part3 The result of the interview
3.利用文體理清文章的線索和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。
教師在教學(xué)中應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的不同體裁來(lái)梳理其篇章結(jié)構(gòu),并根據(jù)文章的具體內(nèi)容通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,排序,判斷正誤,填表和畫(huà)圖等練習(xí)幫助學(xué)生關(guān)注文章細(xì)節(jié),提高閱讀效果。(汪勝光,2005)本課是通過(guò)對(duì)剪紙藝術(shù)家陳子鑒的采訪介紹中國(guó)的剪紙藝術(shù)的說(shuō)明文,介紹事物的說(shuō)明文一般采用總-分-總的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此在閱讀課文的過(guò)程中,我讓學(xué)生先整體閱讀,抓住每部分的大意,然后局部探討,由淺入深,層層推進(jìn),感悟研究。整個(gè)閱讀的過(guò)程,一環(huán)扣一環(huán),從分段到剖析每段的內(nèi)容,在剖析的過(guò)程,我采取了不同的方式檢查同學(xué)們的閱讀情況,而且難度步步遞進(jìn),學(xué)生容易接收。實(shí)施方法如下:
While-reading
Read the history of paper cuts and tell if the statements are true or false.
True or False:
1). Paper-cut is a Chinese folk art with a long history in China.
2). Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs dating back to Song Dynasty.
3). The young lady would look at the man’s paper-cutting skills to choose her husband.
Read the types of paper cuts and answer some questions.
1). How many types of paper cuts do people like to make? What are they?
2). Which Chinese character often appears in wedding paper cuts?
3). How is paper-cutting related to fashion?
Read after the tape and try to remember the information about paper cuts.
在逐段剖析以后,我不忘做一個(gè)總結(jié)歸納,以結(jié)構(gòu)圖的形式呈現(xiàn)文章的結(jié)構(gòu),
Retell the information about paper cuts
A long history dating back to the Northern and Southern Dynasty
History
Importance:a man would choose his bride looking at her paper-cutting skills
Used for decorating windows,gates and presents
Used for religious purposes,such as those found in temple or offerings to the dead
Used for design patterns,such as patterns on clothing or on jewellery boxes.
讓學(xué)生更清楚整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu),在了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上也不忘培養(yǎng)學(xué)生歸納和復(fù)述課文的主題內(nèi)容的能力。全過(guò)程是個(gè)總-分-總的過(guò)程,給了學(xué)生充分的閱讀和理解的機(jī)會(huì),既利于學(xué)生對(duì)文章的理解,也有利于他們認(rèn)識(shí)文章結(jié)構(gòu)并能在寫(xiě)作中運(yùn)用得上。如何梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)是提高閱讀和寫(xiě)作的重要環(huán)節(jié),訓(xùn)練學(xué)生梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)有利于其語(yǔ)言的綜合運(yùn)用。
4.利用課文原句培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的猜詞能力
文章中某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)直接影響學(xué)生對(duì)整個(gè)句子甚至通篇文章的理解。任何一篇閱讀材料中的關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)都不是孤立的,通過(guò)使用一些閱讀策略根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的分析,能輕松地猜出詞意。該課中有這樣一個(gè)句子:“Used for religious purposes,such as those found in temple or offerings to the dead ”學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)容those found in temple 和to the dead不難猜出religious的意思是宗教的;offerings的意思是祭品。
5.利用教材內(nèi)容培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的推理判斷能力
推理和判斷能力是較高層次的認(rèn)知活動(dòng),它可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。教師在教學(xué)中應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)文中提供的已知信息作出合理的推理和判斷。在本課有關(guān)剪紙的歷史中有這樣一個(gè)信息 “A young farmer who wanted a wife would look at a young woman’s paper-cutting skills before marrying her!”對(duì)此已知信息筆者設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)問(wèn)題 “What problem would you face if you were the women who are not good at paper-cutting in the Southern Song Dynasty?”讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行判斷。學(xué)生可以通過(guò)分析得出no farmer wanted to marry us的答案從而推斷出剪紙?jiān)跉v史上對(duì)普通老百姓有著關(guān)系到婚姻大事的重大意義。