老北京·微輪廓—城市翻修系列設(shè)計(jì)課程教學(xué)報(bào)告(39)之北京老城既有建筑再利用設(shè)計(jì)OLD BEIJING—MICRO SKYLINE：

朱文一 岳 陽

在今天的北京老城四合院街區(qū)中，有一些在歷史發(fā)展中建造的多層建筑。這些多層建筑與老城四合院建筑高度相差很大，形成了高低“錯(cuò)落無秩”的天際線。2019年清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院四年級(jí)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課程題目《老北京·微輪廓》（Old Beijing Micro Skyline）要求學(xué)生通過老城中既有多層建筑的改造設(shè)計(jì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)老城街區(qū)天際線的優(yōu)化。

課程要求學(xué)生在北京老城范圍內(nèi)選定一棟或一組既有多層框架結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，進(jìn)行調(diào)研和考察。10名學(xué)生分別自行選取了10片街區(qū)中的10組多層既有建筑（圖1）。課程提出了4項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)：第一是建立和加強(qiáng)老城保護(hù)意識(shí)。老城建筑及其街區(qū)整體上是傳承歷史文化的物質(zhì)載體。如何保護(hù)歷史環(huán)境是文化可持續(xù)的體現(xiàn)。第二是強(qiáng)化對(duì)老城建成環(huán)境的認(rèn)識(shí)。如何選擇既有建筑并在實(shí)地調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上策劃未來，提出設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書，需要學(xué)生具備社會(huì)觀察能力和專業(yè)考察能力。第三是以城市設(shè)計(jì)視角設(shè)計(jì)建筑。如何優(yōu)化既有多層建筑，使之與周邊四合院傳統(tǒng)建筑的關(guān)系更加和諧，要求學(xué)生特別注重建筑與周邊的關(guān)聯(lián)和建筑在城市中的定位。10名學(xué)生在10塊地段上，以10個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案實(shí)現(xiàn)了“老北京·微輪廓”的課程教學(xué)目標(biāo)。

高英洲同學(xué)的作業(yè)是“公棚”設(shè)計(jì)（圖2）。在調(diào)研北京磁器口地區(qū)有悠久傳統(tǒng)的“公棚”（古代鴿舍的稱謂）的基礎(chǔ)上，作業(yè)選址空置的某單位四層建筑，并將其設(shè)計(jì)改造為供居民養(yǎng)鴿、賞鴿以及了解鴿文化的當(dāng)代城市“公棚”，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“老北京·微輪廓”的和諧天際線。

周敬硯同學(xué)的作業(yè)是“針灸景觀”（圖3）。在調(diào)研和分析護(hù)國寺中醫(yī)院建筑的基礎(chǔ)上，策劃了以針灸治療為主的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，將現(xiàn)狀中醫(yī)院改造為針灸醫(yī)院。作業(yè)考慮了改造建筑與周邊四合院的關(guān)系，采用疊落方式柔化新老建筑群輪廓線，呼應(yīng)了“老北京·微輪廓”的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)。

圖1 / Figure 1 10名學(xué)生自選的10個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)地段10 Sites in Beijing selected by Students Themselves

圖2 / Figure 2 城市“公棚”信鴿中心設(shè)計(jì)方案，高英洲Proposal “ONE LOFT”for carrier pigeon community by GAO Yingzhou

圖3 / Figure 3 針灸醫(yī)院設(shè)計(jì)方案，周敬硯Proposal Acupuncture Hospital by ZHOU Jingyan

圖4 / Figure 4 “史家書局”方案，傅懷穎Proposal Shijia Bookstore by FU Huaiying

圖5 / Figure 5 “放學(xué)市集”方案，沈伊茜Proposal Comunity Food Market by SHEN Yiqian

傅懷穎同學(xué)的作業(yè)是“史家書局”（圖4）。通過調(diào)研分析史家胡同片區(qū)的歷史文脈，策劃了增強(qiáng)傳承史家胡同文史傳統(tǒng)的公共讀書空間。通過對(duì)選址周邊建筑天際線分析，設(shè)計(jì)采用化整為零的方式，改造了兩組建筑，形成新的院落空間，體現(xiàn)了“老北京·微輪廓”的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)。

沈伊茜同學(xué)的作業(yè)是“放學(xué)市集”（圖5）。通過對(duì)宣武地區(qū)老城小學(xué)校前空間的類型化分析，作業(yè)策劃了主要服務(wù)于小學(xué)生及接送家長的“放學(xué)市集”功能。該作業(yè)將所選的小型醫(yī)院既有建筑改造成鮮蔬市場，既可以彌補(bǔ)街區(qū)缺失功能，又可為兒童和老人提供接送期間的休息活動(dòng)空間。該作業(yè)的特點(diǎn)是將原有建筑底部及四周空間開放，同時(shí)營造出具有活力的中庭和頂部空間，回應(yīng)了與周邊建筑的關(guān)系和“老北京·微輪廓”的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)。

Within the Siheyuan traditional courtyard houses area of Beijing old city today, there are some multistorey buildings built in past decades. These multistorey buildings differ greatly from the height of the traditional courtyard buildings, forming an unfriendly skyline. In 2019, Year 4 graduation design studio of Tsinghua University School of Architecture titled "Old Beijing Micro Skyline" requires students to optimize the skyline of Beijing old city through the redesigning of existing multi storey buildings.

The studio requires students to select one or a group of multi-storey frame structure buildings in the old city of Beijing for their design site (Figure 1). There are four design challenges as follows: thefirst is to establish and strengthen the awareness of the conservation of the old city. The old city buildings and their neighborhoods are the physical carriers of historical and cultural heritage. How to protect the historical environment is a manifestation of cultural sustainability. The second is to strengthen the understanding of the built environment of the old city.How to choose existing buildings and plan the future based onfield research, and propose a program for the design, students need to have social observation ability and professional ability. The third is to design the building from the perspective of urban design.How to optimize the existing multi storey buildings to make them more harmonious with the traditional architecture of the surrounding courtyards, requiring students to pay particular attention to the connection between the building and the surrounding, and the positioning of the building in the city. 10 students achieved the teaching objectives of the “Old Beijing -Micro Skyline” on 10 sites through 10 different design approaches.