The Poverty Alleviation Model for Poor Nationalities in the Mountainous Areas of Western China: A Case Study of “Promotion for the Entire Lisu Nationality” in Naimu Danxia Village Group

Chang SU, Zisheng YANG

Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development Institute, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China

Abstract In poor minority areas, poor living conditions, single industrial structure and weak public basic services often lead to a deep degree of poverty. This is the most difficult problem to solve in the fight against poverty. Yunlong Township, Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, which is located in the alpine canyon area of Jinsha River in China, is a semi-closed agricultural township integrating "nationality, mountain area, poverty and backwardness". Located in the Xinshan Village Committee of this township, Naimu Danxia village group is a typical Lisu settlement. It is a key village group with a deep degree of poverty, and the incidence of poverty is 17.00%. In recent years, Naimu Danxia village group has adhered to the direction of unified promotion, internal and external blood creation and resource integration in the poverty alleviation work of the Lisu nationality in Luquan County. It has successfully taken a road of national unity, self-reliance and common poverty alleviation, and formed a unique poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire nationality". At the end of 2018, the incidence of poverty dropped to 0, successfully building a "demonstration village of national unity" at the municipal level in Kunming. Based on the field research and interviews, this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific methods, main achievements, practical experience and popularization and application measures regarding the poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire Lisu nationality" in the village group. It tries to provide necessary reference for accurate poverty alleviation and poverty eradication in similar minority areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces.

Key words Battle against poverty, Lisu nationality, Poverty relief for the entire nationality, Yunlong Township, Naimu Danxia Village group

1 Introduction

The eradication (or reduction) of poverty is a basic requirement for the development of human society[1]. China is the largest developing country in the world. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the Chinese government has continued to carry out poverty reduction actions centered on rural poverty alleviation and development, and carried out organized and planned large-scale development poverty alleviation throughout the country. China has successively implemented medium and long term poverty alleviation plans such as the National 87 Poverty Alleviation Plan (1994-2000), theOutlineofPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentinRuralChina(2001-2010), and theOutlineofPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentinRuralChina(2011-2020). Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has taken getting rid of poverty as the bottom line task and landmark target of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and has made a series of major arrangements to promote it with unprecedented efforts. China’s poverty alleviation and development has entered a new stage of getting rid of poverty. In November 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued theDecisiononWinningtheFightagainstPoverty, which clearly defined the goals and standards for getting rid of poverty, and established the basic strategy of accurately helping the poor to get rid of poverty. The system of getting rid of poverty with Chinese characteristics has been established[2]. In October 2017, the 19th CPC National Congress set the strategic goal of resolutely winning the fight against poverty and regard accurate poverty alleviation as one of the three key battles that must be fought well in order to win a decisive victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way[3]. In June 2018, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued theGuidanceonWinningtheThree-YearCampaigntoFightagainstPovertyand solemnly pledged to "ensure that poor areas and poor people will join the whole country in entering a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020"[4]. At present, decisive progress has been made in China’s fight against poverty. According to the World Bank, based on the international poverty standard of 1.90 USD spent per capita per day, China has reduced more than 850 million poor people over the past 40 years, contributing more than 70% to global poverty reduction. According to China’s current poverty standards, from 1978 to 2017, the number of rural poor people in China decreased from 770.39 million to 30.46 million, a net decrease of 739.93 million, and the incidence of poverty decreased from 97.5% to 3.1%[6]. Since 2012, more than 10 million people in China have been lifted out of poverty each year. Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, which is located in the alpine canyon area of Jinsha River in Western China, is a minority autonomous county integrating "mountain area, nationality, agriculture and poverty". It is listed as one of the key counties of poverty alleviation and development in 592 countries, with a large poverty area and a deep degree of poverty[7]. There are 23 ethnic minorities in the county, especially the Yi, Miao and Lisu ethnic groups. Most of these ethnic minorities are distributed in mountainous areas with high mountains and steep slopes, inconvenient transportation, blocked information and backward economy, and their poverty situation is very prominent. In order to achieve the goal of winning the battle to get rid of poverty, in recent years, Luquan County has thoroughly implemented General Secretary Xi Jinping’s proposal: "We will achieve a well-off society in an all-round way, and no one of the ethnic minorities can be left behind. It is necessary to earnestly assume responsibility, innovate the thinking of work, increase support, adjust measures to local conditions, and accurately exert strength, so as to ensure that lifting ethnic minorities out of poverty is completed as scheduled, and to ensure that the masses of all ethnic groups achieve a well-off society in an all-round way as scheduled[8]."In 2016, the county formulated theCounty-levelleaderLinkingProgramforthePromotionofPovertyAlleviationfortheEntireNationalityinLuquanYiandMiaoAutonomousCountyto make every effort to fight a good battle against poverty among ethnic minorities. In the process of promoting getting rid of poverty for the entire nationality, many typical practices and cases have emerged, such as accurate poverty alleviation for the entire Lisu nationality in Naixia Village, Yunlong Township, and building a municipal "demonstration village of national unity". This shows that the implementation of the overall accurate poverty alleviation project is the fundamental means and the only way to solve the sustainable survival and development of ethnic minority people, which can be used for reference by other poor ethnic minority areas. Based on the field research and interviews, this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific methods, main achievements, practical experience and popularization and application measures regarding the poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire Lisu nationality" in the village group, in order to provide necessary reference for accurate poverty alleviation and poverty eradication in similar minority areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces.

2 Overview of the study area

Yunlong Township is located in the northwest of Luquan County, with the highest elevation of 4 224 m, the lowest elevation of 872 m. The mountains are high and valleys are deep in the township, and the natural conditions are bad. High mountains, steep slope, dangerous cliff and deep valley are the basic portrayal of the topography of the township. Most of the land in the township is in the high altitude area, the soil is barren, the climate is cold (the typical mountain cold climate), and the transportation is inconvenient. The industrial structure is single and the economic development is limited. Before 2014, the local people of all ethnic groups only relied on growing corn, potatoes and other traditional crops to make a living, the income was low, resulting in a wide range of poverty in the township, and a high degree of poverty. The number of registered poor households in the township is 787, and the number of poor people is 2 492. The incidence of poverty (in this case, the percentage of the registered poor population in the total agricultural population[9]) reaches 12.22%. In the seven village committees under the jurisdiction of the township, six are poor villages, of which five are highly poor villages. Yunlong Township is a township with a relatively high proportion of ethnic minorities in Luquan County. At the same time, it is also one of the towns with a high incidence of poverty. Xinshan Village, Xinhe Village and Yongjing Village under its jurisdiction are also the main battlefield of poverty alleviation work for the Lisu nationality in Luquan County. Naixia village group, Xinshan Village Committee, Yunlong Township, located in the mountainous area, is Lisu settlement. There are 44 peasant households and 200 people in this group, and there are 10 registered poor households and 34 people, with the incidence of poverty reaching 17.00%. Because of the complexity of ethnic composition and the remote and closed spatial geographical characteristics of ethnic areas, it has become a special poverty-stricken area different from other ethnic areas. After the founding of New China, although this nationality in Yunnan realized the transformation from the primitive social system to the socialist system, it has become the most difficult problem for Yunnan Province to overcome poverty because of its location, history, culture and other reasons. Compared with other nationalities, this nationality has three characteristics: the poorest area, the most special ethnic group and the most vulnerable group. How to lead Lisu poor people out of poverty, to achieve sustained income and poverty alleviation, is the biggest problem that all the people from Naixia Village and even the entire Yunlong Township are faced with. In order to lift itself out of poverty and solve key problems in this magnificent livelihood project, since 2014, the Naixia village group has been led by the Luquan County CPC Committee, the Yunlong Township Party Committee and Government, and the Xinshan Village Committee, to persist in implementing the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s instruction: "We will realize a well-off society in an all-round way, not one of the ethnic minorities can be absent, and none of them can be left behind." Based on the fact that there are many local ethnic minorities, unbalanced development and a deep degree of poverty, it focuses on getting rid of poverty among all the Lisu poor people, adheres to the mechanism of "synchronous promotion and simultaneous development," and highlights the standard of "accurate mobilization and accurate implementation of policies". Based on the method of "covering the whole area and getting rid of poverty in an all-round way", it focuses on the goal of "national harmony and social harmony". After five years of protracted war against poverty, the village has formed an effective poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire nationality". Kunming City named the village "National Unity and Progress Demonstration Village" in 2018, and it achieved good results in poverty alleviation. At the end of 2018, all the registered poor households in the village reached the national standard of getting rid of poverty. The incidence of poverty was reduced to 0, and the goal of getting rid of poverty has been achieved.

3 Concrete practice of the poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire nationality"

3.1 Establishing an "all-in-one" mechanism to work together to overcome poverty

3.1.1Implementing superior arrangements and absorbing county-level resources. Yunlong Township makes full use of the high-level overall planning and comprehensive deployment function of the county-level government in getting rid of poverty among the Lisu people. In accordance with the requirements of the work of Luquan County, it carried out three "hundred-day" battle at the same time. According to the requirements of "a standing committee member of a county Party committee responsible for an ethnic minority, and a set of implementation plans for ethnic minorities to extricate themselves from poverty", it actively absorbs county-level resources and determines the battle chart and timetable of "promotion for the entire nationality" in Yunlong Township by a large number of investigations and specific studies. It adheres to the same mechanism, the same step, and the same standard. In 2016, by trying first, implementing accurately, and focusing on "road, housing, water and industry", it optimized the industrial layout, organized migrant workers, and implemented infrastructure construction. In 2017, with "dynamic adjustment and extensive coverage" as the main line, it fully implemented the three wars of "fighting for stable income increase, renovation and annihilation of dilapidated buildings, and upgrading of living environment", and comprehensively implemented accurate poverty alleviation measures. In 2018, taking "checking gaps, filling gaps and clearing up problems" as the main line, it fully implemented the three battles of "in-depth index verification, comprehensive standard consolidation, and 100-day sprint" and summed up experience. Township assessment, poverty withdrawal, assessment and acceptance preparations have been completed in an all-round way. At the same time, it actively links city and county resources, absorbs more than 40 million yuan of funds from city and county support units to invest in infrastructure and industrial development, and combines the upper and lower lines and multiple efforts to get rid of poverty. In accordance with the work requirements of Yunlong Township and in the light of the special local conditions, Naixia Village has actively promoted the combat schedule of its superiors according to local conditions, and achieved remarkable results.

3.1.2Mobilizing township forces to unify the operational pattern. Grass-roots cadres are the spokesman of the party committee and government, the backbone of the national masses, and the connecting bridge between the party committee and the government and the national masses. Yunlong Township adheres to the work pattern of "secretaries at all levels jointly responsible for poverty alleviation" and "simultaneous promotion by cadres at all levels", and determines the front-line combat mechanism in which township leaders and cadres are directly linked to the villages and households. It has implemented the system of 14 leaders at the department level responsible for the village and 77 cadres and workers responsible for the peasant household, made a pledge, implemented a letter of responsibility, consolidated the responsibility of "secretaries at two levels to get rid of poverty", and established the responsibility system of getting rid of poverty. This has fully mobilized the party members and cadres at all levels in Yunlong Township to go deep into each village to carry out the activities of "joint promotion" and party members’ leading activities, so as to unite the forces with unified arrangements and take practical actions to drive the Lisu masses out of poverty and solve difficulties.

3.1.3Focusing on village-level responsibilities and playing a leading role. Yunlong Township insists on selecting excellent leaders to poor villages, selecting the first secretary as the front-line instructor to get rid of poverty in Lisu administrative villages, and changing roles to act as poverty alleviation "propagandists", "information officers" and "instructors". It adheres to thought-driven, behavior-driven, network-driven, and resource-driven concept, offers sincere help to the village and the household, opens up thinking and disseminates technology for the Lisu people, leading the masses to self-reliance, hard struggle. Naixia Village’s cadres regard the poor people as their own relatives, establish a close relationship with the people, and work together to overcome difficulties. City and county units offer help, township-level leaders are responsible for linking, it is managed according to different village parts, cadres and workers are responsible for the village and households, and the helpers provide the service with all their heart and soul. In this way, not only has the work been done well, but the satisfaction of the masses has also been greatly improved.

3.2 Establishing the principle of "three supports" and carrying out policies accurately

3.2.1Accurate "will support" to change the thought of dependence. Yunlong Township adheres to helping the poor first, helping the mind, supporting the way, and makes the thinking of the Lisu people run throughout the fight against poverty. Through the continuous implementation of a series of actions of the county-level government, it has led the whole town’s poverty alleviation task force stationed in the village, the village staff, and the party members, cadres, and workers at all levels to go deep into the grass roots, villages, and rural households in an all-round way. As a Lisu village, Naixia village group has obstacles in language communication and villagers live in a scattered state, which brings great difficulties to the propaganda of anti-poverty policy. Yunlong Township draws on collective wisdom, comes up with new ideas, and does practical things. It gathered comrades familiar with Lisu language and recorded the phonetic documents of Yunlong Township’s policy of getting rid of poverty and tackling poverty, publicizing Lisu language and other minority languages. Through the speaker which covers every village group, it plays repeatedly to the masses to bring the policy of getting rid of poverty to the heart. Through villagers’ meetings, party members’ meetings, door-to-door visits, and door-to-door chats, Naixia Village has carried out in-depth practical activities on the theme of "double stresses, double comments", "three stresses, three comments", "self-improvement, honesty, and gratitude" to comprehensively cover the registered households. It is not confined to the form of policy propaganda and interpretation. In the fields, in front of the house and behind the house, it talks about the policy of getting rid of poverty in detail, explains it thoroughly, finds out the reality, finds out the perplexing problems, deepens and understands the thinking of the masses. It has guided the masses to correctly view poverty alleviation, actively participate in getting rid of poverty, abandon the behavior of "fighting, and robbing" among poor households, get rid of the idea of "waiting, relying, and wanting", and stimulate the courage of the masses to get rid of poverty and become rich. The strategy of poverty alleviation has been transformed into conscious action by the broad masses of ethnic minority poor groups.

3.2.2Accurate "skills support" to enhance income-increasing skills. Under the guidance and support of the higher departments, Naixia Village considers its own characteristics, adheres to the promotion of Lisu people’s ability to increase income as the focus of getting rid of poverty. In view of the fact that some Lisu people are used to traditional farming, do not want or are unwilling to go out to work, and it is difficult to increase the income of migrant workers, it insists on the way of "teaching people to fish", it encourages and urges villagers of this group to participate in a total of 18 training sessions for Lisu new professional farmer training, new farmers’ scientific and technological training, and agricultural scientific and technological backbone training carried out by higher-level organizations. This makes the process of getting rid of poverty become the process of improving the quality of the national masses, the process of strengthening the self-development of the ethnic masses, having made great efforts to improve the self-development ability and income-generating and income-increasing skills of the poor Lisu people. At the same time, in order to broaden the channels for getting rid of poverty, it encourages Lisu people to actively go out to work, carries out investigation and survey of the labor force, sets up information files on job search for Lisu people, organizes Lisu "order-oriented", "directional" and "post-oriented" training, and holds a "precision poverty alleviation special job fair" and so on. The group successfully sent more than 26 workers from 16 households to ensure that every household has access to jobs, and can open channels to get rid of poverty and become rich in many ways.

3.2.3Accurate "wisdom support" to block intergenerational transmission. Yunlong Township has increased its support for Lisu education, implemented the educational development project for ethnic minorities, and given all kinds of school subsidies on time. In the whole township, there are more than 100 students supported by the Rain and Dew Project, 758 students supported by the Water Source Area Subsidy, and 127 students supported by the "Three Exemptions and One Subsidy Policy". It establishes and improves the "one-stop" all-round financial assistance system for the children of poor families from preschool education to university education, so as to thoroughly solve the problem that poor students in rural areas can not afford to go to school. It stabilizes teacher resources and pays a monthly allowance of 500-1 950 yuan for rural teachers and 800 yuan of autonomous counties subsidies according to the distance and hardship. It signed an enrollment cooperation agreement with Yunnan University for Nationalities and set up Yunlong Middle School ethnic minority classes to recruit and train 19 college students (5 Lisu). The education level of Lisu students has been greatly improved, and the intergenerational transmission of poverty has been effectively blocked. The villagers’ group ensures that 100% of the school-age adolescents at the compulsory education stage are enrolled in school, and the policies at all stages are strictly implemented. According to the plan for 2018 to 2020, 12 students will enjoy the policy of "Three Exemptions and One Subsidy Policy" and Nutrition Improvement Plan at the stage of compulsory education. In high school, there are two students who enjoy the "Rain and Dew Project" policy. 30 people received funding from Higher Education Project "Promotion of Common Language and Putonghua".

3.3 Implementing of the "global" project to achieve lasting poverty alleviation

3.3.1Speeding up the construction of "three bases" for joint promotion. Yunlong Township adheres to the construction of infrastructure such as "farm houses, transportation, water conservancy". In order to achieve "global coverage and all-round development", it first plans and compiles the township anti-poverty consolidation and upgrading project, forming an annual and hierarchical list of tasks and responsibilities. Under the framework of Yunlong Township, the Naimu Danxia village group carries out full coverage thorough search, accurately identifies the dangerous houses of grade C and D in rural areas, adheres to the principle of "giving priority to oneself, multi-party policies, one policy for one room", strictly enforces the "five-in-one" mechanism, signs a military writ, establishes a guarantee system and strict technical standards for supervision of the whole process, and focuses on quality and safety. From 2017 to 2018, 26 C or D-grade rural dilapidated houses were renovated, 22 were repaired and strengthened, and 4 were rebuilt, covering 7 of the four key categories of households, 2 of the registered households, 4 of the households enjoying the minimum living guarantee, and 1 household with poor and disabled people. So far, the occupancy rate has reached 100%, and the whole village has achieved safe and stable housing. It has created villages with ethnic characteristics such as "Yunlong Naimu" and other ethnic groups, and formed an industrial model of integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries with Luquan characteristics, so as to drive the people of all ethnic groups to increase their income continuously and steadily. Naixia Village implements the "road infrastructure" project, to promote the village road (reconstruction and expansion) construction, pavement hardening, safety protection engineering construction. The infrastructure has been significantly improved, and the hardening rate of roads in villages has reached 100%. The problems of mass travel, material transportation and product sales in ethnic minority areas have been effectively solved, and the bottleneck of development in rural areas has been basically eliminated. Based on the reality of this group, it invested 900 000 yuan to build a new 120 m2village group activity venue and a basketball court, and built about 60 m2new public toilets. It implements the "Water Conservancy Safety Construction" project, highlights the improvement of rural water quality and the safety of drinking water, enables people in ethnic minority areas to drink safe water, and healthy water, so as to achieve full coverage of safe drinking water in rural areas. Through unremitting efforts, the Naimu Danxia village group has continued to carry out environmental hygiene improvement work to achieve national unity, township style civilization, neighborhood harmony, and the new socialist style of clean and tidy village appearance has been further improved.

3.3.2Implementing the Stable Industrial Income Project. Lisu nationality is "the directly-entering-socialism ethnic group", and the Naimu Danxia village group as Lisu ethnic village still retains some of the characteristics of "the directly-entering-socialism ethnic group". Relying on mountains and rivers, the production is relatively simple, and the characteristics are more prominent. Its traditional way to engage in the production of traditional corn, walnut, chestnut and other agricultural products, depending on the weather for the harvest, makes it difficult to improve the economic income. Based on the actual situation and practical conditions, counties and villages pay close attention to industrial development and focus on the goal of "ecological beauty, strong industry and rich people". According to the idea of "one industry for one township, one product for one village, one policy for one family", it promotes the degree of organization of industrial development and develops characteristic industries on the basis of traditional planting and breeding. Through the rural agricultural station to take points to test soil, it implements the planting of green pepper, fresh pea,Puerarialobata, flat peach and other new characteristic agricultural products. Luquan County nurtures 283 specialized cooperatives of ethnic minorities, of which 6 for Lisu. A total of 43.6 ha of walnut, 79.1 ha of chestnut, 10.6 ha of flue-cured tobacco, 22.3 ha of fresh peas, 13.3 ha of green pepper, 3.3 ha of flat peach and more than 0.66 ha ofPuerarialobatawere planted in the Naimu Danxia group. Relying on one township-level service center and seven village-level service points, the sale via e-commerce platform has been realized, and a modern industrial system with characteristics of wide participation, quick effect, high income, long chain and sustainable income increase has been formed. At the same time, relying on the unique red culture, long national culture, beautiful natural scenery, unique plateau ecology, it develops the tourism industry with national characteristics. Using the integrated funds of "Interest-Absorption Financing for Poverty Alleviation", it has created a village with the characteristics of ethnic folk culture tourism and residential accommodation tourism represented by "Yunlong Naimu" as the Lisu folk village. It forms an industrial model for the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries with the characteristics of Luquan, and drives the people of all ethnic groups to increase their income continuously and steadily. Through the continuous promotion of the above measures, Yunlong Township and Naixia Village have effectively increased the economic income of Lisu families, steadily increased income and steadily gotten rid of poverty and become rich.

3.3.3Implementing the medical and social security ecological project. Yunlong Township improves the Lisu medical and health service system, establishes serious diseases, chronic diseases relief funds, completes the construction of four standardized clinics and puts them into use. It carries out five physical examinations for poor households. The centralized treatment of serious diseases in the whole township and the guarantee of serious diseases treatment are accurately implemented in place. The management of chronic disease contract service has covered 1 056 households (100% of poor households covered by the contract service). Naixia village group implements the minimum security policy, to achieve full protection. The medical insurance participation rate of the whole group of villagers is 100%, and the insurance rate of the old villagers of the right age is 100%. 100% of registered poor families sign up for medical services. It promotes the work of ecological compensation, and timely implements the ecological compensation policies of public welfare forests, conversion of farmland to forests, conversion of agricultural land to forests, and soil fertility subsidies to all villagers’ groups, and builds a quality life security mechanism for the Lisu people to effectively improve the happiness index.

3.4 Focusing on "building harmony together" and striving for national harmony

3.4.1Creating life and beauty together. Since the work of getting rid of poverty and tackling key problems has been carried out, Naimu Danxia group has been led by getting rid of poverty, taking the demonstration village of national unity and progress as an opportunity, taking "seven changes" as the starting point, focusing on the urgent needs of the production and life of the Lisu people, and highlighting the improvement of people’s livelihood. It solves the difficulties of increasing income, traveling and drinking water in ethnic minority areas, while ensuring that the masses have enough to eat and wear, it changes customs, advocates civilized new customs, changes production and living habits, and improves the production and living environment. Naimu Danxia group has successively implemented projects such as agricultural infrastructure and water conservancy project for people’s livelihood, and continued to carry out environmental hygiene improvement work. It built a public toilet, installed 19 solar street lamps, hardened more than 2 000 m of the village road, and painted about 14 000 m2of exterior wall with national characteristics. With the support of provincial and municipal finance, it has built "beautiful livable rural provincial key villages in 2016" and successfully created "Beautiful Livable Naimu Danxia Village". It has improved the cultural infrastructure. The group built new cultural activity rooms and basketball courts, carried out activities to protect ethnic traditional cultural villages, inherited and protected Lisu traditional culture, and organized and participated in cultural performances, folk song competitions, and other activities, to provide rich and colorful cultural services for the masses of ethnic minorities.

3.4.2Jointly creating national harmony. The county, township and rural governments closely revolve around the theme of "common unity and struggle, common prosperity and development", with the goal of improving the production and living conditions of all ethnic groups, promoting the unity and progress of all ethnic groups, and improving the well-being and satisfaction of the people of all ethnic groups. They regard the pursuit of ethnic economic development and social progress as the top priority in implementing the party’s ethnic policy and safeguarding national unity. The Naimu Danxia group has actively implemented the ethnic and religious policy in Luquan County, actively promoted the propaganda and education of ethnic unity, and carried out in-depth activities to create "six advances" in ethnic unity and progress. It guides the masses of all ethnic groups to tell good stories of national unity, sing the main theme of national unity, and cultivate the consciousness of the Chinese nation community on the basis of respecting differences, tolerance and diversity. It has made great progress in strengthening the cultural identity of the Chinese nation and in the work of national unity. Naixia Village was named "National Unity and Progress Demonstration Village" at the municipal level in 2018. It inherits and protects all ethnic cultures, holds square day activities, national cultural customs display, national traditional sports, national folk skills competitions and other characteristic mass activities. It promotes the exchange and integration of all ethnic cultures, realizes the common prosperity and development of all ethnic cultures, consolidates the ethnic relations of "equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony", and consolidates the ideological consensus of national harmony.

3.4.3Creating social harmony together. It carries forward the traditional virtues of helping each other and harmonious neighbors, and advocates the boundless love of rescuing the desperately poor and helping those who are in difficulty. With the help of Luquan County Women’s Federation, Red Society, Communist Youth League, United Front and other organizations, it brings together the strength of all sectors of society to implement projects such as "Ten Thousand Enterprises to Help Ten Thousand Villages" and "Fraternity to Ten Thousand Families" to fight poverty and solve problems for the people. It has set up a rural wealthy leaders’ help association to enhance the sense of social responsibility of professional cooperatives and leaders who become rich. It promotes the driving force and coverage of the new rural cooperative economy to the poor people, and forms an interest-linked driving mechanism of "collective leading individuals", "party members leading the masses" and "those who became rich first to lead the poor". It strengthens villagers’ autonomy and gives full play to the autonomous role of villagers’ congresses. Through the improvement of rural regulations, the identification of poor objects, the planning of poverty alleviation projects, the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, and the inclusion of poverty alleviation funds in the scope of villagers’ meetings and mass supervision, it creates a good atmosphere in which everyone participates, knows, and is fair and just, which improves the satisfaction of the masses. It carries out "neighborhood care" voluntary service activities, advocates harmonious neighborhood relations, and sets up a government care fund to care for the left-behind elderly, left-behind children and left-behind women. To form a good society of good-neighborliness and friendship, it promotes the social fashion of advocating morality to be good, obeying morality and keeping etiquette, filial piety and respect for the elderly, and harmony.

4 Main achievements of the poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire nationality"

4.1 Increase of farmers’ incomeThrough the hard work of the 11 000 people in the township in recent years, by the end of 2018, a total of 775 households and 2 463 people had been lifted out of poverty, and there were 12 poor households and 29 people left, with the incidence of poverty of 0.3%, and all six poor villages had been lifted out of poverty. It initially found a way out of poverty in line with the reality of Yunlong, and established a set of accurate anti-poverty systems reflecting the characteristics of Yunlong. Yunlong Township adheres to "adjusting measures to local conditions and one product for one township" and makes every effort to create "key characteristic industries". It has developed a planting industry of 2 004.8 ha, covering 2 115 farmers. It grows 900.6 ha of cash crops and covers 1 765 farmers. It grows 4 222 ha of economic forests and fruits, covering 2 803 farmers.

It has developed 51 523 livestock (heads) and 159 608 poultry, covering 2 567 farmers. According to the model of "branch+cooperative+peasant household", it has set up seven cooperatives, which has realized the full coverage of the cooperatives to the registered poor households. It set up eight associations for helping rural people to get rid of poverty and become rich at two levels, with 77 members, and invested 956 000 yuan in help funds, and led to the employment of 2 644 poor people. Since 2016, it has completed a cumulative total of 25 transfer training sessions, pasted and distributed 9 600 recruitment notices, completed guidance training for 3 397 labor forces (1 687 registered poor households), achieved transfer and employment of 3 280 rural labor forces (1 192 registered poor households), and realized the transfer employment income of 40.68 million yuan.

It accurately arranges rural public service posts, aimed at the poor labor force "unemployed, unable to leave home or unable to get out of poverty", and the general household and seven categories of key groups. It has set up 152 public service posts in village groups, such as village cleaners, water conservancy caretakers, ecological forest rangers, and road conservationists, ensuring an increase of 6 000 yuan per household. The per capita net income of the poor people in the whole township has exceeded the national poverty alleviation standard.

4.2 Poverty alleviation effect of "promotion for the entire nationality" model for typical poor householdsNaimu Danxia group, belonging to Xinshan Village Committee, Yunlong Township, is located in the mountain area, is a Lisu ethnic settlement. It is a demonstration village of national unity and progress with simple folk style and harmonious village style. There are 44 rural households and 200 people in this group, of which 10 are registered poor households involving 34 persons. The incidence of poverty is 17.00%.After five years of unremitting help, at the end of 2018, all the registered poor households reached the standard of getting rid of poverty, and the incidence of poverty was 0, and the goal of getting rid of poverty was achieved. As a typical group in getting rid of poverty, Lisu village has achieved remarkable results in the industrial development. Through the support of various policies, and help from various units and workers, a total of 43.60 ha of walnuts, 79.13 ha of chestnuts, 10.67 ha of flue-cured tobacco, 22.33 ha of fresh peas, 13.33 ha of green peppers, 3.33 ha of flat peaches and 0.67 ha ofPuerarialobatawere planted in this group. The outflow of labor services has achieved practical results. Through the publicity of labor transfer policies, the introduction of employment enterprises and the holding of special job fairs, more than 26 people from 16 families in this group have gone out to work. Through an investigation on the industrial income of all the typical poverty-free households in the extremely poor Naixia village group of Xinshan Village Committee in the township in 2018 (Table 1), the results showed that the average net income of 10 households out of poverty in 2018 was 39 774 yuan, and the per capita net income was 11 698 yuan. It far exceeded the standard of poverty line in Yunnan Province in 2018 (3 500 yuan). Judging from the per capita net income of these 10 households out of poverty (a total of 34 people), the lowest is 5 930 yuan and the highest is 19 688 yuan, significantly exceeding the poverty line of Yunnan Province in 2018. It can be seen that the poverty alleviation effect of the "promotion for the entire nationality" model is remarkable.

Table 1 Questionnaire on industrial income status of poor households in Naimu Danxia group of Yunlong Township in 2018

Rural householdnumberFamilypopulationTotal net householdincome∥yuanNet household incomeper capita∥yuan01218 2489 12402454 17213 54303215 8227 91104478 75219 68805341 78613 92906423 7195 93007225 54012 77008447 66211 91609560 69112 13810431 3477 837Average3.439 77411 698

The results of door-to-door examination and acceptance of 787 households (2 492 people) in Yunlong Township showed that at the end of December 2018, 775 households (2 463 persons) were lifted out of poverty in Yunlong Township, while only 12 households (29 persons) remained poor, with the incidence of poverty falling to 0.30%, down 11.92 percentage points from 12.22% in 2015.Six poor villages (including 5 deeply poor villages and 1 provincial poor village) have met the exit standards of poor villages set by Yunnan Province and have exited smoothly (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of the incidence of poverty between 2018 and the end of 2015 in Yunlong Township

5 Successful experience of the poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire nationality"

5.1 Uniform and united as a wholeThe anti-poverty effect of Naimu Danxia group benefited from the tireless help work of the leaders at all levels in Yunnan Province. In particular, under the unified command of "implementing the whole nationality guarantee mechanism and implementing the synchronous sharing project" in Luquan County, it has always persisted in implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s requirement of "realizing a well-off society in an all-round way, not one of the ethnic minorities can be absent, and no one can be left behind." Centering on the project of "synchronously getting rid of poverty and sharing a well-off society" of ethnic minorities, it has gone from the county-level government to the village community groups, from the leading cadres of party members to the general masses, from their own blood creation to external blood transfusions, and from self-reliance to resource absorption. It adopts unconventional methods and means to promote poverty alleviation, in order to speed up the integration of poverty alleviation in Lisu areas, strengthen responsibility, unified standards, accurate policy and joint efforts, so that Lisu poverty alleviation has achieved phased results.

5.2 Support of will and support of technology and self-blood creationNaimu Danxia group takes accurate "support of will" as the primary strategy to help the poor, and spares no effort in the anti-poverty policy publicity, support of will, support of mind, and poverty alleviation road. In particular, in Lisu village, in order to solve the language communication obstacles to propaganda and ideological work, residents’ scattered living status and other problems, it pooled collective wisdom and innovated the idea of "support of will". Under the call of the township government, comrades familiar with Lisu language were summoned, and it recorded the phonetic documents of various minority languages, such as Lisu language, which was publicized by the policy of getting rid of poverty and tackling key problems. It uses the village speaker, which covers every villager, to broadcast repeatedly to the masses, so that the policy of getting rid of poverty can be heard into the heart. At the same time, Naixia group considers its own situation, and does not adhere to the formalities to carry out policy propaganda and interpretation. It brought "three stresses and three comments" to the fields and the front of the houses, so that the masses and the cadres of the village groups, the working teams stationed in the villages, and the staff and workers of the cadres stationed in the villages could talk to each other and comment on each other, so as to express their views, public opinion, and motive force and determination. "Support of will" clears the ideological obstacles for getting rid of poverty, and "support of skills" and "support of wisdom" is an important magic weapon for the Lisu people to win the long battle to overcome poverty and realize self-blood creation. Naixia group clearly knows that "it is better to teach people to fish", and often organizes skill training, recruitment site construction and so on. This opens the window for Lisu to get rid of poverty and become rich. It increases the coverage of basic education, improves the infrastructure construction of primary and secondary schools at the village level, and gives adequate school subsidies to poor families. In the real sense, it has greatly improved the educational level of Lisu students, effectively blocked the intergenerational transmission of poverty, and become an important path for Lisu to get rid of poverty and become rich to achieve lasting prosperity and independence.

5.3 Co-construction of the whole nationality to continue to lift people out of povertyIn view of the characteristics of Lisu nationality, counties and villages accurately identify obstacles to getting rid of poverty, comprehensively plan the strategy of getting rid of poverty, and steadily promote the project of getting rid of poverty. It is necessary to use the three "one hundred days" to wage a general battle, and slowly and steadily win the battle. Through the successive implementation of minority quality improvement projects, stable industrial income projects, work on increasing the income of migrant workers, educational development projects, health protection projects, safe drinking water projects, civil housing reconstruction projects, and social drive projects, it is necessary to promote the construction of a "demonstration village for national unity and progress" and achieve long-term improvements in all aspects, such as food and clothing, infrastructure, industrial development, social undertakings, quality improvement, and ecological environment protection and construction, in an orderly and step-by-step manner. At the same time, under the guidance of thought of "changing the current generation and focusing on the long-term cultivation of a generation", it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the service system of education, culture, health and other social undertakings, and strengthen skills and vocational training. It is also necessary to strengthen the Lisu people’s awareness of development, market, science and technology, and competition, and cultivate an industrial development system dominated by ecological tourism with special characteristics. It is necessary to fundamentally establish a long-term mechanism for sustainable poverty alleviation and become rich, so as to ensure the realization of the two major goals of leapfrog development and sustainable development. It is precisely this way of combining short-term goals with long-term planning, key breakthroughs with overall promotion, economic and industrial development with social and livelihood security, and social assistance with self-reliance that has stimulated the self-motive force of the Lisu people in Naixia Village of Yunlong Township to get rid of poverty and become rich, and promoted the social and economic development of the whole region to embark on the road of sustainable and circular development.

6 Measures for the popularization and application of the poverty alleviation model of "promotion for the entire nationality"

In recent years, Naimu Danxia group has gradually found a way to help the poor with the characteristics of ethnic minorities in poor areas. Our country is in the stage of getting rid of poverty and solving the key problems, and the "hard obstacles" that are difficult to overcome need to be solved urgently. On the other hand, the Naixia group’s model of "promotion for the entire nationality" is not unrepeatable, and the model of "promotion for the entire nationality" is also suitable for the regions with the same or similar conditions. At the same time, experience and lessons are essentially the same. As long as we grasp the core ideas of this model and grasp the key to sustainable development, we can use the "promotion for the entire nationality" model for reference.

6.1 "Accurate blood creation" is the foundation to solve the problem of poverty among ethnic minoritiesFirst of all, poverty alleviation must be "accurate". For the poor areas of ethnic minorities with similar deep mountains, poor natural conditions, scarce and barren land, inconvenient transportation and single industrial structure such as Naixia group, poverty alleviation should aim at the poor people, and it is necessary to do a good job in industrial planning. It is necessary to do a good job in the strategy of getting rid of poverty from generation to generation in the light of the actual environment. Through the "accurate identification" of the poor people of ethnic minorities and the obstacles to poverty alleviation, "accurate help" has been carried out to village and to household, and "accurate management" has been used to solve the core problems and ensure a long-term effect. The establishment of ethnic minority poverty areas effective technology out of poverty, industry out of poverty, policy out of poverty strategy. It is necessary to establish effective strategies for getting rid of poverty through technology, industry, and policies in poor areas of ethnic minorities. The accurate poverty alleviation has solved the difficult problem of what and how to do. Secondly, the traditional "blood transfusion" poverty alleviation method has a long history. The "promotion for the entire nationality" emphasizes the strategy of getting rid of poverty by means of full investment, long-term planning, people-oriented thinking, the combination of support of will, skills, wisdom and poverty alleviation. It has obvious valuable advantages for the masses in ethnic minority areas who are located in deep mountains, relying on mountains and rivers for a living. "Support of will" can help to open the ideological blockade. "Support of skills" can help to stimulate entrepreneurial passion. "Support of wisdom" blocks the intergenerational transmission of poverty with the continuous investment in basic education and vocational education and the elevation of the overall ability and quality of the whole generation. This is a poverty alleviation strategy coming from among the masses and going among the masses. To enable the masses of poor ethnic minorities to have practical ideas, conditions, and passions is the primary driving force for winning the battle to get rid of poverty and become rich. Any "blood transfusion" way to help the poor is not as good as "teaching people to fish" and taking the initiative for "self-blood creation". Practice has proved that with the help of "accurate blood creation" by adjusting measures to local conditions and seeking truth from facts, it is the fundamental means to cure both the symptoms and the root causes of poverty in the poor areas of ethnic minorities and to make the ethnic groups become rich for a long time.

6.2 Integrated and overall planning is the way to get rid of poverty for a long timeThe development of anti-poverty in Naixia Village in recent years has benefited from a set of effective poverty alleviation mechanisms and systems in provinces, cities, counties and townships. Through the complete government vertical poverty alleviation policy system, it further defines the strategic tasks, strategic priorities, strategic steps and strategic measures, and adjusts and constantly improves the unsuitable policies and measures according to the actual needs. At the same time, from the aspect of integrating the government’s poverty alleviation resources, Yunlong Township’s "county-level assistance", "deployment of town and village secretaries to jointly work in poverty alleviation", "all cadres to synchronously promote" and "direct input of social resources" have improved the utilization efficiency of poverty alleviation resources. This maximizes the use of funds for poverty alleviation and the efficiency of project development. Focusing on the poverty alleviation strategy of "promotion for the entire nationality" with the industrial characteristics, ecological characteristics, and national characteristics of ethnic minorities, it is necessary to mobilize the forces of all sectors of society to focus on poverty alleviation while paying special attention to the all-round construction of getting rid of poverty, extensive poverty alleviation, and lasting poverty relief projects. Through accurate planning, step-by-step implementation, point-by-point and line-by-line integration, the three "100-day" battles have realized the great improvement of regional infrastructure construction, the new introduction of characteristic industrial resources, and the full guarantee of medical care, education and people’s livelihood. This has become a methodology and a strong way for achieving long-term poverty alleviation, and provides a good picture of lasting poverty alleviation and sustainable development for ethnic minorities as a whole.