走進(jìn)良渚古城遺址公園

俯瞰公園。?

良渚古城遺址公園于2019年7月8日，開始向公眾開放。隨著兩扇大門徐徐打開，良渚文明穿越時(shí)空呼嘯而來。

良渚古城遺址公園以一個(gè)怎樣的面貌亮相在公眾的眼前？遺址的保護(hù)與展示又如何做到相輔相成？

感受文明圣地

良渚國(guó)家考古遺址公園。

良渚古城遺址是實(shí)證中華五千年文明史的圣地，良渚古城遺址公園則是體驗(yàn)和感悟“中華五千年文明”的重要場(chǎng)所。

遺址公園地處杭州地區(qū)西北部，位于杭州市余杭區(qū)，鳳都路與104國(guó)道交叉口北200米，距杭州市區(qū)約30公里，距杭州蕭山機(jī)場(chǎng)約60公里。

公園規(guī)劃總面積14.33平方公里，分城址區(qū)、瑤山遺址區(qū)、平原低壩—山前長(zhǎng)堤區(qū)和谷口高壩區(qū)4個(gè)片區(qū)。

根據(jù)遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值闡釋和訪客基本服務(wù)需要，主要設(shè)置了城門與城墻、考古體驗(yàn)區(qū)、河道與作坊、雉山觀景臺(tái)、莫角山宮殿、反山王陵、西城墻遺址、鳳山研學(xué)基地、大觀山休憩區(qū)和鹿苑等十大片區(qū)。其中，反山、莫角山、城墻遺址等區(qū)域每天有定點(diǎn)定時(shí)的人工講解。

如今的良渚古城遺址公園還大面積保留了原有的濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

公園內(nèi)林木繁茂、水系縱橫，園內(nèi)套種了大量的水稻，吸引了許多珍貴鳥類前來?xiàng)?，充分反映良渚文化稻作文明的特點(diǎn)，展示了良渚古城時(shí)期的水鄉(xiāng)澤國(guó)風(fēng)貌。

據(jù)了解，良渚古城遺址范圍有兩個(gè)西湖那么大，目前開發(fā)的面積約是半個(gè)西湖大小。

在公園內(nèi)的居址作坊展示區(qū)，游客為孫女講述著良渚古城先民的故事。

多處遺址“打卡點(diǎn)”

作為國(guó)家考古遺址公園，良渚古城遺址公園集考古遺址本體及其環(huán)境的保護(hù)展示、教育、科研、游覽、休閑等多項(xiàng)功能于一體，“秉承最小干預(yù)，給予遺址最好的保護(hù)，講述5000年前的故事”。

古城城門

良渚古城營(yíng)建于沼澤濕地之上，河網(wǎng)密布，水系發(fā)達(dá)。陸城門，是城址區(qū)目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的8座水城門、1座陸城門中的唯一一處陸路交通通道。三座隆起的高臺(tái)，呈“品”字形結(jié)構(gòu)，連續(xù)的城墻分為四個(gè)門道，寬度達(dá)150米?？梢韵胂螽?dāng)年它的氣派與巍峨。穿過寬大的門道，即可進(jìn)入內(nèi)城區(qū)域。

而水城門分布于城墻四面，每面城墻各有兩座，城內(nèi)、外河道經(jīng)水門相接，構(gòu)成了內(nèi)外水網(wǎng)與水路交通體系。水城門一般寬30-60米，水城門兩側(cè)，矗立的仿木柱子，就是公園對(duì)水城門位置和寬度的展示。

俯瞰良渚古城遺址公園。

南城墻發(fā)掘點(diǎn)

良渚古城城墻發(fā)現(xiàn)于2007年，城墻利用了自然地勢(shì)，底部鋪墊20-40厘米厚的石塊，上部由取自山上的黃色黏土分層堆筑，全長(zhǎng)6公里，寬度在40-60米之間。保存較好的地段，高約4米，不僅可以加固基礎(chǔ)，還可以防止地下水對(duì)墻體的侵蝕。墻體上有土色明顯的分壟現(xiàn)象，說明城墻堆土來自不同的地方。這種用石塊鋪墊，用黃色黏土堆筑城墻的方法，目前在世界同時(shí)代遺址中屬首見。

濕地營(yíng)城展示館

考古研究表明，良渚古城內(nèi)外古河道總長(zhǎng)度約31公里，在古城外圍興建大型水利系統(tǒng)，在城內(nèi)外有多條人工挖掘的河道，形成了復(fù)雜的水上交通網(wǎng)。良渚先民創(chuàng)造性地使用了墊石、堆筑、草裹泥以及護(hù)岸木樁等工藝營(yíng)建古城，反映了人們?cè)跐竦丨h(huán)境中城市和建筑的特色。

另外，古城內(nèi)外發(fā)現(xiàn)的碼頭、獨(dú)木舟、竹筏等遺跡遺物，生動(dòng)再現(xiàn)了良渚先民在水鄉(xiāng)中生活的情景。

展示館里展示了相應(yīng)的考古出土物，以及考古模擬中心，孩子們可以在此處體驗(yàn)考古的樂趣，并從中了解5000年前良渚古國(guó)的生意盎然。

居址與作坊區(qū)

從濕地營(yíng)城展示館上車，路過良渚港，路的左側(cè)便是“水城中的生活與勞作”展示館?？脊虐l(fā)掘研究證明，良渚古城內(nèi)，20處人工堆筑的臺(tái)地，是手工業(yè)作坊區(qū)，表明這里曾經(jīng)居住著從事手工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)工匠。此外，古城內(nèi)還曾發(fā)現(xiàn)過大量動(dòng)植物遺存，考古研究顯示，5000年前良渚先民們的飲食方式，與現(xiàn)今江南水鄉(xiāng)的習(xí)慣非常接近。

展示館里，金屬群像復(fù)原了當(dāng)時(shí)良渚古人的勞作場(chǎng)景。游客也可在此體驗(yàn)一把5000年前的工匠手藝活兒。

雉山觀景臺(tái)

雉山是自然山體，海拔30余米，位于良渚古城東北角，是城墻墻體的重要組成部分，連接著東城墻與北城墻。

與雉山對(duì)應(yīng)的是鳳山，位于城墻西南角，和雉山一起構(gòu)成了古城的兩個(gè)制高點(diǎn)。兩座自然山體與人工堆筑的城墻有機(jī)地融為一體，顯示出良渚先民卓越的城市規(guī)劃能力。

遺址公園內(nèi)一處歷史遺存。

宮殿區(qū)

這里是公園內(nèi)金牌打卡點(diǎn)之一。五千年前，宮殿區(qū)就在此。莫角山臺(tái)地位于古城中心，站在莫角山臺(tái)地上，環(huán)顧四周一覽無遺，有一種“王城盡在掌握”的感覺。高臺(tái)上面建有大莫角山、小莫角山、烏龜山3個(gè)獨(dú)立的宮殿臺(tái)基，沙土廣場(chǎng)和35座房屋基址。

根據(jù)考古現(xiàn)象分析，良渚先民在堆筑大莫角山臺(tái)地時(shí)，首先在青淤泥上放置縱橫交錯(cuò)的方木地梁，其上再堆筑黃土。方木地梁的使用保證了整個(gè)土臺(tái)具有整體性和平衡性，也有效防止了臺(tái)地上的宮殿出現(xiàn)不均衡沉降。

大木作雕塑

在莫角山宮殿區(qū)東側(cè)的鐘家港古河道內(nèi)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了10余個(gè)長(zhǎng)度10余米的大型木構(gòu)件，大多加工平整。據(jù)考古推測(cè)，此區(qū)域很可能是木料等物資運(yùn)往莫角山的碼頭，同時(shí)也是為宮殿建設(shè)提供木構(gòu)件的加工廠。

這里的金屬群像展現(xiàn)了當(dāng)年良渚時(shí)期工匠們加工木料的場(chǎng)景。

反山王陵

反山王陵位于莫角山宮殿區(qū)的西北側(cè)，兩者僅一河之隔，卻是良渚時(shí)期“良渚王”為自己身故后安排的去處。

反山墓地分南北兩排，南排以居中的12號(hào)墓等級(jí)最高，北排以20號(hào)墓等級(jí)最高。位于墓地中心的12號(hào)墓，是反山等級(jí)最高的墓葬，隨葬品也最為豐厚，出土了至今為止個(gè)體最大的玉琮和玉鉞，分別代表神權(quán)和軍權(quán)，證明了墓主人尊崇的地位和無上的權(quán)力。

反山王陵展示館內(nèi)展示了王陵的前世今生——自1986年以來，考古工作者在反山遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的11座良渚文化時(shí)期墓葬，以及出土的石器、陶器、玉器、象牙器、漆木器等1200余件（組）。

游客瀏覽良渚古城遺址公園。

Archaeological Park Glorifies Ancient Liangzhu

An ancient society of people thrived for about 1，000 years from 3300BC to 2300 BC in Liangzhu in present-day Yuhang， a district of Hangzhou， on the northern side of the Qiantang River. The Liangzhu Culture influenced a big part of present-day China before it vanished mysteriously into history. Liangzhu Archaeological Park is now open to the public after the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City was inscribed onto the UNESCOs World Heritage List on July 6， 2019.

The scheduled size of the park is 14.33 square kilometers， including the Liangzhu City site as the 3.66-square-kilometer core of the whole park. At present， only about one fourth of the park is opened to the public and it admits a limited number of visitors on a daily basis. The park now comprises 10 sections， namely， the city gates and city walls， the hands-on archaeological section， rivers and workshops， the Zhishan Viewing Platform， the Mojiaoshan Palaces， the Fanshan Royal Cemetery， West City Wall ruins， Fengshan research and education base， Daguanshan Leisure Area， and Deer Park. Public narration service for visitors is available at the Fanshan Site， the Mojiaoshan Site and the city wall ruins at appointed times.

良渚遺址公園內(nèi)的展示休閑區(qū)。

The Liangzhu City was built on low ground of marshes and rivers. The city was surrounded by rivers and ponds. Today， the park maintains a vast wetland after a preservation and restoration project， where rivers crisscross and thick woods stand. In order to highlight the rice agriculture that fed the ancient Liangzhu people， the park now has a large area of rice paddies， which attract large batches of birds.

The Liangzhu Archaeological Park stands out among similar parks for a reason： the park gives visitors a chance to see how archaeologists work at real archaeological sites and allows visitors to engage in interactions.

City Gates

The ancient city was built on the wetland crisscrossed by a wide network of rivers. The city proper was accessed by eight water gates and one land gate. The land gate had four entrances which are 150 meters wide. It is purely stately. Each side of the city wall is marked two water gates. The water gates are about 30 to 60 meters wide， connecting the rivers inside the city with the outside rivers. Today， imitation-wood pillars in the park indicate the position and width of these gates.

遺址公園一處參觀點(diǎn)。

The Exhibition Section ofthe Southern City Wall

The city walls of Liangzhu were discovered in 2007. The exhibition section shows what the original city wall looked like about five millennia years ago. The city wall took use of the natural topography. The foundation is a 20-40-cm layer of stones. Above the stone foundation are the layers of yellow clays， which were fetched from mountains. The wall is about 6 kilometers long and 40 to 60 meters wide. At well-preserved sections， the wall is about 4 meters tall. The city wall was designed and constructed for the purpose of convenient maintenance. The foundation could be fortified and the foundation could effectively prevent underground water from corroding the city wall. The soil layers of the wall show different colors， meaning the soil came from different places. The city wall made of stone foundation and yellow soil is the only one of its kind in the archaeological ruins of the same time around the world.

Wetland City-BuildingExhibition Hall

Archaeological studies conclude that the rivers in and outside the Liangzhu City add up to about 31 kilometers long. There was a large-scale peripheral water control system outside the ancient state capital. Some watercourse inside and outside the city proper were manmade. The rivers and the water control system form a complex network of water transportation. The people of Liangzhu invented some technologies in city building， as evidenced by manmade terraces， bank revetment of wood piles， stacks of grass-wrapped soil packs. The exhibition hall also displays the canoe， the piers， and bamboo rafts found in the ancient city. Inside the exhibition hall is a space where children can have hands-on experience of digging for archaeological finds and learning about ancient Liangzhu State.

Riverside Settlementsand Workshops

One part of the park is dedicated to settlements and workshops of the Liangzhu Culture. Take a short ride from the city-building exhibition hall and you reach another exhibition hall where you can see how ancient people lived and worked inside the city proper of Liangzhu. Archaeological studies conclude that there were about 20 manmade terraces where workshops were situated. The terraces were where people lived and worked as handicraft artisans. Moreover， a large quantity of animal and plant remains was found inside the ancient city. Archaeological studies indicate that the cuisine of the ancient Liangzhu Culture is much like the cuisine of Jiangnan of today. At this site， visitors can have hands-on experience of doing what people did five thousand years ago.

Zhishan Viewing Platform

Zhishan is a natural hill about 30 meters above sea level. Located in the northeast of the city proper of Liangzhu， it is a key part of the city wall， connecting the northern city wall and the eastern city wall. Opposite to Zhishan and at the other side of the city stands Fengshan in the southwest. The two hills connect city walls， showing the wisdom in urban planning and building.

Palace Complex

The Mojiaoshan Palatial Complex is a key attraction of the park. Five thousand years ago， it was home to palaces and the supreme leader ruled from there with a commanding view of the territory. The road to the palaces is now flanked by lotuses. The manmade terrace stands in majesty. On the terrace are three independent foundations which are known respectively as Big Mojiaoshan， Small Mojiaoshan， and Wuguishan. There are also a square paved with soil and sand and the foundations of 35 houses.

古城墻剖析。

Big Mojiaoshan Terrace is a manmade structure. The foundation was paved with square wood blocks and yellow soil was then heaped on the foundation. The wood foundation was designed to keep the terrace stable and balanced so that no uneven sinking would occur to damage the palaces. About 13，000-kilogram charred rice was found in this area. An educated guess is that the charred rice was dumped there after a fire.

Big Wood Component Sculpture

Archaeologists unearthed 10 plus big timber building blocks in a river called Zhongjiagang， just to the east of the Mojiaoshan Palace Complex. It is conjectured that the place was probably a dockyard where building materials were stored and processed before they were shipped to the palace construction sites. A set of metal sculptures shows how craftsmen once worked at the wood processing site.

Fanshan Cemetery

Another key attraction of the park is the Fanshan Site. In 1986， over 1，200 sets of burial objects of stone， ivory， lacquer， and pottery were unearthed from two rows of tombs in the cemetery. Tomb 12 in the center of the south row indicates the person buried there was most important in the row. Tomb 20 indicates that the person buried there was the most important in the north row.

The total pieces amount to nearly 4，000 and 90% of them are made of jade. Tomb 12 in the center of the cemetery yielded 658 grave goods. Among the 647 jades uncovered there are the biggest jade? and jade? ever found in the Liangzhu territory.

In the park is an exhibition hall where visitors can take a closer look at everything about the royal cemetery.

良渚古城遺址公園開園迎客。