漫漫申遺路，25年如何走過

鳥首紋。

良渚遺址的申遺之路，其實(shí)最早是從1994年開始的，每一步“動作”，也和良渚考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的進(jìn)程緊密結(jié)合。

?1994年，國家文物局將良渚遺址群推薦列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》預(yù)備清單。

這一年，莫角山宮殿區(qū)正式確認(rèn)了。這當(dāng)然是個(gè)重磅消息。

1987年及1992年、1993年，通過對莫角山遺址的發(fā)掘，學(xué)界認(rèn)識到這個(gè)面積約30多萬平方米、相對高度約10米的大型土臺是良渚文化人工堆筑營建的大型宮殿基址。如此規(guī)模宏大的建筑遺址，以及此前發(fā)現(xiàn)的反山、瑤山、匯觀山等出土的大量精美玉器，反映此地區(qū)應(yīng)是良渚文化的中心所在。

從20世紀(jì)80年代末到90年代，良渚一帶的考古工作幾乎沒有中斷。1998年到2002年，浙江省文物考古研究所對良渚一帶約50平方公里的范圍進(jìn)行了拉網(wǎng)式的詳細(xì)調(diào)查，共確認(rèn)遺址130多處。

?1996年，國務(wù)院將良渚遺址公布為全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

2001年9月，正式成立杭州良渚遺址管理區(qū)。

2000年，良渚申遺過程的關(guān)鍵人物，中國建筑設(shè)計(jì)院有限公司建筑歷史研究所負(fù)責(zé)人、名譽(yù)所長陳同濱，第一次來到良渚，開始接手編制《良渚遺址保護(hù)和總體規(guī)劃》。

她面對的最大的問題，是考古遺址的分布邊界輪廓不清楚，“良渚這類考古遺址的分布邊界肯定不是一次性就能完整發(fā)現(xiàn)的，但我們的保護(hù)規(guī)劃要一次性做到完整保護(hù)?！彼詫﹃愅瑸I來說，最大的挑戰(zhàn)，就是良渚遺址的分布范圍到底到哪里。

當(dāng)時(shí)，浙江省文物局副局長陳文錦對她說：“良渚是重要的，我來組織，把三代考古學(xué)家聚到一起，我們一起來討論這個(gè)問題?！?/p>

他們只能憑借規(guī)劃技術(shù)，用GPS推進(jìn)工作。分了兩個(gè)組，請考古人員帶著陳同濱的團(tuán)隊(duì)指認(rèn)135個(gè)遺址點(diǎn)，同時(shí)她和一位副所長開始跑遺址的分布區(qū)邊界的地形，最后通過分析技術(shù)，把圖做了出來。

2002年，良渚遺址的保護(hù)區(qū)劃邊界劃出來了;2003年通過國家級專家評審;2007年良渚古城被發(fā)現(xiàn)。古城不僅在保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)，而且在重點(diǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)。

陳同濱依據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，采用了遺存密集分布區(qū)概念，遺存越密集，東西越豐富，再結(jié)合地形地貌，劃出邊界?！斑@是良渚規(guī)劃里，我很欣慰的一點(diǎn).我們在良渚遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃的技術(shù)中創(chuàng)立了一套大遺址保護(hù)的區(qū)劃理論和技術(shù)，包括城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程下的大遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃對策，從一開始就證明是對的?！?/p>

那年劃邊界的工作，讓良渚遺址申遺和保護(hù)有了突破性的進(jìn)展。

良渚古城外美人地遺址發(fā)掘現(xiàn)場。

2006年，國家文物局將良渚遺址列入《中國世界文化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單》。

那一年，葡萄畈一次不起眼的發(fā)掘，讓良渚古城漸漸露面在世人眼前。

葡萄畈，是莫角山遺址西面約200多米的一塊低地，邊上有個(gè)小池塘，東側(cè)緊貼一壟南北向的高地。河道底部發(fā)現(xiàn)的石頭，引起考古專家的高度重視。

2007年3月至4月中旬，考古隊(duì)的鉆探和試掘表明，底部的塊石全面覆蓋了莫角山遺址的西側(cè)，南連鳳山，北接?xùn)|苕溪，總長度約1000多米，寬約40～60米。

顯然，這是個(gè)龐大的工程。

2007年11月29日，良渚古城發(fā)現(xiàn)的消息正式對社會公布。這標(biāo)志著良渚遺址進(jìn)入都邑考古新階段，當(dāng)時(shí)被人們認(rèn)為“石破天驚”。

2009年到2012年，通過大規(guī)?？碧胶偷乩硇畔⑾到y(tǒng)GIS分析以及解剖發(fā)掘，證實(shí)古城外部存在一個(gè)由扁擔(dān)山、和尚地、卞家山等條形人工高地構(gòu)成的外郭城，證實(shí)良渚古城由內(nèi)而外具有宮城、內(nèi)城、外郭的完整結(jié)構(gòu)，是中國古代都城三重結(jié)構(gòu)的濫觴。

2012年，國家文物局再次將良渚遺址列入《中國世界文化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單》，隨即實(shí)質(zhì)性啟動申遺工作。

2010年，良渚遺址被列入第一批國家考古遺址公園名單。中央財(cái)政不斷加大投入，用于良渚遺址持續(xù)考古發(fā)掘，取得良渚古城和外圍水利系統(tǒng)等一系列重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。在國家文物局和浙江省、杭州市人民政府的共同努力下，良渚遺址的申遺文本編制、價(jià)值研究提煉、法律法規(guī)修訂、遺址保護(hù)展示和環(huán)境整治等專項(xiàng)工作均順利開展。

良渚古城遺址申遺文本。

2012年，良渚古城遺址申遺文本啟動——由陳同濱主持，與浙江省文物考古研究所、杭州良渚遺址管理區(qū)管理委員會共同編制良渚申遺文本。

我們現(xiàn)在看到，列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》的良渚古城遺址范圍分成四大片區(qū)，其中包含了外圍水利系統(tǒng)，這是在2017年新增的。

2009年至2016年，良渚古城外圍水利系統(tǒng)的確認(rèn)，使良渚古城遺址的價(jià)值內(nèi)涵獲得極大的提升;而逐步揭示的古城規(guī)模則遠(yuǎn)超同時(shí)期世界其他文明的都城遺址。

“申報(bào)良渚遺產(chǎn)，水利系統(tǒng)要不要算進(jìn)來？開始有建議提出，選兩三個(gè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)去代表一下行不行？我說不行，要么不選，要選就得完整的，因?yàn)槭澜邕z產(chǎn)講究完整性?！标愅瑸I說。

2017年3月，國家文物局副局長宋新潮到現(xiàn)場看了以后，當(dāng)即拍板：全上。

2017年3月底，良渚古城遺址的申報(bào)范圍正式確定包括外圍水利系統(tǒng)。

2018年1月26日，經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，中國致函聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)中心，正式推薦“良渚古城遺址”作為2019年中國世界文化遺產(chǎn)唯一申報(bào)項(xiàng)目。

隨后，杭州良渚遺址管理區(qū)管委會舉行了記者見面會。這也是良渚申遺的情況首次向公眾公開。

同年1月29日，杭州良渚遺址管理區(qū)管委會赴巴黎向聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)中心遞交申遺文本，良渚古城遺址申遺邁出關(guān)鍵一步。

2018年9月，ICOMOS（聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)中心委托的評估機(jī)構(gòu)國際古跡遺址理事會）派遣印度考古學(xué)家莉瑪·胡賈女士對良渚古城遺址進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場考察評估。

她在評估過程中對良渚遺址的價(jià)值和保護(hù)管理給予了充分肯定。

與此同時(shí)，ICOMOS還組織約十余名相關(guān)領(lǐng)域國際專家對良渚古城申遺文本進(jìn)行了書面評估。

2018年11月下旬，ICOMOS召開評估工作會議，綜合現(xiàn)場評估和書面評估結(jié)果，對包括我國“良渚古城遺址”在內(nèi)的2019年世界文化遺產(chǎn)申報(bào)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行集中評議。國家文物局副局長宋新潮率團(tuán)應(yīng)邀出席會議，與評估工作組當(dāng)面溝通答疑。

2019年1月上旬，ICOMOS來函，依照慣例要求締約國提交良渚古城遺址申遺補(bǔ)充材料，圍繞8個(gè)問題進(jìn)一步闡述未來締約國如何進(jìn)一步做好遺址保護(hù)管理工作。國家文物局指導(dǎo)當(dāng)?shù)卣?，組織專業(yè)力量深入研究，迅速編制并提交了補(bǔ)充材料。

2019年3月中旬，ICOMOS再次召開評估會議，對“良渚古城遺址”申遺項(xiàng)目作出了“推薦列入”的結(jié)論。世界遺產(chǎn)委員會秘書處據(jù)此制定了決議草案，提交第43屆世界遺產(chǎn)委員會會議審議。

2019年7月6日，在第43屆世界遺產(chǎn)委員會會議上，良渚古城遺址成功列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

北京時(shí)間2019年7月6日14時(shí)29分，良渚古城遺址5330頁申遺文本中的重要信息在現(xiàn)場大屏幕上一一呈現(xiàn)，3分鐘的陳述后， ICOMOS宣布： “良渚古城遺址證明了它的完整性、真實(shí)性，邊界合適，符合世界遺產(chǎn)第3和第4條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，我們建議將它列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄，建議所有的遺產(chǎn)組成部分全部列入保護(hù)單位。”隨后，全票通過！

那一刻，會場里的中國人眼中泛起波瀾。一條書法長卷，在現(xiàn)場中國人手里傳遞：“良渚遺址是實(shí)證中華五千年文明史的圣地?！边@看似簡單的一句話，深藏著良渚自1936年施昕更開始良渚考古以來，浙江四代考古人與全國專家的沉靜與堅(jiān)韌;深藏著自1994年良渚列入申遺清單以來，整整25年，一批人無私的前赴后繼。

一面五星紅旗在會場展開?？吹浆F(xiàn)場的中國人熱烈而不失有禮的祝賀，世界各國的人們會心地笑了。申遺文本里的古代中華與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活里的鮮活中國，就這樣奇妙地一起立于世界舞臺。

A Journey of 25 Years： Liangzhus Inclusion onto World Heritage List

An initiative in 1994 started preparations for getting Liangzhu archaeological site onto the UNESCOs World Heritage List. The preparations progressed step by step as more and more archaeological finds came to light.

1994

The China National Heritage Administration recommended the Liangzhu Site Complex onto UNESCOs world heritage preliminary list. It was in that year that the Mojiaoshan Palace area was academically established and confirmed. It was a mind-blowing discovery.

良渚文化刻符陶罐。

Excavations first in 1987 and then from 1992 to 1993 enabled scholars to understand that the huge earthen tableland， which measures 300，000 square meters in area and 10 meters tall， is the manmade foundation of a large-scale palatial complex. Scholars considered the palace area together with the large quantity of fine jade artifacts unearthed in previous archaeological excavations at Fanshan， Yaoshan and Huiguanshan sites and realized that this region must have been the center of the Liangzhu Culture. From the late 1980s to the 1990s， archaeological projects in Liangzhu proceeded nonstop. From 1998 to 2002， archaeologists of Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology combed an area of 50 square kilometers in Liangzhu and confirmed more than 130 sites.

1996

The State Council designated Liangzhu Site as an important heritage site under state protection.

2001

Hangzhou Liangzhu Archaeological Site Administration District took shape officially in September 2001.

良渚古城遺址出土黑陶上的紋飾展開圖。

In 2000， Chen Tongbin from the Institute of Architectural History under the China Architecture Design & Research Group was commissioned to formulate a master plan for the conservancy of Liangzhu Archaeological Site. The biggest challenge she faced at that time was the boundary issue of the site. She did not expect the boundary of the whole zone to be demarcated clean and clear at one stroke， but the master plan must cover all the sites， even though some of them were yet to be discovered. Archaeologists were summoned to a meeting and studied the situation. Accompanied and briefed on the spot by archaeologists， Chens assistants visited all the 135 sites. Chen and a vice director of Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted field studies of all the terrains around the 135 sites. With GPS data and the data collected through all the field studies， a map was made. In 2002， the demarcation lines of a protection zone for Liangzhu Archaeological Site were determined. In 2003， the clearly defined zone passed evaluation at the national level. In 2007， the ancient Liangzhu City was discovered. The city site lies exactly in the core of the protection zone mapped before the discovery of the city site. The map owes its success to a set of theory and techniques adopted by Chen and her colleagues before the mapping work started. The successful mapping of the zone was a breakthrough in the application for the inclusion onto the world heritage list and in the protection of the Liangzhu Archaeological Site.

2006

The China National Cultural Heritage Administration placed Liangzhu Archaeological Site onto Chinas preliminary list of candidates for the World Heritage List inscription.

In 2006， an insignificant archaeological excavation at Putaofan revealed the whole of Liangzhu City site. Putaofan is a low terrain about 200 meters west of the Mojiaoshan Site. By the terrain is a pond bordered on the east by a north-south high-land. Some rocks at the bottom of the pond caught the attention of archaeologists. From March to April 2007， archaeologists discovered a rock foundation about 1，000 meters long and 40-60 meters wide. Obviously the ruins suggested a gigantic engineering project.

It was announced on November 29， 2007 that the ancient city of Liangzhu was discovered， marking the beginning of urban archaeological studies of the Liangzhu Culture.

Archaeological evidences accumulated from 2009 to 2012 and studies conducted during the same period uncovered the existence of the Outer City. The old and new discoveries combined to establish that the ancient Liangzhu City is composed of the Palace Area， the Inner City and the Outer City. The triple urban structure is the prototype of capital cities in subsequent dynasties of ancient China.

2012

The China National Cultural Heritage Administration listed Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City on Chinas preliminary list for World Heritage Site inclusion again and the application procedure commenced substantially.

In 2010， the Liangzhu Archaeological Park was inscribed onto a national list of archaeological parks. More funds from the central government were assigned for further archaeological excavations across Liangzhu sites， leading to important new discoveries. Meanwhile approved and supported by the China National Cultural Heritage Administration， Zhejiang Provincial Government and Hangzhou Municipal Government， experts began to draft documents for the application for the inclusion of Liangzhu Archaeological Site onto the World Heritage List， study and determine the outstanding universal value of Liangzhu， publicize the site protection， and carry out environmental improvement projects.

In 2012， the formulation of the nomination file for Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City started. Chen Tongbin was appointed to head the project and work in collaboration with Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Heritage and Hangzhou Liangzhu Archaeological Site Zone Administrative Committee.

Located and determined on the evidence unearthed from 2009 to 2016， the peripheral water conservancy system was included into the nomination file in 2017.

良渚遺址考古發(fā)掘工作現(xiàn)場。

2018

On January 26， 2018， China officially recommended Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City to UNESCOs World Heritage Center as Chinas only candidate for World Heritage Committees deliberation in 2019. On January 29， 2018， the nomination file was submitted to the center by a delegation from the management committee of Hangzhou Liangzhu Archaeological Site Administrative District. Madam Rima Hooja， an Indian scholar and archaeologist， conducted an evaluation tour in Liangzhu in September 2018， on behalf of ICOMOS. She fully acknowledged the value of the archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City and Liangzhus safeguarding and administration operation. During the same time， ICOMOS organized a panel evaluation of the nomination file for nominated property of Liangzhu.

In late November 2018， ICOMOS held an evaluation work meeting to evaluate all the candidates for 2019 deliberation. Song Xinchao， vice director of China National Cultural Heritage Administration， attended the meeting with a delegation he headed. The Chinese delegation spoke at a Q & A session with ICOMOS experts.

In early January 2019， ICOMOS asked China to submit supplemental material to amend the nomination file and to submit a plan for better safeguarding measures for the archaeological ruins， a plan to be prepared in response to a list of eight questions from ICOMOS. The China National Cultural Heritage Administration soon submitted necessary documents on the basis of professional studies.

In March 2019， ICOMOS called another evaluation session and Liangzhu was recommended to be inscribed. The secretariat of the World Heritage Committee drafted a decision to be submitted for deliberation of the 43rd annual session of the World Heritage Committee.

2019

On July 6， 2019， it took the UNESCOs World Heritage Committee 14 minutes to reach a unanimous decision to inscribe the Archaeological Sites of Liangzhu Culture onto the UNESCOs World Heritage List.

反山墓地平面照。

The 43rd session of the UNESCOs World Heritage Committee took place in Baku， Azerbaijan. The examination and decision-making procedure lasted from 14：29 to 14：43 on July 6， 2019 Beijing Time.

The historical moment was witnessed by a Chinese delegation. After the inclusion decision was announced， the Chinese at the meeting unfolded a long streamer bearing a statement in Chinese： “Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City is the sacred place that materially evidences the five millennia of Chinese Civilization”. The brief statement tells a big story： the archaeological projects started in 1936 by Shi Xingeng， carried on by archaeologists of four generations and support of experts all over the country and the government， the dedication， and the selfless and dedicated work of 25 years as of 1994 when the Liangzhu Culture was first put on a preliminary list for the inclusion of the World Heritage List. The Chinese delegation stood up， waving small Chinese national flags and applauding quietly and smiling from ear to ear.