高中英語完形填空原創(chuàng)命題中素材的選擇

黑龍江

2018年10月，筆者有幸參加了教學(xué)考試雜志社啟動(dòng)的“優(yōu)師計(jì)劃”原創(chuàng)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目。作為一名命題老師，期間歷經(jīng)了選材、命制、集體線上研磨等環(huán)節(jié)，收獲和感悟頗多?，F(xiàn)以完形填空為例，就素材的選擇方面總結(jié)了以下幾點(diǎn)拙見與大家分享，望各位同仁多指教。

一、完形填空素材選擇前的全面準(zhǔn)備

隨著《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）》的出臺(tái)，與之相應(yīng)的英語教學(xué)內(nèi)容、考試評(píng)價(jià)等都發(fā)生了相應(yīng)的變化。故此，筆者在選材前，就選擇素材時(shí)應(yīng)該參考的因素從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了新的學(xué)習(xí)、分析和研究。

1.《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）》的要求

2017年版新課標(biāo)的基本理念是發(fā)展英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)，落實(shí)立德樹人的根本任務(wù)。英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)是英語學(xué)科育人價(jià)值的集中體現(xiàn)，主要包括語言能力、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力。其中，文化意識(shí)指對(duì)中外文化的理解和對(duì)優(yōu)秀文化的認(rèn)同，體現(xiàn)著英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的價(jià)值取向。文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)有助于學(xué)生增強(qiáng)家國情懷，堅(jiān)定文化自信，從而樹立正確的文化價(jià)值觀。

文化意識(shí)作為四大核心素養(yǎng)之一在新課標(biāo)里緊跟語言能力之后被明確提出來，這對(duì)英語學(xué)科日常教學(xué)及測試起著明確的導(dǎo)向作用。此外，新課標(biāo)還明確要求普通高中英語課程的內(nèi)容包含六大要素，即主題語境、語篇類型、語言知識(shí)、文化知識(shí)、語言技能和學(xué)習(xí)策略。其中主題語境包括人與自我、人與社會(huì)和人與自然，涵蓋整個(gè)高中階段所涉及的主題內(nèi)容，所有主題語境都應(yīng)包含中外文化。

《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）》所列三大主題語境的內(nèi)容，摘錄部分如下：

主題語境 具體內(nèi)容人與自我 生活與學(xué)習(xí)，做人與做事人與社會(huì) 社會(huì)服務(wù)與人際溝通，文學(xué)、藝術(shù)與體育，歷史、社會(huì)與文化，科學(xué)與技術(shù)人與自然 自然生態(tài)，環(huán)境保護(hù)，災(zāi)害防范，宇宙探索

2.《考試大綱》及《考試說明》的要求

《考試大綱》是高考命題的規(guī)范性文件和指南，是考試評(píng)價(jià)、復(fù)習(xí)備考的依據(jù)。因此，平時(shí)在進(jìn)行閱讀類訓(xùn)練的選擇及命題時(shí)，教師要牢牢瞄準(zhǔn)《考試大綱》要求考生掌握并能運(yùn)用的功能意念項(xiàng)目，圍繞關(guān)注中國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化、關(guān)注人類命運(yùn)共同體的熱點(diǎn)類話題（Topical issues）以及高考英語全國卷考查的熱點(diǎn)和核心話題，如科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代技術(shù)（Popular science and modern technology），家庭、朋友與周圍的人（Family,friends and people around），社會(huì)（Society），文學(xué)藝術(shù)（Literature and art）等進(jìn)行選材，瞄準(zhǔn)這些話題，可以達(dá)到高效復(fù)習(xí)與備考的效果，可以充分發(fā)揮英語學(xué)科的文化載體功能。

3.近幾年高考完形填空的命題規(guī)律

在選材之前，筆者仔細(xì)研讀了近五年高考全國卷完形填空真題，尤其是2017年版新課標(biāo)出版之后的高考真題，并做了如下的分析梳理：

近五年高考全國卷完形填空命題規(guī)律一覽表

續(xù)表

可見，近年高考英語全國卷完形填空，語篇長度一般在200至300詞之間，文章短小精悍，體裁以記敘文或夾敘夾議文為主，題材多為學(xué)習(xí)、生活及人物故事類，主題語境主要圍繞“人與自我”或“人與社會(huì)”類。命題選材來自以英語為母語的國家的主流報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)站等，語言地道，體現(xiàn)跨文化交際特點(diǎn)，符合考生的學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)和認(rèn)知水平。

4.學(xué)生的興趣需求和文化陶冶

從多年的英語教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，筆者深深地感受到，學(xué)生往往會(huì)對(duì)他們感興趣的知識(shí)投入很多的時(shí)間和精力，積極主動(dòng)地參加學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)，從而滿足自己內(nèi)心對(duì)知識(shí)的渴求，閱讀活動(dòng)尤其如此。學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)對(duì)外國文化知識(shí)有著濃厚的興趣，而對(duì)于本民族傳統(tǒng)文化卻大多是知之不足，這不得不說是一種文化缺憾。在高中英語完形填空命題中，豐富民族優(yōu)秀文化題材的文本，不僅可以有效提高學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)興趣，更能潛移默化地豐富學(xué)生的文化知識(shí)，這對(duì)于發(fā)展學(xué)生正確的文化價(jià)值取向，構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀，促進(jìn)中華民族優(yōu)秀文化的傳承都至關(guān)重要。正如華東師范大學(xué)教授梅德明在解讀新課標(biāo)時(shí)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的：“外語教學(xué)在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合語言能力的同時(shí)，要幫助學(xué)生從文化、跨文化、思維、學(xué)力等方面得到提升，尤其要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力，努力傳播中華民族的優(yōu)秀文化?！?/p>

二、完形填空素材選擇后的精細(xì)加工

經(jīng)過以上幾方面的考慮，筆者選出了下面這篇文章作為此次完形填空命題的素材。

My City：The Sacred Beijing

When I first came to Beijing in the early 1980s,the city felt dusty overall — a one-time capital of temples and palaces was transformed into a landscape of factories and chimneys,and people rode simple steel bicycles or diesel-belching buses through the windy old streets.This was my initial impression of this capital city.

Leafing through old photo albums,I can still sense the taste unique to old Beijing.Its streets,walls,temples,gardens and alleys were part of a carefully woven tapestry that reflected the constellations above and geomantic forces below.It epitomized the political-religious system that ran traditional China for millennia.It was Chinese belief incarnate.

Sadly,its great city walls and many of its temples and distinctive alleys,or hutong,were destroyed to make way for aggressive industrialization.The 1980s brought economic reforms and unregulated real estate development,which wiped out almost all of the rest of the old town.Like many people who have fallen in love with this city,I was disheartened and felt Beijing's culture was lost.But in recent years I have come to realize that Beijing's culture is not dead; it is being reborn in odd corners of the city and in unexpected ways.It is not the same as the past,but vibrant still.

I used to live within walking distance of the Temple of the Sun two decades ago when I would bike over to take a meditative stroll.A 50-acre park in Beijing's Jianguomenwai diplomatic district,the temple was built in 1530 as one of four shrines where the emperor worshipped key heavenly bodies —the others are dedicated to the moon,the earth and heaven.The Temple of Heaven is easily the most famous,but the Temple of the Sun reveals more because it is less of a showpiece.As with virtually every landmark in Beijing,the temple,a place of worship per se,was badly damaged during the Cultural Revolution.Later on,the park became a dumping ground for rubble when much of the city's walls were torn down.Many of the buildings were so dilapidated that the grounds seemed abandoned.The original stone balustrades were cracked and discolored like old bones.

Twenty years ago,I often came to a bakery nearby the temple for the croissants,my favorite bread,but stayed for the quiet,tree-lined streets outside its low peripheral wall.The Temple of the Sun was empty of people and looked rather barren everywhere.China back then was lack of capital and lacking in cultural confidence.Nevertheless,three decades of fast econom ic grow th have resulted in overflowing government coffers and the rebuilding of cultural confidence.Apart from aircraft carriers,Olympic Games and high-speed rail,the Chinese government is investing hugely in building or transforming parks and greenery for the benefit of citizens.The Temple of the Sun was reborn as a result.Today free access to the park is warmly embraced by residents eager for activity.

When I sauntered again in the park in the cool of the summer evening last Friday,I kept an eye out for the skyscrapers peeking through the weeping willows and stopped to read through colorful propaganda posters promoting filial piety.To laud traditional ways to run a family and the virtue of supporting one's parents has become an imperative for a government whose decades of draconian family planning policies have left it with a rapidly greying population and a rebellious youth that ignores its parents.That is how the Temple of the Sun offers a window into people's daily lives and plays an imperceptible role in reshaping Chinese people's values and upholding traditional virtues.

本文選自The New York Times（May 1,2017）旅游文化專欄里刊登的一篇游記文章。在這篇文章中，作者Ian Johnson以其獨(dú)到的視角，別致的行文措辭，記述了老北京的文化傳承。作者著重以日壇為例，生動(dòng)地描述了從他第一次來北京至今三十多年來老北京文化從消失到復(fù)興的過程。

該文各項(xiàng)參考內(nèi)容如下：

體裁 題材 主題語境 文本長度 預(yù)估難度 出處記敘文 北京文化傳承 人與社會(huì)——?dú)v史、社會(huì)與文化 609詞 中等 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/travel/

可見，這篇出自The New York Times（May 1,2017）的文章語言地道，體裁是游記類記敘文，話題是老北京的文化傳承，屬于“人與社會(huì)”中的歷史、社會(huì)與文化范疇，符合新課標(biāo)對(duì)主題語境的要求，且是高考命題中文化類這一核心話題，不僅滿足了學(xué)生對(duì)文化題材的興趣需求，還可以豐富學(xué)生的本民族文化知識(shí)，弘揚(yáng)中華民族優(yōu)秀文化，充分體現(xiàn)了英語學(xué)科立德樹人的載體功能。這篇文章完全符合新課標(biāo)及考綱的要求，符合高考真題的命題規(guī)律。

美中不足的是，該文本全長609詞，篇幅稍長。此外，文中超綱詞匯稍多，增加了學(xué)生對(duì)文章理解的難度。為此，筆者對(duì)這篇文章進(jìn)行了再加工處理，刪減了一些含較多超綱詞匯又不影響我們理解文章整體內(nèi)容的句子，選用考綱內(nèi)詞匯替換了一些考綱外詞匯。此外，在考點(diǎn)設(shè)置的過程中，筆者將原文中學(xué)生不常見的詞匯替換成高頻詞。例如：

原文第一段：

When I first came to Beijing in the early 1980s,the city felt dusty overall—a one-time capital of temples and palaces was transformed into a landscape of factories and chimneys,and people rode simple steel bicycles or diesel-belching buses through the w indy old streets.This was my initial impression of this capital city.（加黑的句子為刪去的部分；下劃線標(biāo)注的詞為被替換的詞。）

加工后為：

When I first came to Beijing in the early 1980s,the city felt dusty everywhere—a one-time capital of temples and palaces wasinto a sight of factories and chimneys.This was myimpression of the capital city.（54詞變?yōu)?8詞）

經(jīng)過這樣一番“修剪”，期盼這篇完形與大家見面時(shí)“老北京獨(dú)特的味道”沒有太多“受損”，原文的文字韻味猶能留存。

三、完形填空素材選擇的注意事項(xiàng)

綜上所述，我認(rèn)為完形填空的素材選擇應(yīng)重點(diǎn)把握好以下幾方面：

1.語篇特點(diǎn)

2.素材出處

以英語為母語的國家的主流報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)站等，除了前面所列舉的真題題源網(wǎng)站外，還可搜索：Reader's digest（讀者文摘）、The New York times（紐約時(shí)報(bào)）、Christian Science Monitor（基督教箴言報(bào)）、Daily Mail（每日郵報(bào)）、Yahoo English（百度搜索），http://www.howstuffworks.com/ 網(wǎng)站等，國內(nèi)的報(bào)刊諸如：北京周報(bào)（Beijing Review）以及北京外語廣播的《英語美文》節(jié)目等，都有很好的題源素材，不過大家在選用時(shí)需注意文章的時(shí)效性。

3.主題語境

參考《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）》所列的“人與自我”“人與社會(huì)”“人與自然”三大主題下多個(gè)主題群的豐富內(nèi)容。

此外，在此次原創(chuàng)命題素材搜集的過程中筆者一次性讀了很多的文章，這不僅極其耗時(shí)費(fèi)力，還很難遇到心動(dòng)的文章，或者遇到了卻又和前人的“撞衫”了。因此，筆者建議大家平時(shí)要養(yǎng)成堅(jiān)持每日聽廣播或讀外文原刊報(bào)紙、雜志的習(xí)慣，留心積累好的素材并進(jìn)行分類收藏——閱讀類（適合A、B、C或D等）、完形類、語法填空類等，這樣在需要時(shí)即可迅速提取使用，有了這樣的源頭活水，大家的日常教學(xué)與命題等工作會(huì)更加游刃有余。

最后附成題如下：

When I first came to Beijing in the early 1980s,the city felt dusty everywhere — a one-time capital of temples and palaces wasinto a sight of factories and chimneys.This was myimpression of the capital city.

I used to live near the Temple of the Sun built in 1530.It was badly damaged during the Cultural Revolution,a dumping ground (垃圾場).

Twenty years ago,I often came here andfor the quiet,tree-lined streets.The Temple was empty and deserted.China then wasin cultural confidence.,three decades of fast economic grow th havein the rebuilding of cultural confidence.Besides,the Chinese government is transform ing parks for theof citizens.The Temple was thus reborn and warm ly welcomed by nearby residents.

Walking again in the park last Friday,I stopped to read colorful posters promoting filial piety (孝道).Here,the Temple of the Sun offers a (n)into people's daily lives and plays a slight role in defending Chinese people's traditional.

41.A.expanded B.transformed

C.divided D.spread

42.A.initial B.final

C.present D.late

43.A.Searching B.Getting

C.Seeing D.Looking

44.A.know B.receive

C.sense D.test

45.A.plants B.deserts

C.alleys D.valleys

46.A.Sadly B.Fortunately

C.Curiously D.Surprisingly

47.A.progress B.way

C.arrangements D.plans

48.A.putting out B.working out

C.making out D.w iping out

49.A.upset B.eager

C.excited D.embarrassed

50.A.custom B.culture

C.tradition D.appearance

51.A.reborn B.rebuilt

C.rescued D.removed

52.A.calm B.simple

C.lively D.comfortable

53.A.changing B.causing

C.constructing D.becoming

54.A.left B.stayed

C.watched D.traded

55.A.strong B.special

C.lacking D.different

56.A.Otherwise B.Besides

C.Instead D.Anyhow

57.A.absorbed B.lay

C.resulted D.ended

58.A.honor B.benefit

C.help D.purpose

59.A.window B.guide

C.method D.exit

60.A.dresses B.virtues

C.operas D.lives

【參考答案】41-45 BADCC 46-50 ABDAB

51-55 ACDBC 56-60 DCBAB