高考真題素材改編技巧初探
——以2018年全國卷Ⅱ語法填空為例

寧夏

2018年高考英語全國卷Ⅱ的語法填空試題如下：

Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop.Since 2011,the country(grow) more corn than rice.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent overpast 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.

According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total(globe) fertilizer consumption.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government(start) a soil-testing programgives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.China's approach to protecting its environment while(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers world wide,” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.

根據(jù)《考試說明》，語法填空題是在一篇200詞左右的短文中留出10個空白，部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式，要求考生根據(jù)上下文在空白處填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或所給單詞的正確形式。

該文章有3個段落，共195詞，有兩處中文注釋，共10道小題，其中，純空格題有3道，給出提示詞的題有7道。文章的設(shè)題數(shù)量與方式等與近幾年全國卷Ⅱ的設(shè)題保持了一致。

該文章為說明文，介紹了中國進(jìn)行了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，將玉米作為主要的糧食作物，為世界的環(huán)境治理和生態(tài)改善做出了貢獻(xiàn)，并得到了專家的肯定。這一題材符合“立足中國，著眼世界”的世界觀，同時，通過閱讀文本，學(xué)生了解了“人與自然和諧發(fā)展”的理念。

通過研究文章中的設(shè)空處，我們可以看出，其中涉及的英語語法知識有動詞的時態(tài)，冠詞，形容詞與副詞、動詞與名詞、名詞與形容詞之間的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，非謂語動詞（動詞不定式），介詞，定語從句關(guān)系詞等。沒有涉及的語法點(diǎn)有動詞的被動語態(tài)、非謂語動詞的其他用法、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、代詞、連詞、名詞性從句、狀語從句等。而這些未涉及的考點(diǎn)，可以在短文改錯中有所體現(xiàn)。

知其然，方能知其所以然。接下來，我們看看這道高質(zhì)量的語法填空試題是從何而來并如何而來的。

首先，打開其原文所在網(wǎng)站https://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2015/05/18/why-cornnot-rice-is-king-in-china/，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是美國《國家地理》雜志于2015年5月18日發(fā)表的文章。通過閱讀其內(nèi)容，我們可以了解到這篇文章的一些基本信息。

Rice has long been a cultural symbol of the Chinese diet.First cultivated by Asian farmers some 8,000 years ago,it has become a major staple crop for the world and has been by far the biggest crop in the country.

But for the last few years,corn has taken the crown for top crop in China.And that's not because the Chinese have suddenly developed an enormous appetite for corn on the cob — instead,they're using corn to grow livestock.

Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent,according to the World Bank.A taste for meat is behind the change,since the majority of corn is used to feed pigs,chickens,and cows.

That's because as the human population moves to urban areas,its living standards increase.The Chinese m iddle class now has extra money to spend.

“As China urbanizes,the distinction between urban and rural lifestyles is blurring,since people travel back and forth between cities and their home villages,”says Fred Gale,a senior economist at the U.S.Department of Agriculture who specializes in Chinese agricultural production.

Indeed,China now accounts for half of the world's production and consumption of pork.Around 700 million pigs that subsist on diets of corn and other grains are butchered each year in the country — one for every two Chinese people.That's pretty shocking when you consider that,before the 20th century,the Chinese population got over 90 percent of its calories from carbohydrates like rice,wheat,millet,and beans.

These increasingly meat-centric dietary changes are not unique to China.Animal proteins are becoming more popular across the developing world.But as the most populous country in the world with the fastest growing economy,China sets the pace,says Gale.And the road is currently paved with corn.

Corn isn't exactly new to China,but a lot has changed since it was first introduced from the Americas in the 1500s.Cornmeal became a staple in the northeastern part of the country,where it was grown,but today people in the region viewit as peasant food.

In 1940,around two-thirds of China's corn was used for food,while today,60 percent goes to animal feed.Only 10 percent is currently consumed by people or used for seed — you can find novelties like corn-flavored candies and corncobshaped ice cream treats at markets.KFC serves corn on the cob in China too.

Another 30 percent of the crop is used in industrial processing to create goods like alcohol,sweeteners,and chemicals.

Also,China's corn farmers rarely rotate crops on their fields,which degrades soil fertility,since nitrogen never has the chance to replenish.“It's probably the largest monocrop in the world,” says the USDA's Gale.(In the U.S.,farmers rotate corn and soybean,so the beans can help fix nitrogen in the soil.)

But growing corn can help address environmental concerns.Government incentives that encourage farmers near Beijing to grow corn instead of rice help improve water quality in the region.Despite corn production's dependency on fertilizer,corn still uses less water than rice and creates less fertilizer runoff.This switch has decreased pollution in Beijing's major reservoir,making water safer for residents.

The Chinese government is making other environmental improvements that have led to less chemical fertilizer use.Its Ministry of Agriculture started a soil-testing program that gives site-specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers.Between 2005—2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons,preventing the emission of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.

The World Bank's Juergen Voegele is optimistic.China's approach to improving its environment while feeding its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers globally,” he says.

A version of this piece appears in the May issue of National Geographic magazine.

（5）“師資力量”包含“專業(yè)能力強(qiáng)的”“個人品質(zhì)好的”“聲譽(yù)好的”這三個自由節(jié)點(diǎn)，指的是個體在“培訓(xùn)參與決策”前對培訓(xùn)“師資力量”方面的特征感知。這些自由節(jié)點(diǎn)都是衡量師資力量的重要指標(biāo)，即當(dāng)一個再就業(yè)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目具備更多這些節(jié)點(diǎn)所描述的特征時，個體更傾向于認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目依托有雄厚的師資力量。

Kelsey Nowakow ski is a spatially thinking reporter at National Geographic.Follow her on Twitter.

該文章有17個段落，共707詞，且含有大量的超綱詞匯。文章介紹了現(xiàn)今中國種植玉米的情況、玉米在中國的發(fā)展史以及大量種植玉米所帶來的負(fù)面影響，而有關(guān)玉米在中國的發(fā)展史以及大量種植玉米所帶來的負(fù)面影響的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，在2018年全國卷Ⅱ語法填空中并沒有體現(xiàn)出來。

命題者在找到一篇素材進(jìn)行設(shè)題時，切忌照搬照抄原文，而是要通過概括、刪減、改編等方法對原文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行深加工。具體深加工示例如下表：

__________________原文 ________________試題 _____方法 _________目的Rice has long been a cultural symbol of the Chinese diet.First cultivated by Asian farmers some 8,000 years ago,it has become a major staple crop for the world and has been by far the biggest crop in the country.But for the last few years,corn has taken the crown for top crop in China.Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. 概括大意 開門見山，直入話題，使文章簡明扼要And that's not because the Chinese have suddenly developed an enormous appetite for corn on the cob — instead,they're using corn to grow livestock.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years,while rice has increased_only 7 percent,according to the World Bank_____________________________________________________________________________.Since 2011,the country __61__ (grow)more corn than rice.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62 past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.改換說法設(shè)置動詞時態(tài)的考點(diǎn)；通過刪除超綱詞匯等掃清學(xué)生的閱讀障礙A taste for meat is behind the change,since the majority of corn is used to feed pigs,chickens,and cows.A taste for meat is __63__ (actual) behind the change：An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,pigs,and cattle.增加副詞增加副詞actually,一方面加強(qiáng)語氣，另一方面考查學(xué)生形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞的用法原文的第四至第十二段內(nèi)容刪除注釋性說明、負(fù)面報道等內(nèi)容刪除負(fù)面報道，體現(xiàn)課標(biāo)的要求“增加中國文化自信”But grow ing corn can help address environmental concerns.Government incentives that encourage farmers near Beijing to grow corn instead of rice help improve water quality in the region.Despite corn production's dependency on fertilizer,corn still uses less water than rice and creates less fertilizer runoff.This switch has decreased pollution in Beijing's major reservoir,making water safer for residents.Another reason for corn's rise：The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 64__ (improve) water quality.Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer（化肥） runoff.This switch has decreased __66_ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.概括大意，刪減、替換超綱詞匯概括大意以縮減文章篇幅，進(jìn)而達(dá)到《考試說明》對語法填空文章詞數(shù)方面的要求；residents被替換為people，避免超綱詞匯影響學(xué)生理解According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total global fertilizer consumption.Its Ministry of Agriculture started a soil-testing p rogram that gives site-specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers.Between 2005—2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 m illion tons,preventing the em ission of 51.8 m illion tons of carbon dioxide.The World Bank's Juergen Voegele is optim istic.China's approach to improving its environment while feeding its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers_globally,” he says.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government_68_ (start) a soil-testing program __69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 m illion tons.That prevented the em ission（排放）of 51.8 m illion tons of carbon dioxide.China's approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed)its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the bank's Juergen Voegele.刪減、替換詞匯避免對設(shè)空處透漏相關(guān)信息，如globally被替換為worldw ide，因第67 題 為 global (globe)，以避免提示答案

綜上所述，要想命制一道高質(zhì)量的語法填空題，首先，我們要找到一篇合適的文章，這篇文章應(yīng)符合“人與自我”“人與自然”“人與社會”這三大主題，還要體現(xiàn)“立德樹人”的核心素養(yǎng)，傳遞中國價值觀，培養(yǎng)民族自信心。當(dāng)外刊或外網(wǎng)文章中有針對中國的負(fù)面報道時，要盡量避免或者刪除，要讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生文化認(rèn)同。其次，要對文章要進(jìn)行合理的排列、刪除以及修改；要在一篇200詞左右的短文中，體現(xiàn)行文的邏輯。一般而言，應(yīng)采用總分式或者總分總式結(jié)構(gòu)；處理超綱詞匯的方法有使用考綱內(nèi)詞匯代替、使用定語從句或者下定義，以掃清學(xué)生的閱讀障礙。第三，設(shè)空時要依據(jù)《考試說明》，考查學(xué)生多方面的語法知識，尤其是考生的薄弱點(diǎn)——動詞的時態(tài)和詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，避免考點(diǎn)設(shè)置重復(fù)；根據(jù)近幾年的高考真題，動詞的時態(tài)、非謂語動詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等必考項(xiàng)目不能忽略，冠詞、名詞、連詞等選考項(xiàng)目酌情處理，考綱中不作要求的語法項(xiàng)目不設(shè)題，如獨(dú)立主格、插入語、反義疑問句等；實(shí)詞與虛詞的比例分配為7：3或者6：4。第四，要盡量保持試題答案的唯一性，避免設(shè)置爭議性題目。以下是筆者模仿高考語法填空試題命題者對素材的處理方式所命制的一道語法填空試題，諸位同仁，見仁見智：

仿真訓(xùn)練：

Chinese scientists have developed a plastic that degrades（降解）in seawater and could help slow down the(increase) serious plastic pollution in the oceans.

The new material can degrade in seawater over a period ranging from a few days to several hundred days,(leave)small parts that cause no pollution,said Wang Gexia,is a senior engineer at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

For a long time,people focusedwhite pollution on land.Plastic pollution in the seas only(catch) people's attention when more and more reports about marine animals dying from it appeared in recent years,said Wang.

Scientists combined water dissolution（溶解）biodegradation processes(design) and invent the new material.

China has given top attention to(environment)protection,contributing Chinese wisdom to resolving global pollution.

61.increasingly 考查副詞。設(shè)空后為形容詞serious，應(yīng)用副詞修飾，故答案為increasingly。

62.leaving 考查非謂語動詞。設(shè)空處所在句中已有謂語動詞，設(shè)空處為非謂語動詞作狀語，且與主句部分構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，故答案為leaving。

63.who 考查定語從句。設(shè)空處所在句為非限定性定語從句，先行詞為人，且在從句中作主語，故答案為who。

64.on 考查介詞。focus on為固定搭配，意為“關(guān)注”，故答案為on。

65.caught 考查動詞的時態(tài)。設(shè)空處所在句謂語動詞為said，且上一句的時態(tài)也為一般過去時，兩句時態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致，故答案為caught。

66.and 考查連詞。combine A and B為固定用法，意為“將A與B結(jié)合起來”，故答案為and。

67.to design 考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句意可知，科學(xué)家們結(jié)合水溶和生物降解過程，設(shè)計(jì)和發(fā)明了這種新材料，設(shè)空處所在句已有謂語動詞，此處應(yīng)使用動詞不定式表示結(jié)果，故答案為to design。

68.was selected 考查動詞的語態(tài)。根據(jù)句意可知，這項(xiàng)研究是被選為未來創(chuàng)新技術(shù)競賽的獲獎項(xiàng)目之一，應(yīng)為一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，故答案為was selected。

69.creativity 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。inspire為及物動詞，后接名詞作賓語，故答案為creativity。

70.environmental 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。protection為名詞，應(yīng)用形容詞修飾，故答案為environmental。

原文出處：http://bdnewseveryday.com/news/113349/China%20 develops%20degradable% 20plastics%20in%20bid%20to%20 curb%20ocean%20pollution