劇院建筑

編譯：季嘉葵

英國(guó)劇場(chǎng)技師協(xié)會(huì)(Association of British Theatre Technicians，簡(jiǎn)稱ABTT，成立于1961年)于1972年制作了第一部劇院設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃指南。在1986年修訂后，成為任何涉及劇院建筑、裝修或者創(chuàng)造一個(gè)表現(xiàn)空間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考。2010年由該組織出版、朱迪思·斯特朗（Judith Strong）編輯的《劇院建筑設(shè)計(jì)指南》（Theatre Buildings:A Design Guide）一書(shū)，是其繼承者。

這本書(shū)使讀者了解了劇院的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的全過(guò)程。它在建筑物的每一個(gè)區(qū)域都有詳細(xì)的注解，包括房子前面、禮堂、后臺(tái)和行政辦公區(qū)域。它聚焦于一些具體的指導(dǎo)，比如音響、舞臺(tái)工程、燈光、聲音和視頻，禮堂和舞臺(tái)的尺寸等等。餐飲、會(huì)議和教育使用等方面也包括在內(nèi)。書(shū)中涵蓋了28座劇院的案例，《歌劇》雜志將編譯其中精彩的個(gè)案，與業(yè)界共同分享。

劇院建筑設(shè)計(jì)指南之

圓屋劇場(chǎng)

The Roundhouse from Theatre Buildings: A Design Guide

倫敦，英國(guó)

London, UK

將19世紀(jì)中期建造的、用于終結(jié)伯明翰-倫敦蒸汽機(jī)時(shí)代的建筑，翻新為一個(gè)不可想象的、具有標(biāo)志性的劇場(chǎng)，這一改造項(xiàng)目預(yù)計(jì)耗資約2700萬(wàn)英鎊。這個(gè)位于倫敦北部的圓屋劇場(chǎng)，在1960年代首次引起了人們的注意力。這是一個(gè)名為“發(fā)現(xiàn)空間”的項(xiàng)目，幾十年來(lái)在這個(gè)嘗試拯救衰敗建筑的項(xiàng)目中持續(xù)吸引到各類關(guān)注。當(dāng)籌集到足夠的資金對(duì)建筑進(jìn)行重新開(kāi)發(fā)，而不是僅僅是繼續(xù)將就使用時(shí)，該建筑的未來(lái)就得到了保障。

概 要

劇院類型和運(yùn)營(yíng)形式

為促進(jìn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)音樂(lè)、戲劇、舞蹈及馬戲團(tuán)等不拘一格的藝術(shù)提供演出場(chǎng)地，以及與年輕人開(kāi)展相關(guān)活動(dòng)。由諾曼信托擁有并經(jīng)營(yíng)，及由備受矚目的捐助者和名人支持。

地址和網(wǎng)站

卡姆登，英國(guó)倫敦。

www.roundhouse.org.uk

建造年代

原始的棚屋可追溯至1846年（由羅伯特·多克雷和鐵路先驅(qū)羅伯特·斯蒂芬森設(shè)計(jì)）。1964年首次轉(zhuǎn)為演出場(chǎng)所（由劇作家阿諾德·韋斯克領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）。1983年關(guān)閉。諾曼信托于1996年收購(gòu)該劇場(chǎng)。2006年重新開(kāi)業(yè)。

觀眾席

演出廳能夠容納1800個(gè)座位（包括樓座）或高達(dá)3300個(gè)站位。

舞臺(tái)

可以實(shí)現(xiàn)全舞臺(tái)、凸出式及階梯式等舞臺(tái)形式。

建筑師

約翰·麥克斯蘭合作事務(wù)所，英國(guó)倫敦。

劇院（設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)）顧問(wèn)

劇院項(xiàng)目顧問(wèn)、查爾科布魯、安妮·曼勒斯演出顧問(wèn)公司，三家公司皆位于英國(guó)倫敦。

聲學(xué)顧問(wèn)

保羅·吉列隆聲學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，英國(guó)倫敦。

造價(jià)

原先建筑成本未知。重新開(kāi)發(fā)的費(fèi)用為2970萬(wàn)英鎊（于2006年完成），加上購(gòu)買(mǎi)費(fèi)用300萬(wàn)英鎊（1996年）。

原建筑內(nèi)翻新的結(jié)構(gòu)

The mid-nineteenth-century shed built to turn around steam engines at the end of the Birmingham London run would seem an unlikely candidate for iconic status and a programme of refurbishment and improvements costing some ￡27 million. The Roundhouse, in north London, first grabbed people's imagination in the 1960s, a ‘found space' which continued to attract support through decades of decline and a variety of attempted rescue projects. Its future was secured when sufficient money was raised to redevelop rather than just make do.

Summary

Theatre type and operational format

Arts venue promoting an eclectic mix of live music, theatre, dance and circus as well as developing related activities with young people.Owned and run by The Norman Trust with highprofile donors and celebrity support.

Location and web reference

Camden, London, UK.

www.roundhouse.org.uk

Building dates

Original engine shed dates from 1846(designed by Robert Dockray and railway pioneer Robert Stephenson). First converted for performance in 1964 (led by playwright Arnold Wesker). Closed in 1983. Bought by Norman Trust in 1996. Reopened in 2006.

Auditorium

Arean capable of accommodating 1,800 seats (including the balcony level) or up to 3,300 standing.

Stages

In-the-round, thrust and end stage formats can be achieved.

Architect

John McAslan + Partners, London, UK.

Theatre (design and technical) consultants

Theatre projects consultants; Charcoalblue;and Anne Minors Performance Consultants Ltd,all of London, UK.

Acoustic consultants

Paul Gillieron Acoustic Design, London, UK.

Building cost

Original-not known. Redevelopment￡29.7 million (completed 2006) plus ￡3 million purchase price (1996).

圓屋劇場(chǎng)的特別之處在于內(nèi)部空間的規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)，其磚鼓結(jié)構(gòu)形成了一個(gè)天然禮堂，能夠容納各種活動(dòng)——從實(shí)驗(yàn)劇到流行音樂(lè)演出。主要挑戰(zhàn)是要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能夠完全滿足聲學(xué)效果要求的屋頂來(lái)展示各種不同種類的音樂(lè)，同時(shí)也不會(huì)給細(xì)長(zhǎng)的鑄鐵屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)增加額外的負(fù)荷。解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法是在屋頂上安裝一個(gè)新的錐形鋼框架，放置在外墻上沉重的橡膠底座上，既增強(qiáng)了必要的聲學(xué)效果，并能承載重達(dá)20噸的新技術(shù)工程框架。

What makes the Roundhouse special is the scale and structure of the interior space, its brick drum forming a natural auditorium capable of housing a range of events-from experimental drama to popular music gigs. A major challenge was to devise a roof with sufficient acoustic mass to contain loud music but without imposing additional loads on the slender cast-iron roof structure. The problem was solved by a new conical steel-framed over-roof, resting on rubber mounts on top of the heavy outer brick walls,adding the necessary acoustic mass and supporting the 20-tonne load from the new technical grid.

在壯觀的主空間中，座椅是端點(diǎn)排列、可調(diào)整式的，通過(guò)推力和圓形配置，使得它們?cè)谛枰^眾站立的活動(dòng)中可以隨時(shí)被撤出。二層的新弧形空間增加了不同的視角，使座位總?cè)萘窟_(dá)到1800個(gè)（或3300個(gè)站立位）。中央的玻璃燈塔也已修復(fù)，原來(lái)屋頂?shù)牡鯚羰褂昧巳龑佑浴?/p>

In the spectacular Main Space, adaptable seating in end-on, thrust and in-the-round configurations can be removed for standing events. A new circle at second level adds a different perspective and brings the total capacity to 1,800 seated (or 3,300 standing).The central glass lantern has been restored and the original roof lights tripe glazed.

總體來(lái)說(shuō)，結(jié)構(gòu)上的干預(yù)被減至最小，以保持原建筑維多利亞時(shí)代的宏偉感和早期的工業(yè)美學(xué)。新增的設(shè)計(jì)旨在與現(xiàn)有建筑相輔相成。為了最大限度地利用主要空間進(jìn)行表演和活動(dòng)，在建筑物的一側(cè)增加了一個(gè)三層弧形的玻璃翼。那里容納了咖啡廳、酒吧、票房和公共區(qū)域，以及后臺(tái)和辦公設(shè)施，還包括一個(gè)工作室劇場(chǎng)。

In general, structural interventions were minimised in order to retain both the Victorian sense of grandeur and the early industrial aesthetic. New additions were designed to both complement and contrast with the existing building. In order to maximise the use of the Main Space for performances and events, a threestorey curved and glazed wing was added to one side of the building. It houses a cafe, bars, box office and public areas, as well as backstage and office facilities and included a studio theatre.

圓屋劇場(chǎng)還充當(dāng)了新角色，與當(dāng)?shù)啬贻p人合作，開(kāi)發(fā)青年藝術(shù)家的技能并挖掘其創(chuàng)造潛力。拱形地下室已被改造成一系列工作室空間：排練廳、聲學(xué)及錄音室、視頻編輯和創(chuàng)作區(qū)。

Provision is also made for the Roundhouse's new role of working with local young people to develop skills and explore their creative potential. The vaulted Undercroft has been converted into a series of studio spaces: rehearsal rooms, sound and recording studios,video editing and production areas.