撥開2400年迷霧 走進曾侯時代

3月28日，一場名為《江漢湯湯 南國之紀(jì)——曾侯與他的時代》的展覽，在重慶中國三峽博物館拉開大幕。許多難得一見的重磅國寶，首次來重慶做客。

展品以郭家廟、蘇家壟、熊家老灣、曾侯乙等曾國墓地出土的青銅禮器、樂器為主，包括目前所知年代最早、數(shù)量最多的編鈕鐘，吳王夫差矛等重量級文物。在展出的105件（套）文物中，一級文物多達68件（套）。展覽配合湖北地區(qū)出土的商周青銅器，帶領(lǐng)觀眾一起走進曾侯的那個時代。

展覽將持續(xù)至6月2日。

On March 28, an exhibition entitled Jiang River and Han River Run Vast and Mighty, Disciplining Rivers of Southern Regions - Marquis Yi of Zeng and His Times was launched in in Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum. Many rare and major national treasures have come to Chongqing for the first time.

The exhibits are mainly bronze ritual wares and musical instruments unearthed from the tombs of Zeng State such as Guojiamiao, Sujialong, Xiongjialaowan and Marquis Yi of Zeng, including the earliest and largest number of Niubianzhong (bronze knot bells) known so far and the heavyweight cultural relics such as the Spear of King Fu Chai of Wu. Of the 105 pieces (sets) of cultural relics on display,the first grade cultural relics amount to as many as 68 pieces(sets). The exhibition, complemented with the bronze wares of Shang and Zhou dynasties unearthed in Hubei, will offer the audience a glimpse of the era of Marquis Yi of Zeng.

The exhibition will continue until June 2.

曾國的秘密

Secrets of Zeng State

在這個展覽中，不少展品刻有“曾侯乙作持用終”字樣，這些器物都來自曾侯乙墓。

1978 年，湖北隨州市郊的擂鼓墩發(fā)掘出一座2400年前的戰(zhàn)國墓葬，出土文物多達15000余件，包括青銅禮器、樂器、竹簡、玉器、兵器、車馬器、漆木器、絲織品等，數(shù)量多，規(guī)格高，尤其以配套完整的編鐘、編磬等樂器為世所罕見。這就是震驚世界的曾侯乙墓。

曾侯乙墓的很多出土文物顯示了墓主身份的顯貴，及當(dāng)時文化藝術(shù)科學(xué)技術(shù)上的高度發(fā)達。

例如墓內(nèi)出土的車馬兵器種類之全、數(shù)量之眾、綜合功能之強，前所未見，其中射遠兵器居多，長桿兵器尤為特殊，說明曾侯乙是一位擅長車戰(zhàn)的軍事家和指揮官；青銅樂器的銘文涉及大量樂理樂律銘文，顯示了曾侯乙生前對于樂器制造與音律研究的重視程度；墓內(nèi)大量青銅器珍品及繪畫、雕塑藝術(shù)、書法精品并非冥器，而是曾侯乙生前所用之物且為他親自督造，說明他興趣廣泛，具有多方面的才華和較高的藝術(shù)鑒賞力。

然而，隨著曾侯乙墓的發(fā)掘，大量的謎團也不斷顯現(xiàn)。為何有著輝煌禮樂文明的曾國，史書上卻不見記載？隨州本是隨國之地，為何頻頻出土的卻是曾國文物？曾、隨到底是何關(guān)系？曾國立國于何時？曾國的族姓是什么？除了曾侯乙外，曾國還有哪些國君？曾國最后怎么樣了？

隨著研究的不斷深入，和隨州曾侯墓的不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)，歷史研究人員抽絲剝繭，慢慢揭開了曾侯乙墓葬背后的神秘面紗……

In this exhibition, many of the exhibits are inscribed with the characters like "Manufactured and Enjoyed by Marquis Yi of Zeng for ever", and all these artifacts are from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng.

In 1978 at Leigudun, a suburb of Suizhou, Hubei,a 2400-year-old tomb of the Warring States Period and more than 15,000 pieces of cultural relics were unearthed,including bronze ritual wares, musical instruments, bamboo slips, jade wares, weapons, chariots and harnesses, lacquer wares, silk fabrics, etc. They are numerous and of high ranks, especially those musical instruments with complete sets of Bianzhong (bells) and Bianqing (chimes), which are rare in the world. This is the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng,which shocked the whole world.

Many cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng indicated the dignitary status of the tomb owner's identity and the high level of cultural, artistic,scientific and technological development at that time.

For example, the chariots and harnesses and weapons unearthed in the tomb have such a complete range, such a large number and such strong comprehensive functions that have never been seen before. Most of them are long-range weapons, especially the long-pole weapons, which shows that Marquis Yi of Zeng was a strategist and commander who was good at chariot battle. The inscriptions on bronze musical instruments largely involve musical principles and rhythms, which shows the importance Marquis Yi of Zeng attached to the manufacture of musical instruments and the study of musical rhythms during his lifetime. A large number of bronze ware treasures and fine works of painting,sculpture and calligraphy in the tomb are not funeral objects,but objects used by Marquis Yi of Zeng and specifically manufactured under his supervision, which shows that he had a wide range of interests, both versatile and of high artistic appreciation.

However, with the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, a large number of mysteries have emerged. Why had Zeng State, which had such a splendid ritual and music civilization, not been recorded in any history books? Suizhou had been originally part of Sui State, why were the cultural relics of Zeng State unearthed frequently? What was the relationship between Zeng State and Sui State? When was Zeng State founded? What was the family name of Zeng State? Apart from Marquis Yi of Zeng, who other monarchs of Zeng State are there? What happed to Zeng State in the end?

With the deepening of research and the subsequent findings in the tomb of Marquis Zeng in Suizhou, historical researchers have slowly unveiled the mystery behind the burial of Marquis Yi of Zeng.

2013年，在文峰塔東周曾侯墓發(fā)掘中，考古人員發(fā)現(xiàn)編鐘上有段銘文：“白適上通，左右文、武，達殷之命，撫定天下，王遣命南公，縈宅土……”意思是說，南宮適得到周王重用，輔佐周文王、武王，滅殷平定天下，周王即分封南宮適，到南方營建城址?？脊湃藛T認為，銘文出自曾侯墓，周王顯然分封的是曾國，受封地在今隨州地域，也就是史書記載的隨國。

而在葉家山西周曾侯犺墓的一件簋上，則有“犺乍剌考南公寶尊彝”，曾侯犺稱“南公”為“考”，“考”為對逝去父輩的稱謂。由此可知，曾侯犺為被封于曾國的南宮適的后代。

通過這些曾國青銅器銘文的研讀，專家們認為南宮適受周成王的分封，為曾國的始封國君，從現(xiàn)有的發(fā)現(xiàn)來看，基本確定曾國和隨國實為一國二名。而曾侯乙大約生于公元前475年，卒于公元前約433年，是戰(zhàn)國時期南方姬姓曾國（即姬姓隨國）的國君。

In 2013, during the excavation of Marquis Zeng's tomb of Eastern Zhou Dynasty at Wenfengta, archaeologists found an inscription on a Bianzhong (bronze bell), which goes to the effect that Nangong Shi was put in important positions by the King of Zhou,assisted King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou, wiped out Yin Dynasty and put down rebellions, and later in enfeoffment the King of Zhou granted Nangong Shi to construct a city in the southern region.Archaeologists believe that the inscription came from the tomb of Marquis Zeng, and obviously, it was Zeng State that King of Zhou granted, and the fief was located in today's Suizhou area, which was the Sui State recorded in history books.

However, on a Gui (an ancient vessel) in the tomb of Marquis Kang of Zeng of the Western Zhou Dynasty at Yejiashan,there are inscriptions saying to the effect that "Marquis Kang of Zeng manufactured the precious vessel devoted to his late glorious father Nangong Shi", where Marquis Kang of Zeng called "Nangong Shi" "Kao" (late father), and "Kao" used to be the appellation for one's late father. It indicates that Marquis Kang of Zeng was the descendant of Nangong Shi of Zeng State, who had been granted Zeng State in enfeoffment.

Through the study of the inscriptions on the bronze wares of Zeng State, experts believe that the Nangong Shi was granted by King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty as the first monarch of Zeng State in enfeoffment. According to the existing findings, Zeng State and Sui State are basically confirmed as one country with two names.Whereas Marquis Yi of Zeng was born in about 475 BC and died in about 433 BC, who was the monarch of Zeng State with family name of Ji in the south in the Warring States Period.

曾侯展重磅上線

Blockbuster Exhibition of Marquis Zeng Is Launched

[編鈕鐘]

·編鈕鐘

出土于棗陽郭家廟曾國墓地。十件一組的鈕鐘，型式統(tǒng)一、大小相次、音高穩(wěn)定、宮調(diào)明確，是一套完整實用的青銅樂器，為目前所知年代最早數(shù)量最多的音樂性能成熟的編鈕鐘。完整呈現(xiàn)了“徵、羽、宮、商、角”即“五正聲”的宮調(diào)系統(tǒng)新格局，他為曾侯乙編鐘的先聲，體現(xiàn)了曾國音樂的發(fā)達。

Bianniuzhong (Knot bells).Unearthed in the tomb of Zeng State in Guojiamiao, Zaoyang.The knot bells with ten pieces as a set is a complete set of practical bronze musical instruments with uniform style, proper sequence of sizes, stable pitch and welldefined modes of Chinese music.So far, it is the earliest and largest number of known Niubianzhong(knot bells) with mature music performance, which completely presents the new pattern of Chinese music modes of "Zhi, Yu,Gong, Shang and Jiao" or the "Five Orthodox Sounds". It heralded the Bianzhong (bells) for Marquis Yi of Zeng, reflected the development of music in Zeng State.

[楚王孫漁戟]

錯金鳥篆銘文“楚王孫漁之用”六字，三字在胡部，三字在援部。文字工整秀挺，具有很高的藝術(shù)研究價值。本件與現(xiàn)藏于中國國家博物館的一件為一組雙戈戟。

·楚王孫漁戟

Halberd of King Sun Yu of Chu.The Bird Script with inlaying goes"For Use of King Sun Yu of Chu",where three characters was inscribed at the Hu (vertical part with one blade) and three characters at Yuan(sharp and long part with double blades). The inscriptions are neat and elegant, and have a high value of artistic research. This piece and the one now collected in the National Museum of China are a set of double halberds.

[吳王夫差矛】

·吳王夫差矛

兩行錯金銘文:“吳王夫差自作甬(用)(鋘 )?！?/p>

The Spear of King Fu Chai of Wu. Two lines of inscriptions with inlaying gold: "Manufactured and used by King Fu Chai of Wu”

[升鼎]

·升鼎

精美異常。鼎的內(nèi)壁還有銘文“曾侯乙作持用終”，表示曾侯乙對該鼎的專有屬性。曾侯乙墓內(nèi)出土了九鼎八簋，足顯其尊貴的身份。

Sheng-ding(ancient cooking vessel).Extremely exquisite and attractive.The inner wall of the Sheng-ding also bears the inscription "Manufactured and enjoyed by Marquis Yi of Zeng for ever",which indicates that it had been used exclusively by Marquis Yi of Zeng. The nine Ding(ancient cooking vessels)and eight Gui were unearthed in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, which fully testifies his dignitary status.

[爐盤]

出土?xí)r爐內(nèi)存有木炭，盤內(nèi)存有鯽魚魚骨，盤底有煙炱痕跡，是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的煎烤食物的青銅炊具。

·爐盤

Stove Plate. When unearthed,there was charcoal in the stove,fish bones of crucian carp in the plate, and traces of soot on the bottom of the plate. It was the earliest bronze cooker found for frying and roasting food.

[建鼓座]

·建鼓座

重達192公斤。鑄造工藝十分繁復(fù)，采用了分鑄、鑄接和焊接相結(jié)合的方法，由8對大龍和數(shù)十條糾結(jié)穿繞的小龍構(gòu)成，龍身鑲嵌綠松石，是迄今所見最精美的一件先秦建鼓座，也是已發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的建鼓座實物。

Jian-drum Stand. It weighs 192 kilograms. The casting process was very complicated,which adopted the combined methods of casting separately,casting and welding. It is composed of eight pairs of large dragons and dozens of intertwined small dragons.The dragon bodies were inlaid with turquoise. It is the most exquisite piece of pre-Qin Jiandrum Stand ever seen, and it is also the earliest material object of its kind.

[曾伯文簋]

·曾伯文簋

蓋、腹內(nèi)均鑄銘文：“唯曾伯文自作寶簋，用錫眉壽黃耇，其萬年子子孫孫永寶用享?！?/p>

Gui of Zeng Bowen.Inscriptions were cast on the lid and inner wall: "Manufactured and used exclusively by Zeng Bowen, to enjoy a long and healthy life. His later generations in ten thousand years will enjoy it for ever."

[獸面紋鼓]

·獸面紋鼓

商代晚期 。此類仿木腔皮鼓，目前存世僅兩件，另一件藏于日本泉屋博物館。

Beast-faced Drum. Late Shang Dynasty. There are only two such wooden-cavity leather drums in existence, and the other is collected in Japan's Sen-Oku Hakukokan Museum.

[提梁圓鑒]

·提梁圓鑒

器蓋和腹內(nèi)壁都有銘文“曾侯乙作持用終”。鑒是盛水的器皿，在楚系墓葬中，鑒的使用限制在極少數(shù)高等級貴族階層中，且并非所有封君級別的貴族都能使用青銅鑒。

Round, Loop-handled Jian (ancient vessel). Both its cover and inner wall bear the inscriptions "Manufactured and enjoyed by Marquis Yi of Zeng for ever". Jian was a vessel for holding water. In the tombs of Chu States, the use of Jian was limited to a very small number of high-ranking aristocrats, and not all nobles of the monarch rank were allowed to use bronze Jian.

[楚王媵隨仲羋加鼎]

·楚王媵隨仲羋加鼎

蓋、器內(nèi)底鑄有相同銘文：“唯王正月初吉丁亥，楚王媵隨仲嬭（羋）加飤繁。其眉壽無期，子孫永寶用之。”這是楚王為其女所作的媵器，女兒稱為“隨仲羋加”，“隨”是夫家氏名，“仲”是排行，“羋”是父家族姓，“加”是女子私名。這件楚王鼎是楚王與曾（隨）國聯(lián)姻時的陪嫁品，見證了曾楚在春秋時期的關(guān)系。

Ding of King of Chu as Dowry fo His Daughter Suizhongmijia. The cover and the inner bottom of the vessel are cast with the same inscriptions:"At the beginning of the first month of the king's reign,King of Chu manufactured the Ding as dowry for his daughter Suizhongmijia. Wish her enjoy a long and healthy life and her descendants will use it forever."This is a ware named Ying(dowry) from King of Chu for his daughter, and his daughter was named "Suizhongmijia","Sui" was the clan name of her husband, "zhong"(the second)was her sequence in her siblings, "mi" was the family name of her father, "jia" was the private name of the woman. This Ding, from the King of Chu, was a dowry when the King of Chu married his daughter to Zeng (or Sui) State, which witnessed the relationship between Zeng State and Chu State during the Spring and Autumn Period.

[楚屈子赤角簠]

·楚屈子赤角簠

蓋、器內(nèi)壁鑄有相同銘文：“唯正月初吉丁亥，楚屈子赤角媵仲嬭（羋）璜飤簠，其眉壽無疆，子子孫孫永保用之?！鼻?、景、昭為楚三大姓，本件為存世僅見屈氏之禮器，是楚國貴族屈子赤角為其次女仲出嫁所作的媵器。

The Fu of Quzichijiao of Chu.The inner walls of the cover and the ware are cast with the same inscription: "At the beginning of the first month, Quzichijiao made his second daughter Mihuang a Fu (ancient cooking vessel)as dowry, and wished her have a long life and her children and grandchildren will use it for ever."Qu, Jing and Zhao were Chu's three main surnames. This is the only ritual ware of Qu family in the world, which was made as a dowry by Quzichijiao, a nobleman of Chu State, to marry his second daughter.

[鑊鼎]

·鑊鼎

鑊鼎用于祭祀、宴饗等禮儀活動中烹煮牲肉，形體較大。此件是迄今所見楚國貴族墓出土最大的一件鑊鼎，出土?xí)r鼎內(nèi)殘有牛骨。

Huo-ding (ancient cooking).The Huo-ding was used for cooking sacrificial meat in ritual activities such as sacrifice and banquet, and is relatively large in shape. This is the largest Huoding ever unearthed from the tombs of Chu aristocrats. When it was unearthed, there were bovine bones left inside the Huo-ding.