Reconstruction Mode of Rural Dilapidated Houses in Alpine and Gorge Area of Southwest China
——A Case Study of Scientific Identification and Precision Reconstruction of Rural Dilapidated Houses in Luquan County, Yunnan Province

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1. Institute of Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China; 2. Luquan County Bureau of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Luquan 651500, China

Abstract The transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas is not only a livelihood project related to the broad masses of rural people, but also a major project to win the battle against poverty. Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, located in the high mountain and gorge area along Jinsha River, is one of the key counties of poverty alleviation and development with a wide range of poverty and a deep degree of poverty. The incidence of poverty is 22.21%. Housing security is the focus, difficulty and emphasis of poverty alleviation in this county, the number of dilapidated houses is large, the type is complex, the transformation is difficult, and the implementation cost is high. Since the beginning of 2017, Luquan County has faced difficulties, explored in depth, pioneered and innovated, and completed the renovation of 54 801 dilapidated houses in an all-round way. It created a road full of characteristics and effectiveness of rural dilapidated housing transformation, and explored a set of effective scientific identification and accurate transformation models for rural dilapidated housing worthy of reference and promotion. Successful renovation of dilapidated houses, combined with industrial poverty alleviation, education poverty alleviation, health poverty alleviation and other accurate poverty alleviation measures, have made Luquan County win a decisive victory in the fight against poverty. By the end of December 2018, the incidence of poverty in the county had dropped to 0.54%, and 115 poor villages (including 83 extremely poor villages) had successfully shaken off poverty.This paper analyzes and summarizes the concrete methods, main effects, characteristics and bright spots, successful experience, and reference significance of the scientific identification and precise transformation mode of rural dilapidated houses in this county, so as to provide a necessary reference for the transformation of rural dilapidated houses in Yunnan Province and even poor counties in similar provinces (cities and districts).

Key words Alpine and gorge area, Poverty alleviation, Reconstruction of rural dilapidated housing, Model, Luquan County

1 Introduction

On November 29, 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued theDecisionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncilonWinningtheFightagainstPoverty[Zhongfa (2015) 34], which set the overall goal for China to win the battle against poverty: "By 2020, we will ensure that the rural poor do not worry about food or clothing, and that compulsory education, basic medical care and housing security are guaranteed"[1]. As a result, this goal has become the basic standard for poor households to accurately lift themselves out of poverty. Among them, the security of housing is the rigid requirement of a precise anti-poverty strategy. The security of housing is usually based on the risk of rural housing. TheTechnicalGuidelinesfortheIdentificationofdilapidatedBuildingsinRuralAreas(forTrialImplementation) formulated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on 26 March 2009 divide the risk of houses into four grades[2]: A, B, C and D. Grade A means that the building structure can meet the requirements of normal use, no dilapidated points are found, and the building structure is safe. Grade B means that the building structure can basically meet the requirements of normal use, and individual structural components are in a dilapidated state, but will not affect the safety of the main structure, basically meeting the requirements of normal use. Grade C means that part of the load-bearing structure of the house can not meet the requirements of normal use, local danger has appeared, forming a locally dilapidated house. Grade D means that the load-bearing structure of the house can not meet the requirements of normal use, the whole house has been in a dilapidated situation, forming the whole dilapidated house. In the specific identification, the grade A, B housing is the safe and stable housing, and is regarded as the safe housing that can be guaranteed. On the contrary, the housing of grade C and D is the dilapidated housing (that is, the dilapidated house) and is regarded as unsafe housing that cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas is not only a livelihood project related to the broad masses of rural people, but also a major project to win the battle against poverty.NoticeonStrengtheningandPerfectingtheRegisteredImpoverishedHouseholdsandOtherKeyObjectsintheRenovationofdilapidatedHousesinRuralAreasissued on 28 August 2017 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Finance and the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development[Jian Cun (2017) 192], explicitly puts forward the goal of basically completing the transformation of four types of key dilapidated rural buildings by 2019 and doing a good job in tail-in work by 2020[3]. This is an important measure to ensure that China wins the battle against poverty.

Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, located in the alpine and gorge area along Jinsha River in Southwest China, is not only a minority county integrating mountain area, agriculture and poverty, but also an old revolutionary base county at the provincial level. At the same time, it is also one of the key counties in the special poor areas of Wumeng Mountain and one of the 73 key counties included in the country’s poverty alleviation and development work. High mountains, deep valleys, steep slopes, sharp bends and dilapidated roads are the basic portrayals of the terrain and geomorphology of Luquan County.

The mountains and especially high and cold mountain areas of the whole county account for 98.4% of the total area. The highest point of elevation in the county is Wumeng Mountain’s main peak Mazongling, 4 247 m above sea level, and the lowest point is the small estuary at the confluence of the Pudu River and the Jinsha River, 746 m above sea level, with a relative height difference of 3 501 m. The development of Luquan County is greatly restricted by the special geographical environment and poor natural conditions in the alpine and gorge area, with a wide range of poverty and a deep degree of poverty[4]. Of the 189 village committees in the county, 115 are poor, and 83 are deeply poor. There are 26 083 registered poor households and 91 586 poor people in the county, and the incidence of poverty (here refers to the percentage of the registered poor population in the total agricultural population in 2014[5]) reaches 22.21%. In the fight against poverty in Luquan County, the deficiency of housing security is the most prominent.Many problems emerge one after another, such as the large number of dilapidated houses, the difficulty of transformation, the high cost of implementation, the low willingness of the masses to accept repair and reinforcement. It has become the focus, difficulty and emphasis of tackling the key problems of poverty alleviation, and it is also the biggest deficiency and prominent bottleneck of a well-off society in an all-round way. To this end, since the beginning of 2017, Luquan county party committee and county government have actively acted to assess the situation, face difficulties, thoroughly implement the poverty alleviation policies of the state, Yunnan Province, and Kunming City, combined with county, village, and people’s actual conditions. The renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas is taken as a key task in tackling poverty. It has innovatively and comprehensively carried out the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, completed the renovation of 54 801 dilapidated houses in rural areas (47.16% of the total number of rural households in the county in 2017), and blazed a road for the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas with rich characteristics and effectiveness, and explored a set of effective scientific identification and accurate transformation models for rural dilapidated housing worthy of reference and promotion.

2 Specific practices

In recent years, Luquan County has closely focused on the goal of "comprehensively eliminating dilapidated houses of grade C and D in rural areas and allowing the poor to live in safe and stable housing as soon as possible", and created "5432" work method of 5-level identification, 4-type transformation, 3-coordinating guarantee, and 2-strengthening quality", so as to achieve full coverage of the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas throughout the county.

2.1"5-level"identificationmethodtoensureprecisehousingsecurityIn accordance with the mode of "comprehensive layout, expert examination, five-level signature, and publicity by village groups", the five key points of the house appearance, foundation, roof, wall, and column of the house are closely followed, and the villages and towns (residential district) survey all the rural houses in their jurisdiction and make a preliminary list. 12 external experts, and 13 technical personnel from county-level functional departments form a team of experts for door-to-door verification in the village. The head of household, the villagers’ group, the village committee, the township (street) and the expert participating in the whole process sign the "Rural dilapidated House Accurate Verification and Confirmation Form" to confirm one by one, accurately targeting grade C, D dilapidated house. After publicity and no objection, the contents of C and D dilapidated houses identified in rural areas that need to be renovated are included in the list of renovation one by one. If one item is missing, it will be made up for, so that transformation plan is determined. At the same time, it carries out the work of "demonstration and identification" of dilapidated houses, and build the village of Deka, Maoshan Town, into a demonstration site for the identification of C and D dilapidated houses. The form of house structure, the basis of dilapidated house judgment, the classification and identification basis of dilapidated house grade are demonstrated, and the identification standard of dilapidated house is unified.

2.2"4-type"transformationtoensurereconstructionandeffectivenessbasedonspecifichousesIt implements the management mechanism of one household, one form (identification form for dilapidated houses), one household, one programme (construction programme), one household, one bill (bill of quantities), one household, one commitment (voluntary transformation and implementation policy commitments), one household, one agreement (tripartite agreement among village committees, farmers, constructors). The reconstruction of dilapidated houses in rural areas is divided into four types: repair, reinforcement, demolition and reconstruction, and policy-oriented construction, and the policies are implemented according to the classification of houses. First, for the C dilapidated houses with perfect structure and local dilapidated points, the repair method is adopted to mainly solve the problems of shelter from wind and rain, darkness and humidity. Second, for the C and D dilapidated buildings with imperfect structure, which can meet the seismic requirements by adding steel roof truss or using steel mesh and flat iron for reinforcement, the reinforcement and repair methods can be carried out simultaneously. Third, for grade D dilapidated houses with obviously ramshackle walls and columns and with a high degree of danger, or for grade D dilapidated buildings whose repair and reinforcement do not meet the requirements for safety and stability, or for grade D dilapidated buildings whose cost of repair and reinforcement exceeds 60% of the cost of reconstruction, the way of demolition and reconstruction can be taken. Fourth, for those who have no economic resources and no labor force, policies can be adopted to help build the house, using light steel structure, resin tile roof for the construction of affordable houses of less than 60 m2. At the same time, it creates a "demonstration model" to promote the transformation of dilapidated houses, turn Damucheng Village in Tuanjie Town into a demonstration site of "two gables lifting beams", and demonstrates the renovation method of bearing dilapidated houses with wooden roof trusses and walls. Huoben Village of Zhongping Town is turned into a demonstration point of using a steel wire mesh for reinforcement of dilapidated houses, focusing on how to solve the problem of obvious crooked and fragile load-bearing walls of dilapidated houses. Changpingzi of Malutang Township is built into a demonstration site of "earth and wood" house structure reinforcement, focusing on how to solve the problem of strengthening "earth and wood" structure houses with single load-bearing walls of dilapidated buildings. Dashitou Village of Maoshan Town is built into a "light steel wood-plastic structure" demolition and reconstruction demonstration site, and the assembly technology is promoted, focusing on how to solve the problem of high cost of "secondary handling" of building materials. Through demonstration models, on-site observation, mass evaluation, and so on, a township (town, residential district) is selected every month to hold a demonstration promotion meeting in the form of television, radio, WeChat, and so on for multi-dimensional publicity of rural dilapidated building renovation policies, technical standards, financial subsidies and other contents, so as to really let cadres and the masses know, support, participate in and accelerate the renovation of dilapidated houses.

2.3"3-coordinate"guaranteetopromotetherenovationofdilapidatedhousesinruralareasThe first is to coordinate the investment of funds. According to the idea of "striving for a little bit from superiors, a little bit from county-level financing, and a little bit from self-financing of housing builders", a total of 1.625 billion yuan was invested by the central and provincial governments as a whole at the municipal level, and 340 million yuan was raised at the county level to comprehensively solve the funds for the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas.

The second is to coordinate the supply of building materials. It adopts the way of unified purchase and supply, to unify the supply of cement, steel, sand and other building materials. The county-level platform company signs a unified purchase agreement with Kunming Iron and Steel Group and Fumin Cement Plant to supply steel at a price below 15% of the market price and cement at a discount of 50 yuan per ton. In each township, a sand and stone factory is specially approved to supply materials at a low price of 50 yuan/m3. At the same time, the use of old building materials from the demolition and reconstruction of rural houses is coordinated by the village committee as a whole, to ensure the repair and reinforcement of rural houses, effectively reduce the cost of renovation of dilapidated houses, to ensure the efficiency of the use of funds.

The third is to coordinate the construction force. According to the rural labor force, the enthusiasm of the masses, and the access to roads, the construction team is co-ordinated by adopting the methods of self-construction by the masses, construction by cadres, and unified construction by construction units. It also strengthens the training of construction craftsmen, technicians, managers, cadres stationed in villages, and farmers. Townships (towns, residential districts) set up militia voluntary housing teams and party member construction team to help the self-builders with insufficient labor to demolish their own dilapidated houses, and build new houses. It standardizes the construction procedure and organizes the construction team. According to the requirements of township (town, residential district) overall planning, village committee organization, engineering team implementation, it is made clear that each village committee shall have no fewer than five construction teams, the number of members in each construction team shall not be less than 20, and the task of transformation shall not cover more than 70 households. More than 5 600 people are coordinated in two construction units at the county level. The total number of members in construction teams in the county reached more than 23 900 at the peak, and 1 850 people were organized to receive 18 times of training, to realize the full coverage of the construction team and management personnel to "know technology, understand management, and understand construction," so as to ensure the construction progress and quality of the project.

2.4"2-strengthening"qualitymeasurestoensuresafetyandstabilitystandardsOne is to strengthen the safety design. It adheres to the quality standards for safe site selection, solid foundation, stable structure, and qualified seismic strength, and grasp the key points of the construction of sub-projects such as foundation, load-bearing structure, seismic structural measures, enclosure structure and so on. The county housing and construction department has designed all kinds of seismic strengthening drawings and five kinds of floor plans from 36 m2to 108 m2(36 m2, 54 m2, 72 m2, 90 m2, 108 m2), which can be used by construction units and farmers.

The second is to strengthen quality supervision. In view of the problems of wide scope, dispersion and insufficient technical guidance force in the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, the village group cadres, village work groups and village leaders supervise the whole process, and at the same time give full play to the advantages of professional supervision. On the basis of employing 16 supervision teams in townships (towns and residential districts), 45-people third-party inspection and acceptance units are hired at the county level, and one inspection and acceptance group is stationed in each township (town and residential district). The County Housing and Construction Bureau has stationed a professional and technical worker in each township (town, residential district) to seamlessly guide the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas in the whole process with zero tolerance supervision, forming a supervision pattern in which professional supervision is the main one and the forces of all parties participate together, to ensure that the dilapidated buildings meet the requirements of safety and stability after renovation.

3 Main results

3.1IdentificationandrenovationofdilapidatedhousesinruralareasSince the beginning of 2017, Luquan County has focused on the goal of eliminating dilapidated rural housing in an all-round way, establishing county-level expert groups, 16 township-level guiding groups, 189 village-level task forces, and 2 605 villagers’ working groups. According to theTechnicalGuidelinesfortheIdentificationofdilapidatedBuildingsinRuralAreasformulated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development andTechnicalGuidelinesfortheIdentificationofRuraldilapidatedBuildingsofYunnanProvincialDepartmentofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment, the working mechanism of "township guidance group, village task force and village working group" for identifying dilapidated houses is implemented. It organizes more than 3 000 cadres from county, township and village groups to conduct village-by-village inspection of 116 213 rural households in the county, so that no information is omitted. A total of 54 801 rural households with C and D dilapidated houses (including four types of key objects and non-poor households) were identified (Table 1), accounting for 47.16% of the total number of rural households in the county. Among them, there are 24 100 rural households with C dilapidated houses, accounting for 43.98% of the total number of dilapidated houses, and there are 30 701 rural households with D dilapidated houses, accounting for 56.02% of the total number of dilapidated houses.

Through the careful classification and transformation in the past two years, as of December 31, 2018, dilapidated house reconstruction project was started for a total of 54 801 households in Luquan County, with the operating rate of 100%. The reconstruction for 54 801 households was completed, with a completion rate of 100%, and the reconstructed houses were accepted by 54 801 households, with an occupancy rate of 100%. In the "four-type" transformation mode, 18 956 households’ houses were repaired (grade C), accounting for 34.59% of the total number of dilapidated houses. The reinforcement + repair mode (grade C, D) was adoped for 5 783 households, accounting for 10.55% of the total number of dilapidated houses. The demolition and reconstruction mode (grade D) was adoped for 29 515 households, accounting for 53.86% of the total number of dilapidated houses. 547 households were helped to build houses, accounting for 1.00% of the total number of dilapidated houses.

Table1IdentificationandreconstructionofdilapidatedbuildingsinLuquanCountyfrom2017to2018

Township (Town)Total number of ruralhouseholds in 2017Number of households with dilapidatedhouses identified in 2017-2018CDTotal Number of householdswith dilapidated housesrenovated in 2017-2018Progress of renovation ofdilapidated housesStartedCompletedAcceptedPingshan residential district13 7679542 0613 0153 0153 0153 0153 015Cuihua Town10 3322 0182 7714 7894 7894 7894 7894 789Jiulong Town11 2232 2533 2285 4815 4815 4815 4815 481Maoshan Town9 4421 7211 5273 2483 2483 2483 2483 248Yunlong Township7 0941 6851 4263 1113 1113 1113 1113 111Tuanjie Town2 8321 4594261 8851 8851 8851 8851 885Zhongping Town4 8801 9961 1903 1863 1863 1863 1863 186Sayingpan Town12 3923 3013 1866 4876 4876 4876 4876 487Jiaopingdu Town5 8011 2162 0643 2803 2803 2803 2803 280Tanglang Township4 0769421 9882 9302 9302 9302 9302 930Malutang Township5 9161 2181 9093 1273 1273 1273 1273 127Wudongde Town5 0021 3641 9463 3103 3103 3103 3103 310Zehei Township7 4311 3541 1622 5162 5162 5162 5162 516Zhuanlong Town8 7091 6072 3763 9833 9833 9833 9833 983Wumeng Township4 3988731 7622 6352 6352 6352 6352 635Xueshan Township2 9181391 6791 8181 8181 8181 8181 818Total116 21324 10030 70154 80154 80154 80154 80154 801

3.2PovertyalleviationeffectofdilapidatedbuildingreconstructionprojectDue to the restriction of topographic conditions in alpine and gorge area and many other aspects, Luquan County is not only faced with a large number of dilapidated houses, but also difficult to rebuild dilapidated houses. The cost of implementation is high, it is the most difficult "hard bone" to gnaw in the battle against poverty. Under the correct leadership and strong support of the provincial party committee and the Kunming municipal party committee and municipal government, Luquan County has made the whole county’s efforts to fight poverty by solving the rural housing problem, improve the rural human settlements environment, and ensure the housing safety of the rural masses. It seizes the opportunity, adapts measures to local conditions, covers the whole region, makes every effort to tackle key problems, coordinates the comprehensive upgrading of rural human settlements, and actively explores a precise model for the transformation of dilapidated rural houses to combat poverty, having achieved remarkable results in helping the poor. A total of 54 801 households’ dilapidated houses in rural areas were renovated in 2017 and 2018. In addition, 9 669 households’ dilapidated houses were renovated in 2016, and a total of 64 470 households’ dilapidated houses in rural areas were renovated in the past three years (2016-2018), thus achieving full coverage of dilapidated housing renovations in rural areas. According to the Housing and Urban-Rural Development Department, the housing of 91586 registered poor people in the county (including 55 148 poor people shaking off poverty in 2018) has reached the standard of "safe and stable, sheltered from wind and rain" as stipulated in the industry’s policy. It accords with the standard of "no grade C, D dilapidated housing, shelter from wind and rain, and overall basically safe housing structure system" in the exit assessment of poor counties. Moreover, because the renovation of dilapidated houses in Luquan County covers all rural households in the county (including registered poor households and unregistered households), it has effectively solved the housing safety problems related to the rural masses in the whole county, and has improved the rural living environment in an all-round way and improved the backward appearance of the village. This has provided a basic guarantee for the county to win the overall situation of a well-off society in an all-round way, improve the well-being of the people, and ensure the safety of the lives and property of the peasant masses, thus greatly enhancing the mass satisfaction and recognition of the work of fighting poverty. The sense of achievement of the masses has also been enhanced.

Combined with industrial poverty alleviation, education poverty alleviation, health poverty alleviation and other precision poverty alleviation measures, Luquan County has won a decisive victory in the fight against poverty. As of the end of December 2018, 25 236 households (89 355 people) were lifted out of poverty and only 847 households (2 231 people) remained in poverty, and the incidence of poverty dropped to 0.54%, down 21.67 percentage points from 22.21% in 2015. 115 poor villages (including 83 deeply poor villages) have met the criteria for the exit of poor villages and have successfully exited from poverty (Table 2).

Table2Comparisonofpovertyincidencebetween2018and2015inLuquanCounty

Township (Town)Accumulative total number ofpoor people in the past yearsNumber ofhouseholdsNumber ofpeopleAgriculturalhouseholdpopulation atthe end of 2014Incidence ofpoverty in2015∥%Number of people not liftedout of poverty at the end of 2018Number ofhouseholdsNumber ofpeopleIncidence ofpoverty atthe end of2018∥%Total numberof poor villages(including deeplypoor villages)Total number ofvillages liftedout of poverty bythe end of 2018Pingshan residential district1 1133 93440 3739.74561540.3822Cuihua Town2 7769 57535 98926.611132690.751212Jiulong Town2 3107 99242 48018.811042760.651212Maoshan Town1 6545 56035 73415.56922020.5744Yunlong Township7872 4929 61725.9112290.3066Tuanjie Town5091 59824 2946.5821510.2111Zhongping Town1 5215 36518 00229.8028740.4188Sayingpan Town1 9216 24043 90314.211042680.6155Jiaopingdu Town1 5585 74021 67726.48391180.5455Tanglang Township1 5075 45213 82039.4520510.3799Malutang Township1 5505 01319 38725.86361010.5288Wudongde Town1 9576 63015 77642.0330770.4988Zehei Township2 0747 80427 61428.26511520.551111Zhuanlong Town2 3058 33534 22224.36822260.6699Wumeng Township1 1744 54517 63325.7835960.5488Xueshan Township1 3675 31111 80245.0024870.7477Total 26 08391 586412 32622.2184722310.54115115

4 Characteristics and highlights

4.1ScientificidentificationandprecisionidentificationLuquan County pays close attention to the goal of comprehensively eliminating dilapidated houses in rural areas, adheres to the principle of "thorough search, comprehensive identification, and accurate identification" and sets up strong county-level expert groups, township-level guidance groups, village-level task forces, and villagers’ working groups. According to theTechnicalGuidelinesfortheIdentificationofdilapidatedBuildingsinRuralAreasformulated by the Ministry of Housing[2]and Urban-Rural Development andTechnicalGuidelinesfortheIdentificationofRuraldilapidatedBuildingsofYunnanProvincialDepartmentofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment[6], it scientifically investigates the risk levels of houses and accurately identifies the present situation of dilapidated houses in counties, comprehensively grasps the number of dilapidated houses, and realizes that no information is missing. In the course of comprehensive arrangement, and identification, it closely focuses on the five key parts of rural houses: appearance, foundation, roof, wall, and column. It checks the standard table to find out the hidden trouble points. The rural house with perfect structure, local danger and damaged appearance is classified as grade C dilapidated house, and the rural house with imperfect structure, unstable foundation and cracking wall is classified as grade D dilapidated house, to ensure accurate identification without errors.

4.2Implementaionaccordingtoclassificationtoavoidlarge-scaledemolitionandconstructionOn the basis of scientific identification and accurate identification of the grade of dilapidated houses (grade C, D), the strategy of "putting emphasis on the actual effect and implementing in accordance with the classification of houses" is adopted to reasonably determine the concrete renovation mode of dilapidated houses. Usually, C dilapidated buildings are renovated by repair and reinforcement, while D dilapidated buildings are often demolished and rebuilt. In order to promote the way of low-cost transformation and effectively avoid returning to poverty caused by the construction of houses, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (2017) clearly stipulates: "In principle, C dilapidated houses must be strengthened and renovated, and qualified D dilapidated buildings must be encouraged to be safe and strengthened"[3]. Yunnan Province (2017) also stipulates: "C dilapidated buildings in principle shall adopt the way of reinforcement and transformation." If the D dilapidated buildings can meet the seismic requirements through reinforcement and transformation, the reinforcement and transformation mode shall be adopted; if it fails to meet the seismic requirements through reinforcement and reconstruction, it shall be dismantled and rebuilt "[7]. To this end, Luquan County accurately grasps the policy of renovating dilapidated houses by the state and Yunnan Province, based on the county’s situation, in line with the principle of "strengthening and repairing as much as possible, and earnestly avoiding large-scale demolition and construction". In order to meet the requirements of safe and stable housing, the D dilapidated houses in the county are strengthened and repaired as far as possible, so as to make the village look new, not only retaining the style and features of the traditional folk houses, but also preserving the style and features of the traditional dwellings and achieving the goal of safety and stability after the renovation of the house.

4.3Emphasison"3-coordinates"toensurequalityandsavecostLuquan County highlights the "3-coordinates" (coordinating funds, coordinating building materials and coordinating construction forces), and makes efforts to promote the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas of the county. By coordinating the investment of funds, it effectively solves the funding gap for the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas. In the aspect of coordinating the supply of building materials, it adopts the method of unified purchase and supply, and provides rural households having dilapidated housing with cement, steel, bricks, sand and stone materials and other building materials at a price far lower than market rates. The tiles, wood and other building materials that can be reused in demolition and reconstruction will be used for the second time to repair and reinforce houses, so as to further reduce the burden on poor households. Through the coordination of construction forces, it ensures that there are sufficient forces in the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas. At the same time, it implements craftsman management to ensure that every village has a technician who is familiar with the work flow and technical specifications for the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, so as to effectively ensure the quality of the renovation of dilapidated houses.

4.4Increasingnoeconomicburdenonpoorhouseholdswhilegivingfarmers’income-generatingopportunitiesThe transformation of dilapidated houses in Luquan County does not increase the economic burden on poor households from beginning to end, and even actively gives farmers income-generating opportunities to increase farmers’ income, thus effectively avoiding returning to poverty due to housing construction. First, Luquan County fully mobilizes the enthusiasm of farmers, actively advocates and encourages the rural households involved in renovation of dilapidated houses to actively participate in the renovation work, and to earn more than 1 000 yuan of labor income (that is, labor remuneration) through labor. Second, by providing catering services to the construction team organized by counties and townships, the rural households involved in renovation of dilapidated houses can collect appropriate catering service fees to promote farmers’ income.

5 Successful experience

5.1Thehigherpartycommittees,governmentsandcompetentdepartmentsattachgreatimportancetoit,whichisthepremiseandguaranteeforthesuccessofthedilapidatedhouserenovationprojectUnder the unified deployment of the state and Yunnan Province, the Kunming Municipal CPC Committee and the Municipal Government attach great importance to the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas. In Article 28 of theDetailedRulesfortheImplementationoftheResponsibilitySystemforFightingPovertyinKunmingCity, it is specially stipulated that the county-level party committee government is responsible for completing the task of rebuilding and constructing dilapidated houses in rural areas, focusing on the registered poor households, accurately verifying the stock of dilapidated houses, coordinating and integrating funds of all types at all levels, scientifically implementing the renovation of dilapidated houses, and taking the county as the main body of implementation to comprehensively eliminate dilapidated houses in rural areas "[8]. With the strong support of Kunming municipal party committee and municipal government, the city has invested a total of 1.625 billion yuan in central and provincial funds, effectively solving the gap of funds for the renovation of rural dilapidated houses in Luquan County. In addition, Yunnan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Kunming Housing Construction Bureau specially sent professional and technical personnel to carry out careful guidance, effectively ensuring the specialization and technical sophistication of the renovation of dilapidated houses in Luquan County.

5.2Thecountypartycommitteeandcountygovernmentattachgreatimportancetoitandfocusonthepromotion,whichisthefundamentalguaranteeforthesuccessofthedilapidatedhouserenovationprojectIn view of the outstanding deficiency of the transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, Luquan County party committee and county government have attached great importance to it. Since the beginning of 2017, the "dilapidated house reconstruction" has been promoted as a key project for the whole county to win the battle against poverty, with the full participation of the whole county. First, cadres and workers at all levels in the county have participated in the "dilapidated house reconstruction" project, supervising and promoting the poor households to actively carry out the renovation of dilapidated houses, and the commanders of each anti-poverty zone are fully responsible for the "dilapidated house reconstruction" in their villages and towns. Second, the executive deputy county magistrate of the county government is personally responsible for the work of "dilapidated house reconstruction", and holds a weekly scheduling meeting on "dilapidated house reconstruction" in various forms in order to find problems, analyze causes, strengthen measures, and make every effort to promote it. Third, since the comprehensive anti-poverty work was carried out in 2016, the weekly anti-poverty meeting has highlighted the work of "dilapidated house reconstruction" and promptly reported the progress of "dilapidated house reconstruction" and made careful arrangements and deployment for the work of "dilapidated house reconstruction". It has effectively guaranteed the smooth implementation of the "dilapidated house reconstruction" project in the whole county.

5.3Activelycarryingoutallkindsofbusinesstrainingandpolicytraining,whichisthekeylinkforthesmoothimplementationofthedilapidatedhousereconstructionprojectIn order to carry out the reconstruction project of rural dilapidated houses smoothly, Luquan County attaches great importance to it and actively organizes and carries out all kinds of business training and policy training for the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas. In 2017, a total of 18 business training sessions were conducted for 1 850 people, while in 2018 it was mainly policy advocacy, and a total of 13 policy training sessions were organized for more than 2 000 people. The county party committee organized and arranged a lecture hall for leading cadres and a special study activity on "dilapidated house reconstruction" for 10 000 party members in party schools, and the study personnel included leading cadres at all levels and helping backbone. Through this training, cadres and helpers at all levels in the county have a clear understanding of the "dilapidated house reconstruction" policy and related business, and then carry out accurate policy propaganda and business guidance for farmers, to ensure that county, township, village committee, villagers’ group, and farmers are linked at five levels, and effectively carry out the scientific identification and accurate transformation of dilapidated houses in rural areas.

6 Lessons and references

6.1ReferencesforothercountiesThe reconstruction project of rural dilapidated houses in Luquan County is undoubtedly successful, and its characteristics and bright spots are prominent. This is the scientific identification and accurate identification of dilapidated houses. It not only retains the traditional residential style but also achieves the goal of safety and stability by reconstruction in accordance with classification of dilapidated houses, to avoid large-scale demolition and construction. It not only guarantees the quality but also saves the cost. The mode of labor participation increases no economic burden on poor households and gives farmers income-generating opportunities. These bright spots are worthy of study and can provide a reference for other poor counties in Yunnan Province and even other provinces.

6.2TherenovationmodeofdilapidatedhousesinLuquanhascertainpracticalsignificancefortheformulationofpoliciesatahigherlevelIn recent years, the successful practice of Luquan County in the transformation of rural dilapidated houses has been recognized by the provincial and municipal governments, and gradually promoted throughout the province. In October 2015, the launching ceremony of "dilapidated house reconstruction" in Kunming was held in Cuihua Town, Luquan County. From October 26 to 27, 2017, the Kunming Rural Dilapidated Building Reconstruction and Poverty Alleviation Sub-Command Post organized the "City-wide Rural Dilapidated Building Reconstruction Promotion Work and Reinforcement and Reconstruction Site Conference" in Luquan County, and studied the dilapidated house reconstruction demonstration site in Huoben Village Group, Zhongping Village Committee, Zhongping Town, Luquan County, and Benzeng Village Group, Zhilan Village Committee, Cheyingpan Town. From July 9 to 10, 2018, the "Rural Dilapidated Housing Reconstruction Site Promotion Conference" organized by the Yunnan Provincial Poverty Alleviation Leading Group was held in Luquan County, Kunming City. More than 180 responsible comrades of the party committees and government departments in charge of housing, construction and poverty alleviation in various cities and some counties throughout the province attended the meeting. During the meeting, delegates visited the dilapidated house reconstruction demonstration site in Huoben Village Group, Zhongping Village Committee, Zhongping Town, Luquan County, and Benzeng Village Group, Zhilan Village Committee, Cheyingpan Town. Since then, many counties (cities, districts) in the province have come to the dilapidated house reconstruction demonstration site of Luquan County for observation and learning.

In addition, the Research Group of the Beijing Municipal Housing and Construction Commission visited Luquan County from April 11 to 12, 2018, and went deep into Yongshan Village Group, Yongshan Village Committee, Jiaopingdu Town, Huoben Village Group, Zhongping Village Committee, Zhongping Town, Damucheng Village Group, Yunchang Village Committee, Tuanjie Town, Luquan County to investigate the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas (Fig.1-3).

On December 6, 2017, the national performance evaluation of the renovation of dilapidated rural houses was carried out on the spot on Huoben Village Group, Zhongping Village Committee, Zhongping Town, Luquan County. Wang Xudong, deputy director of the Village and Town Department of the State Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Chen Wei, director of the Rural Housing Division of the Village and Town Department, and other relevant experts gave on-site guidance and studied the work of dilapidated house reconstruction in Luquan County. It is believed that the dilapidated house reconstruction in Luquan County has been well organized, demonstrated and supervised.

Note: a. before repair and reinforcement; b. after repair and reinforcement

Fig.1RenovationofdilapidatedruralhousesinDamuchengVillageGroup,YunchangVillageCommittee,TuanjieTown,LuquanCounty

Note: a.Yanshangyan Village, Yanwa Village Committee, Pingshan residential district b.Dapingzi Village, Xueshan Township

Fig.2ThevillagestyleafterthereconstructionofruraldilapidatedbuildingsinLuquanCounty

Fig.3ThesurveyandresearchinShuguVillage