以“線(xiàn)索法”巧解“七選五”

浙江

閱讀理解“七選五”不同于傳統(tǒng)的問(wèn)答選擇型閱讀理解，其要求學(xué)生要充分理解篇章內(nèi)容，更要理解文章內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系。而供選擇的答案之間又具有迷惑性，使得學(xué)生解題有一定困難。通過(guò)摸索題目規(guī)律，筆者總結(jié)出“詞匯線(xiàn)索、邏輯線(xiàn)索和表象線(xiàn)索”，根據(jù)線(xiàn)索，順藤摸瓜，印證檢查，問(wèn)題便迎刃而解。

一、詞匯線(xiàn)索

“七選五”設(shè)空處的句子，與上下文構(gòu)成完整的段落，設(shè)題句與上下文圍繞同一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)。因此，“七選五”的解題要著重于段落或上下文，就近思考最佳選項(xiàng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)主題一致、邏輯銜接。學(xué)生應(yīng)保持對(duì)詞匯線(xiàn)索的敏感性，詞匯線(xiàn)索常有重復(fù)詞、代詞、副詞、近義詞、反義詞、同類(lèi)詞等。其中，重復(fù)詞、代詞和副詞線(xiàn)索較為常見(jiàn)，以下舉例說(shuō)明。

（一）重復(fù)詞

設(shè)題句與上下文連貫構(gòu)成完整意義，在論述中就有可能出現(xiàn)中心重復(fù)詞。重復(fù)詞的出現(xiàn)則為學(xué)生尋找合適答案提供了線(xiàn)索。

例1.[2018年北京卷]

Each person,no matter who they are,has psychological imbalances.People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry.Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition,but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.

[解題思路]53.E (Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state,where anger is in the background of your mind.) 這一段主要的關(guān)鍵詞是“personality traits”（個(gè)人性格特征）。答案E與設(shè)空處前一句中均出現(xiàn)了“personality traits”一詞， 故“personality traits”為重復(fù)詞線(xiàn)索。印證分析，前一句提到容易生氣的性格特質(zhì)，答案E“擁有這些個(gè)人性格特征意味著生氣前兆狀態(tài)”，與前一句銜接自然。故53題選E。

（二）代詞

有所指代，必有所交代。代詞為前指，即代詞所指代的內(nèi)容往往在前文有所交代。代詞在設(shè)題句里，或在設(shè)題句的后文中。

例2.[2015年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ]

Unfortunately,we've all been victim s of betrayal.Whether we've been stolen from,lied to,m isled,or cheated on,there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore.It's understandable,but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again,we have some steps you can take to get you there.

[解題思路]37.E (They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.) 答案E里的代詞“they”指代設(shè)空處前一句中的“people”，為代詞線(xiàn)索。印證分析，設(shè)空處前一句“有時(shí)候人們不再輕易相信他人了”，答案E“他們受到了深深的傷害，不能容忍它再次發(fā)生”，銜接自然。故37題選E。

（三）副詞

副詞also,even等，與前文形成邏輯銜接，表示并列、程度等。利用這些副詞的隱含邏輯關(guān)系，可以找出設(shè)空處的最佳答案。

例3.[2016年四川卷]They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example：women,on average,get fewer colds than men.

[解題思路]39.C (Women are also helped by their female genes.) 答案C中的“also”為副詞線(xiàn)索。印證分析，39題上文提到，女人受益于they （hormones）（荷爾蒙），比男人感冒要少。答案C“女人也受益于他們的雌性基因”，與上文“受益于荷爾蒙”并列，銜接自然。故39題選C。

二、邏輯線(xiàn)索

小句關(guān)系指句子呈現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇環(huán)境中與其他句子建立起來(lái)的意義聯(lián)絡(luò)，是作者與讀者在語(yǔ)篇交互平臺(tái)上對(duì)話(huà)語(yǔ)意義單位的靜態(tài)建構(gòu)與組合。根據(jù)小句間的邏輯語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)“承上啟下”的原則，學(xué)生可以借助句子之間的解釋關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等邏輯線(xiàn)索，快速找到合適的句子填入設(shè)空處。

（一）解釋關(guān)系

設(shè)空處的語(yǔ)句，與上一句或下一句形成解釋關(guān)系，即兩句在一定程度上表達(dá)相同或相近的意思，形成相互解釋、支撐的關(guān)系，可表示為A=B的關(guān)系。

例4.[2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ]

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.Code breaking never lags（落后）far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

[解題思路]36.D (As long as there have been codes,people have tried to break them) 。答案D “只要有密碼，人們就嘗試破解密碼”與后一句“破解密碼從不落后于設(shè)置密碼”為解釋關(guān)系，后一句是對(duì)前一句的進(jìn)一步解釋。故36題選D。

（二）例證關(guān)系

例證關(guān)系是兩句之間存在用具體實(shí)例證明、說(shuō)明觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)系。通常情況下，設(shè)題句為觀點(diǎn)，具體實(shí)例的句子含有for example（例如）,such as（比如）等詞匯。

例5.[2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ]

There are three main types of cryptography.For example,the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me.”

[解題思路]37.E (You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out) 。設(shè)空處后一句為實(shí)例，“My elephant eats too many eels”的首字母就拼出了“Meet me”這一隱藏起來(lái)的信息。實(shí)例正是對(duì)E 選項(xiàng)中的觀點(diǎn)的說(shuō)明：“你可以用每個(gè)單詞的首字母拼寫(xiě)出一條信息，以此來(lái)隱藏它?！?。故37題選E。

（三）因果關(guān)系

因果關(guān)系是前后兩句為原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)系。兩句在位置關(guān)系上，為前因后果或前果后因。設(shè)題句有可能為原因，也有可能為結(jié)果。標(biāo)志性詞匯有so（因此）,therefore（因此）,as a result（結(jié)果）,consequently（因此）,because of （由于）,due to（由于）等；標(biāo)志性句型有The reason why...is that...，That's why +結(jié)果，That's because +原因等。

例6.[2017年北京卷]

One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.We know that,while awake,fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing（加強(qiáng)）connections between brain cells,but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.

[解題思路]72.E (That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning) 。設(shè)空處前一句“一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，睡眠幫助我們鞏固新的記憶”為原因，答案E（如果學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)后有機(jī)會(huì)睡覺(jué)，他們會(huì)做得更好。）為結(jié)果，答案E與前一句形成前因后果的關(guān)系。故72題選E。

（四）轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系是設(shè)題句與前一句或后一句形成相反或?qū)Ρ鹊倪壿嬯P(guān)系。這類(lèi)題中表現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞常有but（但是）,however（然而）,instead（代替，而不是）,though（然而，不過(guò)）,otherw ise（否則）等。

例7.[2018年北京卷]

[解題思路]55.D (Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry) 。由銜接詞“However”可知，設(shè)空處內(nèi)容應(yīng)與后一句內(nèi)容相反，答案D“發(fā)怒是一種特別強(qiáng)烈的情感，或許人們認(rèn)為憤怒是情有可原的”，與后一句“但憤怒很容易轉(zhuǎn)為暴力，最好要了解出現(xiàn)憤怒的原因，以便阻止憤怒發(fā)生”形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，銜接自然。故55題選D。

三、表象線(xiàn)索

通過(guò)觀察篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)題特點(diǎn)，由表象特征即可預(yù)測(cè)答案。這些表象線(xiàn)索常有小標(biāo)題、主題句、位置（總起）、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等。下面舉例說(shuō)明。

“總 — 分”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，由小標(biāo)題引領(lǐng)各部分。如設(shè)空處恰好處于小標(biāo)題的位置，則該處應(yīng)為一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。而小標(biāo)題的供選項(xiàng)一般為祈使句，相對(duì)于其他選項(xiàng)，句子較短，特征較為突出。一個(gè)小標(biāo)題常有兩個(gè)供選項(xiàng)，其中一個(gè)為迷惑選項(xiàng)，通常也是最終多余的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之一，不會(huì)是任何題的答案。小標(biāo)題線(xiàn)索題目較為明顯，學(xué)生容易發(fā)現(xiàn)小標(biāo)題的特征，題目較為簡(jiǎn)單，學(xué)生可優(yōu)先做該題。

例8.[2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ]

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers,patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）.However,there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.

● Recall（回憶）your childhood memories

（一）小標(biāo)題

Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood....

[解題思路]37.A (Know why you garden) 。該處應(yīng)是一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。觀察選項(xiàng)，A和B (Find a good place for your own garden) 為祈使句，符合小標(biāo)題的特征。分析下文，38設(shè)空處之前列舉了一些人的觀點(diǎn)，38設(shè)空處之后提到“other reasons that might explain why you want to garden”，由此，可以推斷出本段的主旨：你要知道自己為什么要種植花木。故37題選A。而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)為最終多余的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之一。

（二）主題句

從上下文看，如果每個(gè)項(xiàng)目或要點(diǎn)由一個(gè)主題句引領(lǐng)，其中某個(gè)要點(diǎn)的首句為設(shè)題句，則該處應(yīng)為主題句。

例9.[2017年浙江卷]

● Hit the streets with confidence.Say,“Excuse me,I work for XYZ News,and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.”This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.

● Move on to the next person if someone tells you she is not interested in talking on camera.Don't get discouraged.

[解題思路]34.A (Lim it your time.) 從實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)看，每段單獨(dú)成項(xiàng)。再看33設(shè)空處前，有主題句。因此，34設(shè)空處應(yīng)為主題句。再根據(jù)34設(shè)空處后面的第一句話(huà)和后面內(nèi)容可知，這段主要是關(guān)于限制時(shí)間的。故34題選A。

（三）位置（總起）

設(shè)題句在文章開(kāi)頭，往往起到總起作用，引領(lǐng)下文。所選答案的語(yǔ)句通常為：“Follow ing is the advice on how to...”“Here are a few tips to...”“The follow ing steps may help you to...”。而下文內(nèi)容正是這些“advice”，“tips”，“steps”的具體內(nèi)容。

例10.[2018年浙江卷]

M oving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course,you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.

Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property （房產(chǎn)）neat,clean,and in good repair...

[解題思路]31.G (Here are a few tips to help you w in over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.)設(shè)題句為該段的最后一句。由下文可知，內(nèi)容為如何保持良好鄰里關(guān)系的幾條建議。因此，設(shè)題句應(yīng)為總領(lǐng)下文內(nèi)容的句子。故31題選G。

（四）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

如果設(shè)空處后面是逗號(hào)，則該處填入的句子應(yīng)為“未完待續(xù)”的句子；如果設(shè)空處前面是逗號(hào)，則該處填入的句子的首字母應(yīng)為小寫(xiě)（專(zhuān)有名詞除外）。

例11.[2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ]

Color is fundamental in home design—something you'll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you'll love to live in.Do you want a room that's full of life? Professional?Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years,there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.，they can get a little complex.But good new s is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

[解題思路]36.B (Whatever you're looking for) ；37.A (While all of them are useful)。由36、37設(shè)空處后為逗號(hào)可知，這兩個(gè)設(shè)空處應(yīng)填入不完整的句子，即選項(xiàng)A、B和C (If you're experimenting with a color)，三選二，有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為最終多余選項(xiàng)之一。36設(shè)空處前幾句提出三個(gè)問(wèn)題，因此36設(shè)空處的句子應(yīng)該對(duì)上文的問(wèn)題做出回應(yīng)，B選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境，且B選項(xiàng)中的“l(fā)ooking for”為原詞再現(xiàn)。37設(shè)空處的上句指出，有很多不同的技巧幫助設(shè)計(jì)者達(dá)到這重要的一點(diǎn)。本句應(yīng)該對(duì)這些技巧作出回應(yīng)，A選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境，且A選項(xiàng)中的“all of them”指代上句中的“different techniques”。故36題選B， 37題選A。

以上為“七選五”中常見(jiàn)的解題線(xiàn)索，值得注意的是，這些線(xiàn)索只是幫助學(xué)生快速鎖定預(yù)選答案。學(xué)生還需要把預(yù)選答案代入設(shè)空處，通讀上下文，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言邏輯和銜接性進(jìn)行印證，判斷選擇最終答案。另外，線(xiàn)索有時(shí)候也會(huì)把學(xué)生引入誤導(dǎo)項(xiàng)。如根據(jù)重復(fù)詞線(xiàn)索鎖定預(yù)選答案，但此選項(xiàng)可能恰恰是出題者設(shè)置的誤導(dǎo)項(xiàng)或陷阱。因此，解答“七選五”如同破案，線(xiàn)索為我所用，但要檢查、證實(shí)，才能選出正確答案。