◎規(guī)則梳理
一、“元音字母+r”音節(jié)
由“元音字母+r”所構(gòu)成的音節(jié)一共有五個(gè),即ar、 er、 ir、 or和ur。它們?cè)趩卧~中的讀音規(guī)則如下:
1.ar的讀音
① ar一般讀作/ɑ /。例如:
hard /hɑ d/, garden/? ɡɑ dn/, market/? mɑ k t/, park /pɑ k/, farm/fɑ m/, smart/smɑ t/, scarf/skɑ f/
②在音素/w/之后,ar讀作/ /。例如:
war/w (r)/, warm/w m/, warmth/w mθ/,
warn/w n/
③在非重讀音節(jié)中,ar讀作/ /。例如:
dollar/? d l (r)/, popular/? p pj l (r)/, sugar
/? ? 尬ɡ (r)/, similar/? s m l (r)/
2.er的讀音
①在重讀音節(jié)中,er讀作長(zhǎng)元音/ /。例如:
her/h ( ) /, dessert/d z t /, prefer/pr f (r)/, person/? p sn/, service/? s v s/
【特例】在單詞clerk中,er讀作 /ɑ /。
②在非重讀音節(jié)中,er讀作短元音/ /。例如:
answer/? ɑ ns (r)/, computer/k m? pju t (r)/, daughter/? d t (r)/, concert/? k ns t/, shower
/? ? a (r)/, exercise/? eks sa z/, never/? nev (r)/,
percent/p ? sent/, proper/? pr p (r)/, sister/? s st (r)/
3.ir的讀音
一般情況下,ir都讀作長(zhǎng)元音的/ :/。例如:
bird/b d/, dirty/? d ti/, first/f st/, shirt/? 誻 t/, thirty/? θ ti/, birthday/? b θde /, girl/ɡ l/, sir/s (r)/
4.or的讀音
①在重讀音節(jié)中,or常讀作/ /。例如:
sport/sp t/, morning/? m n 耷/, born/b n/,
important/ m? p tnt/, north/n θ/
【特例】airport中的or在非重讀音節(jié)里,但也發(fā)/ /。
②在音素/w/之后,or讀作長(zhǎng)元音/ /。例如:
word/w d/, worse/w s/, worker/? w k (r)/, world/w ld/, worth/w θ/
③在非重讀音節(jié)中,or發(fā)短元音的/ /。例如:
color/? k l (r)/, actor/? ?覸kt (r)/, neighborhood
/? ne b h d/, forget/f ? ɡet/
5.ur的讀音
①在重讀音節(jié)中,ur讀作長(zhǎng)元音/ /。例如:
Thursday/? θ zde /, survey/? s ve /, turkey
/? t ki/, nurse/n s/, purple/? p pl/,
②在非重讀音節(jié)中,ur讀作短元音/ /。例如:
Saturday/? s?覸t de /, surpised/s ? pra zd/,
yogurt/? j ɡ t/
【注意】當(dāng)元音字母后面有兩個(gè)r時(shí),我們不能把其中的“元音字母+r”看作?鄄r音節(jié),而只能當(dāng)作元音字母在重讀閉音節(jié)中的發(fā)音,因此hurry中的u讀
/ /、carrot 中的a讀/?覸/、sorry中的o讀 / /、worry中的o讀/ /。
二、“元音字母組合+ r”音節(jié)
由“元音字母組合+r”所構(gòu)成的音節(jié)常見的有七個(gè),即air、ear、eer、eir、oar、oor和our。它們?cè)趩卧~中的讀音規(guī)則如下:
1.air 常讀作/e /。例如:
airport/? e p t/, chair/t? e (r)/, pair/pe (r)/,
repair/r pe (r)/, fair/fe (r)/, stair(樓梯)/ste (r)/
2.ear常讀作/ /,有時(shí)也讀作/ /或者/e /。例如:
dear/d (r)/, near/n /, early/? li/, learn/l n/,
research/r s t? /, bear/be (r)/, wear/we (r)/
【特例】在單詞heart中,ear讀作/ɑ /。
3.eer常讀作/ /。例如:
beer/b (r)/, deer/d (r)/, volunteer/?謣v l n? t (r)/, engineer/?謣end?廾 n (r)/, cheer/t? 奘 (r)/, peer/p (r)/
4.eir常讀作/e /,偶爾讀作/ /。例如:
their/?奩e (r) /, heirship(繼承權(quán))/? e ? 奘p/, weir(攔河壩)/w (r) /,keir(染缸)/k /
5.oar常讀作/ /。例如:
board /b d/, aboard(在船上;在飛機(jī)上)/ ? b d/, coarse(粗糙的;粗俗的)/k s/
6.oor常讀作/ /。例如:
floor/fl (r)/, door/d /, moor(荒野)/m (r)/
7.our通常讀作/ /,有時(shí)也讀作/a /或/ /。例如:
four/f (r)/, fourteen/?謣f ti n/, pour/p (r)/, your
/j (r)/, yours/j z/, yourself/j ? self/, our/? a (r)/, hour/? a (r)/, tour/t (r)/
三、“元音字母+re”音節(jié)
由“元音字母+re”所構(gòu)成的音節(jié)一共有五個(gè),即are、ere、ire、ore和ure。它們?cè)趩卧~中的讀音規(guī)則如下:
1.are通常讀作/e /,有時(shí)也讀作/e r/。例如:
care/ke (r)/, share/? e (r)/, spare/spe (r)/, dare/de (r)/, parent/? pe r nt/
【特例】單詞are讀作/ɑ /或者/ /。
2.ere通常發(fā)/e /,有時(shí)也讀作/ /。例如:
there/?奩e (r)/, where/we (r)/, here /h /, fere(伴侶)/f /
3.ire常讀作/a /。例如:
tired/? ta d/, fire/fa (r)/, admire(欽佩;贊美)
/ d? ma (r)/, ceasefire(?;?;停戰(zhàn))/? si:sfa (r)/
4.ore一般只讀作/ /。例如:
before/b f (r)/, store/st (r)/, more/m (r)/, bore/b (r)/, chore/t? 蘅 (r)/, sore/s (r)/
5.ure在重讀音節(jié)中常讀作雙元音/ /,在非重讀音節(jié)中卻發(fā)短音/ /。例如:
sure/? 尬 (r)/, ensure/ n? ? 尬 (r)/, picture/? p kt? (r)/, lecture/? lekt? (r)/, temperature/? tempr t? (r)/
◎?qū)m?xiàng)小練
根據(jù)r音節(jié)的一般讀音規(guī)律,給出下列單詞中畫線部分的讀音。
1.pork 2.hard 3.short
4.term 5.later 6.forward
7.chair 8.daughter 9.dear
10.earth 11.pioneer 12.course
13.party 14.towards 15.hair
16.dare 17.more 18.pleasure
19.work 20.doctor 21.thirsty
22.where 23.culture 24.fear
25.grammar 26.keyboard 27.score
28.skirt
(答案見第64頁(yè))