國家軍事博物館，蘇斯特貝赫，荷蘭

建筑設計：菲利克斯·克勞斯-迪克·范·瓦格寧根建筑事務所

1 外景/Exterior view

2 總平面/Site plan

設計國家軍事博物館被視為是一項敏感的任務。博物館必須吸引公眾，以引人入勝的方式讓參觀者意識到軍事力量的重要性。同時，它應該避免對暴力的迷戀，否則將快速引發(fā)人們對戰(zhàn)爭的指控。建筑和博物館管理部門需表現(xiàn)出透明度和克制，并對軍事功績的堅持和無畏流露一定程度的自豪感。樂于運用科技以及對大型空間姿態(tài)的敏感把握，讓菲利克斯·克勞斯-迪克·范·瓦格寧根建筑事務所為這棟建筑找到了完美的平衡點。

博物館需要更多空間展示軍事材料，而非陳列繪畫和圖紙。昔日的蘇斯特貝赫空軍基地坐落在烏得勒支嶺的坡地景觀上，離荷蘭的中心不遠，為該項目提供了空間。博物館的屋頂是一條貫穿該景觀的水平線，由長250m、寬110m的鋼結構組成。建筑內(nèi)的黑色箱體與立面上的承重柱一同支撐起跨度達85m的屋頂。周圍的窗戶寬5m，高13m。噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機懸掛在大廳里，仿佛他們正在參與戰(zhàn)斗一般。

路德維?！っ芩埂し病さ铝_式的美國和貴族風格、會議大廳務實的混凝土、鋼和玻璃均成為了這座建筑的靈感源泉，不禁讓人想起工程隊建造橋梁的情景。□ （呂德·布勞韋斯 文，王單單 譯）

3 夜景/Exterior view at night

A National Military Museum is a delicate task.It needs to be an attractive museum to the public that creates an engaging way to make its visitors be aware of the military force's significance.At the same time, any sense of fascination for violence should be avoided, since this will quickly result in accusations of warmongering.The building and museum management needs to project transparency and restraint, as well as a certain degree of pride in the persistence and fearlessness of the military feats. With pleasure in the use of technology and sensitivity for large spatial gestures, Felix Claus Dick van Wageningen Architecten found the perfect balance for the building.

Much more space is needed for showing military materials, than to display paintings and drawings. The former air base Soesterberg in the sloping landscape of the Utrechtse Heuvelrug,not far from centre of the Netherlands, provides room for this project. The roof of the museum is a horizontal line crossing the landscape, composed by a steel structure of 250 metres long and 110 metres wide. A black box unit in the building and load-bearing columns in the facade support the roof that spans 85 metres. The surrounding windows are 5 metres wide and 13 metres high. Jet fighters hang suspended in the hall as if they are engaging in combat.

Ludwig Mies van der Rowe's America and the aristocratic, no-nonsense concrete, steel and glass of convention halls served as the building's inspirational source. It automatically reminds of an engineering corps building bridges.□ (Text by Ruud Brouwers, Translated from Dutch by Li-Anne Krol,Proofread by Rens van Hedel)

4 內(nèi)景/Interior view

評論

史洋：荷蘭國家軍事博物館是一個典型的巨構建筑，一個長250m與寬110m的桁架結構大屋頂，覆蓋了整個博物館，包括它的室內(nèi)部分和室外展覽部分都統(tǒng)一歸納在一個屋檐下。這令人想起了密斯在柏林的國立美術館設計，那座玻璃和鋼鐵混合的巨型雕塑——追求理性與極簡，功能主義至上。博物館巨大的屋頂托起了一個開闊的室內(nèi)空間，就像在一個城市中涵蓋了各個時代的軍事產(chǎn)物。

從巨大的漂浮屋面到最小的細枝末節(jié)，該建筑特別注重其建造與節(jié)點，尤其是對工業(yè)化節(jié)點的處理，似乎都在為實現(xiàn)建筑的純粹性而力求精益求精，最大程度地體現(xiàn)軍事工程的精細度，將工業(yè)美學發(fā)展到極致。以至于放入的軍事展品均被建筑所映襯，從而顯示出當代藝術品的特征。

李文麗：蘇斯特貝赫軍事博物館的設計，在講述航空技術與國家軍事戰(zhàn)爭的故事中，增加了個體的視野與自然兩個維度，超越了宏大敘事及其審美。個體經(jīng)驗的真實感受，以及環(huán)境作為展品的尺度與環(huán)境參照，使參觀者獲得兩種相互支持與沖突的體驗。由二層進入結合虛擬技術的小展廳，再到達地面開放展廳的觀展路線，宏觀與微觀交替的觀展過程，使個體逐漸靠近、理解和想象高度專業(yè)化的航空知識和戰(zhàn)爭這一嚴肅主題。另一方面，桁架結構所形成的屋頂懸挑和架空展廳，使個體獲得自然的開闊視野與在場感。高度契合的空間與展品，得益于博物館設計、運營與維護三者結合的機制。

5 地下一層/B1 plan

6 二層平面/1st plan

7 剖面/Section

Comments

SHI Yang:The National Military Museum of the Netherlands is a typical mega-structure, with a 250 metres long and 110 metres wide truss structured roof covering the entire museum, including its indoor and outdoor exhibition under one roof. It's reminiscent of Mies's design of National Gallery of Art in Berlin, a huge sculpture of glass and steel – in pursuit of rationality, minimalism, and the supremacy of functionalism. The museum's huge roof holds up an open interior space, like a city that covers military products of all ages.

From the huge floating roof to the smallest detail,the building pays special attention to its construction and joints, especially the treatment of the industrial joints, which seems to be giving the best efforts to achieve the purity of architecture, maximizing the fineness of military engineering, and developing industrial aesthetics to the extreme. In the end,all the military exhibits represent the features of contemporary art with the building at the background(Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

LI Wenli:The design of the museum has tried to present the grand narratives of the aviation technology and nation military in different perspectives, one from the view of individual essence, and meanwhile, the nature as the reference. The experience of contradiction is realised by the exhibition route, which is organised from the smaller space on the first floor, and then move to open space on the ground floor. The openness is formulated by the raised and hanged roof structure that provided an open view to the surroundings, which has intensified the individual presence. The success do depend on the close corporation between the design,operation and exhibition maintenance.

8 內(nèi)景/Interior views

9 內(nèi)景/Interior views

10 內(nèi)景/Interior views

11 內(nèi)景/Interior views

12 內(nèi)景/Interior views

13 內(nèi)景/Interior views

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Heijmans NV for Rijksgebouwendienst and Department of Defense

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: Felix Claus, Dick van Wageningen

設計團隊/Design Team: Jeroen Schoots, Qing Chen, Sander Monteiro, Brigitte Kwa, Stefhan Broekema, Hans Tabak,Nick van Harmelen, John Bosch, Jelle van den Heuvel, Jan Kerkhoff, Marc van Broekhuijsen, Hilmar Goedhart

景觀設計/Landscape Architect: H+N+S

展陳設計/Exhibition Design: Kossmann. deJong

總建筑面積/Gross Floor Area: 39,500m2

基地面積/Site Area: 450,000m2

任務分配/Date Assignment: 2011.01

竣工時間/Completion: 2014.09

建筑造價/Building Costs: €56,000,000 （不含稅，不

含場地及展覽/excl tax & excl site and exhibitions），€74,000,000 （不含稅，含場地及展覽/excl tax/incl site and exhibitions）

繪圖/Drawings: Felix Claus Dick van Wageningen Architecten

攝影/Photos: Christian Richters

14 草圖/Sketchs