荷蘭最高法院，海牙，荷蘭

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：卡恩建筑事務(wù)所

1 外景/Exterior view

2 鳥(niǎo)瞰/Look down from above

荷蘭最高法院是荷蘭民事、刑事和稅法領(lǐng)域的最高刑事法院。它的首要任務(wù)是翻案。君主立憲制的荷蘭采用立法、行政和司法三權(quán)分立的制度。根據(jù)這一概念，司法管轄權(quán)是公開(kāi)的。

基于司法管轄權(quán)的這一公共屬性，法院建筑需向公眾開(kāi)放，提供法庭公眾席及其前方的等候區(qū)等公共設(shè)施。另一方面，法院大樓必須保證安全。對(duì)于那些需要高度集中注意力且極具保密性質(zhì)的工作，法院應(yīng)為其提供絕佳的工作環(huán)境。此類相互矛盾的性質(zhì)卻成為了卡恩建筑事務(wù)所的靈感來(lái)源。

這座新建筑長(zhǎng)104m，寬22m，高27m，已完美地與海牙歷史悠久且典雅的市中心相融合。整齊的懸鈴樹(shù)與6尊置于基座上的法學(xué)家青銅像在大樓前開(kāi)辟出一條寬敞的“陽(yáng)關(guān)大道”。入口大廳猶如從堅(jiān)石中鑿出，形成了水晶般的上部結(jié)構(gòu)。這一看似對(duì)立的風(fēng)格正如最高法院自身的工作內(nèi)容一般：開(kāi)放卻隱秘、華麗卻樸實(shí)、厚重卻空靈、粗獷卻不失精致。所有具備這些特性的日常事務(wù)，均由最高法院以清晰的思路做出判決。法院大樓錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的細(xì)節(jié)與用材以及經(jīng)由控制與過(guò)濾的天窗采光，共同闡釋了荷蘭是一個(gè)民主與憲法制度的國(guó)家?！?（呂德·布勞韋斯 文，王單單 譯）

3 置于基座上的法學(xué)家青銅像/legal scholars in bronze seated on pedestals

The Supreme Court is the highest judiciary court in the fields of civil, criminal and tax law in the Netherlands. Its most important task is cassation.The Dutch constitutional state is based on the trias politica, the concept of separating power into three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary branch. In accordance with this notion, the jurisdiction is public.

Given the public nature of jurisdiction, court buildings need to be accessible to the public and provide facilities for the public such as visitors galleries in the courtrooms and waiting areas in front of them. On the other hand, court premises need to be safe and provide excellent conditions for work that requires a high degree of concentration and takes place behind closed doors. These and other contradictions served as the source of inspiration for KAAN Architecten.

The new building has been decidedly integrated into the elegant historic city centre of The Hague,104metres long, 22metres deep and 27metres tall.The plane trees and six legal scholars in bronze seated on pedestals make for a wide "gateway" in front of the building. The entrance hall appears to be hewn from a solid block of stone, giving rise to a crystalline superstructure. This contradiction seems to reflect the work of the Supreme Court itself.Open and closed, distinguished and functional, hard and ethereal, rough and refined – all exist alongside routine, everyday matters, on which the Supreme Court passes its judgments with great clarity of mind. The building with its intricate details and materials, as well as the controlled and filtered light intensity through the roof lights, serve to illustrate the Netherlands as a democratic and constitutional country. □ (Text by Ruud Brouwers, Translated from Dutch by Li-Anne Krol, Proofread by Rens van Hedel)

4 首層平面/Ground floor plan

5 四層平面/3rd floor plan

6 剖面/Section

評(píng)論

朱亦民：為了更好地理解這棟建筑的設(shè)計(jì)，需要從阿姆斯特丹這個(gè)城市的角度進(jìn)行討論。阿姆斯特丹被美國(guó)著名的城市歷史學(xué)家劉易斯·芒福德譽(yù)為擁有世界上最好規(guī)劃的城市，城市內(nèi)遍布的運(yùn)河和街巷及兩側(cè)傳統(tǒng)建筑一起構(gòu)建出帶有良好尺度的公共空間。運(yùn)河兩側(cè)的傳統(tǒng)建筑一般4層高，底部3層為住家和商業(yè)，最上面一層是倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，建筑各層高度并不一致，而是根據(jù)實(shí)際需要進(jìn)行變化，但在街道立面上，各個(gè)單獨(dú)建筑的開(kāi)窗和層高均保持一致。從這個(gè)大背景出發(fā)，就可以理解這個(gè)法院的設(shè)計(jì)意圖：底部實(shí)體高度與運(yùn)河邊上傳統(tǒng)4層建筑相一致，立面上也采用相似比例開(kāi)窗與之協(xié)調(diào)，地面層向廣場(chǎng)開(kāi)放；而上部則使用通透的建筑材料，避免對(duì)老城整體尺度和環(huán)境造成較大的壓力。

史洋：最高法院的建筑設(shè)計(jì)凸顯了荷蘭整個(gè)司法系統(tǒng)的透明性、公眾參與性以及莊重性。鑒于司法管轄區(qū)的公共性，法院大樓必須向公眾開(kāi)放。整個(gè)建筑表皮界面的處理上，通過(guò)透明到半透明再到不透明的處理手法，有效應(yīng)對(duì)了不同司法空間在使用功能上的具體需求，并為公眾提供設(shè)施——例如法庭內(nèi)的訪客展覽廳及前面的等候區(qū)。建筑外部設(shè)計(jì)的理念貫穿室內(nèi)，通過(guò)一種形體特征組織不同的建筑材料，讓這幾種不同的空間材料特性能夠完美地融合在一起。中庭通過(guò)屋頂設(shè)計(jì)將采光引入室內(nèi)公共空間當(dāng)中，令整個(gè)室內(nèi)的空間充滿了陽(yáng)光，更加通透和自然。

7 內(nèi)景/Interior view

8 夜景/Exterior view at night

Comments

ZHU Yimin:In order to reach a better understanding of the design of this architecture, it's necessary to view it from the urban perspective of Amsterdam city.Amsterdam is praised by the famous American urban historian Lewis Mumford as the city with the best urban planning in the world. The canals and street lanes spreading across the city, and the traditional buildings on both sides of them, together form public spaces with favourable scale. The traditional buildings along both sides of the canals are generally four stories high. The bottom three floors are for residential and commercial use, while the top one is for storage. The heights of each floor are not consistent but altered according to actual needs. However, on the facade that is facing streets, every building keeps the same way of window openings and the same storey height.From this broad background, we can understand the intention of this court architecture: the height of the bottom volume is consistent with the traditional four-storey buildings along the canals, and the facade windows are in similar proportion as well to coordinate with them. With the ground floor open to the plaza,the upper volume is constructed with transparent materials to avoid increased stress on the overall scale and environment of the historical city. (Translated by CHEN Xi)

SHI Yang:The architectural design of the Supreme Court emphasises the transparency, public participation and solemnity of the entire Dutch judicial system. Considering the public nature of the jurisdiction, the courthouse must be open to the public. The treatment of the entire building's exterior interface diversed from transparenty to translucenty and opaqeness effectively corresponds to the specific functional requirements of different judicial spaces and provides facilities for the public,such as the visitor exhibitions in the courtroom and the waiting area in the front. The concept of exterior design of the architecture runs through the interior,organizing different building materials through one physical feature, so that these different spatial material characteristics can be perfectly integrated. The atrium introduces daylight through the roof into the indoor public space, making the whole indoor space full of sunlight, more transparent and natural. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

9 內(nèi)景/Interior views

10 內(nèi)景/Interior views

11 內(nèi)景/Interior views

12 內(nèi)景/Interior views

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Rijksvastgoedbedrijf

地點(diǎn)/Location: Korte Voorhout 8, The Hague, The Netherlands建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architect: KAAN Architecten (Kees Kaan, Vincent Panhuysen, Dikkie Scipio)

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Allard Assies, Luca Baialardo,Christophe Banderier, Bas Barendse, Dennis Bruijn, Timo Cardol, Sebastian van, Damme, Marten Dashorst, Luuk Dietz, Willemijn van Donselaar, Paolo Faleschini, Raluca Firicel, Michael Geensen, Cristina, Gonzalo Cuairán, Joost Harteveld, Walter Hoogerwerf, Michiel van der Horst,Marlon Jonkers, Jan Teunis ten Kate, Marco Lanna,Giuseppe Mazzaglia, Ana Rivero Esteban, Joeri Spijkers,Koen van Tienen, No?mi Vos

承包商/Contractor: Consortium Poort van Den Haag:BAM PPP B.V., PGGM, BAM Bouw en Techniek B.V., ISS Nederland B.V. and KAAN Architecten

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineering: Arup Nederland

電氣工程/Electrical Engineering: BAM Bouw en Techniek

機(jī)械工程/Mechanical Engineering: Arup Nederland

工地監(jiān)管/Site Supervision: KAAN Architecten, BAM Bouw en Techniek

基地面積/Site Area: 2500m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 18,000m2(including underground parking)

設(shè)計(jì)周期/Design Phase: 2012.12–2014.01

施工周期/Construction Phase: 2013.09–2016.01

造價(jià)/Cost: 59,000,000 € (realisation)

繪圖/Drawings: KAAN Architecten

攝影/Photos: Fernando Guerra