曾經(jīng)，兩萬(wàn)挑水夫穿行在重慶城

◇ 文 |本刊記者 圖 |

驅(qū)車(chē)從南岸經(jīng)石板坡長(zhǎng)江大橋往渝中區(qū)方向，抬頭就能在一片郁郁蔥蔥的樹(shù)林中看到一個(gè)露出山脊的歐式尖頂——打槍壩水塔。

它是重慶第一座自來(lái)水廠，已有80多年歷史，依舊完好無(wú)損地矗立在凈水池一側(cè)，見(jiàn)證著重慶近代公共事業(yè)的發(fā)展。

Driving from the South Bank, passing the Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge and looking to the Yuzhong District, you can see a European-style spire with a ridge in the lush woods--Water Tower of Shooting Dam.

It is the first water supply plant in Chongqing,with the history of 80 years. It still stands on the side of the clear water reservoir, and witnesses the development of modern public utilities in Chongqing.

曾經(jīng)的“面對(duì)兩江水，家家愁吃水”

“Every Family Was Worry about the Water Supply even in the Face of Yangtze River and Jialing River”

舊時(shí)，在重慶民間有條順口溜，“進(jìn)了重慶城，山高路不平，面對(duì)兩江水，家家愁吃水?！?/p>

順口溜大致講的意思是，重慶因?yàn)榈匦卧?，雖守著長(zhǎng)江和嘉陵江，市民用水卻十分困難。

長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，因缺乏地下水資源，重慶除極少地方用井水外，絕大多數(shù)老百姓喝的都是由人力挑運(yùn)的江水。這也使得重慶形成了一個(gè)特殊行業(yè)——挑水夫。

“挑夫賣(mài)的水，有渾有清，平時(shí)嘉陵江的水清亮些，上半城的人買(mǎi)的多，下半城的人多吃長(zhǎng)江水，就要渾些。一到洪水時(shí)節(jié)，兩條河的水一樣渾。大家一般采取沉淀的方式，讓水中泥沙自然沉淀，或者用白礬沉淀。也有采用沙缸過(guò)濾的方式取清亮水?！敝貞c文史專(zhuān)家肖能鑄對(duì)老重慶飲水頗有研究。

吃用的水雖說(shuō)困難，但畢竟用得不多。一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)，沒(méi)有水滅火便是滅頂之災(zāi)。

老重慶城的建筑大部分用的都是木竹，且房屋建筑依山就勢(shì)，重重疊疊。一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)，就會(huì)火燒連營(yíng)。

《巴縣志》曾記載了清朝至民國(guó)時(shí)期的多次火災(zāi)：“（1919年）一月大火，自夜初更起，達(dá)旦方熄。火起于較場(chǎng)口荒貨街，延燒較場(chǎng)口、百子巷、走馬街、黃土坡、十八梯、等處被災(zāi)者數(shù)千家。”

In the old days, there was a doggerel in Chongqing.“After steeping into Chongqing, you would find that the mountains are so high and the roads are so rugged, every family was worry about the water supply even in the face of Yangtze River and Jialing River. ”

The general meaning of doggerel is that due to the topography of Chongqing, although the Yangtze River and the Jialing River wind, it is very difficult for the citizens to have tap water.

For a long time, due to the lack of groundwater resources, the vast majority of ordinary people drank river water that was carried by labors except that some places still drank well water. This also facilitated the formation of a special industry in Chongqing-- water carrier.

“The water sold by the water carriers was both clear and muddy. The water in the Jialing River was clearer, so people in the upper part of the city buy the water from Jialing River. And the water in the Yangtze River was more muddy, so people in the lower part of the city buy the water from the Yangtze River. When the flood season came, both waters of the two rivers were muddy. Everyone generally adopted the sedimentation method to allow the sediment in the water to be precipitated naturally or precipitated muddy water with white peony. The clear water can also be taken through sand filter.”Xiao Nengzhu, a Chongqing history expert has conducted several studies on the water supply in old Chongqing.

Although the water for using and eating was difficult to obtain, people didn’t consumed to much water. In the event of a fire, it would be a catastrophe if there is no water to extinguish.

Most of the buildings in the old Chongqing were made of wood and bamboo, and the overlapped buildings were built near the mountains. So the fire would spread naturally.

Annals of Baxian Countyrecorded many fire accidents occurred from the Qing Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China.“In 1919, a fire in January which occurred at nightfall was even extinguished until the next early morning. The fire started from the Huanghuo Street of the Jiaochangkou, and spread to Jiaochangkou, Baizi Lane, Zouma Street, Huangtupo, and the Shibati Street. This fire accident caused damage to thousands of families. ”

以水命名的水市巷

Water Fair Lane Named after Water

雖然缺水，重慶人也想出了不少對(duì)付火災(zāi)的辦法，比如在街道上修筑消防儲(chǔ)水池，包括大熄火池、小熄火池等。

現(xiàn)在的七星崗，就是以前用來(lái)滅火的七口按北斗七星排列的大石缸——七星缸訛傳而來(lái)。水缸里的水，部分是雨水和井水，而更多的，是由人工挑水補(bǔ)充。

那個(gè)年代，水在重慶居然是稀缺資源，自然形成了賣(mài)水的市集。

在清朝張?jiān)栖幩L的《重慶府治全圖》中，就有關(guān)于水市巷的記載，地點(diǎn)就在如今渝中區(qū)中華路小學(xué)附近。

“這是文字資料中第一次有關(guān)于水市巷的記載。從地圖比例看，水市巷的長(zhǎng)度約為300～500米，以水命名的市集，這在全國(guó)都是少見(jiàn)的。我推測(cè)，當(dāng)時(shí)重慶的挑水販賣(mài)行業(yè)非常成熟?！庇逯袇^(qū)文管所研究部主任張嵩說(shuō)，“史料中也有記載，明末清初，重慶城挑水夫從業(yè)者約有6000人，到20世紀(jì)初，從業(yè)者已達(dá)2萬(wàn)人。”

Despite the lack of water, Chongqing people had come up with many ways to deal with fires, such as building fire cisterns on the streets, including large quenching pools and small quenching pools.

The current Qixinggang was a big stone tank set according to the arrangement of the Big Dipper to extinguish the fire. The water in the tank was partly rainwater and well water, and also was supplemented by water carriers.

At that time, water was a scarce resource in Chongqing, and a market for selling water was formed naturally.

In the Full Map of Chongqing painted by Zhang Yunxuan of the Qing Dynasty, there was a Water Fair Lane located near the Zhonghua Road Primary School in Yuzhong District.

“This is the record about the Water Fair Lane in a literal data for the first time. According to the map scale, the length of the Water Fair Lane is about 300～500 meters, and the fair named after the water was rare throughout the country. So I speculate that Chongqing's water-selling industry was very mature at that time.”Zhang Song, director of the Research Department of Yuzhong District Cultural Management Institute, said,“According to the historical data, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,there were about 6,000 water carriers in Chongqing,and by the beginning of the 20th century, the number of water carriers had reached 20,000. ”

自來(lái)水廠曾經(jīng)印在鈔票上

The Water Supply Plant Was Once Printed on the Banknote

上個(gè)世紀(jì)20年代初，潘文華任重慶商埠督辦公署督辦，為了解決多年來(lái)居民生活用水的困難和火災(zāi)問(wèn)題，他決定興建一座自來(lái)水廠。

為利用地形優(yōu)勢(shì)供水，自來(lái)水廠的廠址選在老重慶城的最高點(diǎn)——打槍壩。

打槍壩水塔原是清代設(shè)立的駐軍炮臺(tái)，壩子寬闊，官兵常在此演練射擊，故有此名。

1929年2月，打槍壩水廠動(dòng)工，由獲得過(guò)德國(guó)國(guó)家工程師稱(chēng)號(hào)的稅西恒規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。1932年，打槍壩水廠及水塔建成，并試行向城區(qū)通水，1934年2月實(shí)現(xiàn)正常供水。

由此，重慶乃至四川第一座自來(lái)水廠誕生。

打槍壩水廠建立之初，大約能為25～30萬(wàn)人口供水，供水能力達(dá)到每人每天300公升。在打槍壩還建有5個(gè)過(guò)濾水池，每個(gè)水池每天能夠過(guò)濾原水10000噸，完全能夠滿足當(dāng)時(shí)整個(gè)重慶城的飲水問(wèn)題。

現(xiàn)在，打槍壩水廠成了渝中區(qū)自來(lái)水廠的一個(gè)車(chē)間，當(dāng)年建造的沉淀池等部分設(shè)施經(jīng)過(guò)維護(hù)，仍在為朝天門(mén)、儲(chǔ)奇門(mén)附近16萬(wàn)居民供水。

如今，我們依然能在重慶中國(guó)三峽博物館館藏的民國(guó)鈔票上看到自來(lái)水廠的身影。那是一張?jiān)?937年由“中國(guó)農(nóng)民銀行”發(fā)行的伍圓鈔票。它與普通橫向的鈔票不同，是豎向排版，鈔票正面的圖案便是打槍壩水廠紀(jì)念塔。

In the early 1920s, Pan Wenhua was appointed as the supervisor of the Chongqing Commercial Supervision Office. In order to solve the difficulties of water supply and fire accidents over the years, he decided to build a water supply plant.

In order to use the terrain advantage to supply water, the site of the water supply plant was selected at the highest point of the old Chongqing--the Shooting Dam.

The water tower of the Shooting Dam was originally a fort barbette set up in the Qing Dynasty, with spacious field for the officers and men to practice shooting here. So the dam was named after the practice of shooting by officers and men.

In February 1929, the construction of the Shooting Dam water supply plant was started, and Shui Xiheng who was awarded the title of German National Engineer was responsible for planning and designing. In 1932, the Shooting Dam water supply plant and water tower were built well, and tried to supply water to the city. In February 1934, normal water supply was realized.

Thus, the first water supply plant in Chongqing and even Sichuan was born.

Since the establishment, the Shooting Dam can supply water for about 250,000 to 300,000 people,and the water supply capacity can reached 300 liters per person per day. There are also five filter tanks around the Shooting Dam, each of which can filter 10,000 tons of raw water per day, which can fully meet the drinking water of the entire Chongqing at that time.

At present, the Shooting Dam water supply plant has become a workshop in the waterworks of Langzhong District. Some facilities such as the sedimentation tanks built in that time have been maintained and are still supplying water to 160,000 residents near Chaotianmen and Chuqimen.

Today, we can still see the water supply plant on the banknotes of the period of the Republic of China in the Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum. It was a banknote with the face value of five yuan issued by the“Farmers Bank of China”in 1937. Unlike ordinary banknotes typeset horizontally,it was typeset vertically. The front of the banknote showed the Shooting Dam water tower.

消失的挑水工

Vanishing Water Carriers

自來(lái)水廠建成后，挑水夫這項(xiàng)職業(yè)卻并未消失。

打槍壩水廠的整個(gè)供水工程，由大溪溝設(shè)起水站，把嘉陵江水抽到打槍壩，在打槍壩設(shè)立制水區(qū)，再經(jīng)南、中、北三條管道將水送到城內(nèi)各處。

那時(shí)候，由于水表、水管都是歐洲進(jìn)口的，一個(gè)水表的價(jià)格比一個(gè)水管安裝工一年的工資都高，只有有錢(qián)人才負(fù)擔(dān)得起單獨(dú)立表用水。打槍壩水廠曾有過(guò)記載：“若申請(qǐng)立表，則需要銀元100元。”

為了方便百姓用水，水廠便在自來(lái)水流經(jīng)的領(lǐng)事巷、管家巷、蔡家石堡、十八梯、回水溝及小什字沿線設(shè)立了公用水站。

居民購(gòu)買(mǎi)“售水證”，再到水站換水?；蛘哂伞皳?dān)水工”專(zhuān)門(mén)到自來(lái)水站挑水，再到家家戶戶售賣(mài)。

上世紀(jì)60年代，當(dāng)時(shí)還是少年的肖能鑄就曾親身經(jīng)歷重慶老百姓飲水的日常。

肖能鑄家住渝中區(qū)百子巷，他回憶道：“水站的裝備很簡(jiǎn)單，有兩個(gè)自來(lái)水龍頭。家里有勞動(dòng)力的就自己挑，家里沒(méi)勞力的只有請(qǐng)人挑。小時(shí)候，我們巷子里有一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)挑水的彭大爺，我印象很深。因?yàn)槌Ｄ晏羲?，他的腿上靜脈曲張非常嚴(yán)重，筷子那么粗細(xì)，這是挑水工普遍的職業(yè)病?！?/p>

“挑水工每挑一擔(dān)水一分錢(qián)，價(jià)格一直沒(méi)變，直到上世紀(jì)70年代末，水站逐漸取締后，挑水工這個(gè)職業(yè)才逐漸消失?！毙つ荑T不無(wú)感慨。

After the water supply plant was completed, the water carriers did not disappear.

Regarding the entire water supply project of the Shooting Dam water supply plant, a water-supply station was set up in Daxigou, the water from the Jialing River was then pumped to the Shooting Dam,a water production area was set up in the Shooting Dam, and then the water would be supplied to the city through the three pipelines in the south, middle and north directions.

At that time, since the water meters and water pipes were all imported from Europe, the price of a water meter was even higher than that of a pipe installer for one year. Only rich people could afford a single independent meter. According to the records about the Shooting Dam water supply plant:“If you apply for installing a water meter, you need to pay 100 yuan. ”

In order to facilitate the use of water for the ordinary people, the water plant has set up public water stations along the Lingshi Lane, Guanjia Lane, Caijiashibao, Shibati Lane, Huishuigou and Xiaoshizi.

Residents could buy a“Water Sales Certificate”and then exchange water in the water station.Or, the“water carriers”would go to the water stations to pick up the water and then sell the water to every household.

In the 1960s, Xiao Nengzhu, who was still a teenager, had personally experienced the daily life of drinking water in Chongqing.

Xiao Nengzhu lived in Baizi Lane, Yuzhong District. He recalled:“The equipment at the water station was very simple. There were only two taps at the water station. If there was a labor force at home,people can carry water themselves. If there was no labor force at home, people only asked someone to carry water with compensation. When I was young,there was a Uncle Peng who always carried water in the lane where I lived. I was very impressed. Because he carried the water all the year round, the varicosity on his legs was very serious. The veins on his legs were thick as chopsticks, which was a common occupational disease for water carriers. ”

“People needed to pay one cent to the water carrier for a bucket of water, and the price maintained unchanged. Until the end of the 1970s, after the water station was gradually banned, the profession of water carriers gradually disappeared.”Xiao Nengzhu sighed with emotion.