班德爾瑪奇想花園

（英）邁克爾·考迪

1 航拍照片，包括項目地點(diǎn)和班德爾瑪市中心Aerial photograph including the project site and Bandirma city centre

概況

背景

班德爾瑪（Bandirma）奇想花園旨在通過空間規(guī)劃設(shè)計開發(fā)一種新型公園項目，同時在班德爾瑪市內(nèi)創(chuàng)建一個游憩場所。

班德爾瑪坐落在土耳其最具活力的地區(qū)，計劃通過新港口成為工業(yè)出口的主要門戶區(qū)域。預(yù)計這一區(qū)域轉(zhuǎn)型將推動班德爾瑪市區(qū)的再生。

就這一點(diǎn)而言，該項目所在地通過區(qū)域未來的后工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型，在城市密集的區(qū)塊中提供了一個形成新型和多選擇性公共開放空間的絕佳機(jī)會。

地區(qū)

班德爾瑪區(qū)位于馬爾馬拉地區(qū)（Marmara Region），那里有土耳其最高的總?cè)丝凇⒊鞘腥丝诤腿丝诿芏?。作為伊斯坦布爾（Istanbul）這一著名城市的老城，該地區(qū)吸引了南馬爾馬拉［Southern Marmara，布爾薩（Bursa）和巴勒克希爾（Balikesir）周邊地區(qū)］和東馬爾馬拉［Eastern Marmara，科賈埃利—蓋布澤（Kocaeli-Gebze）線］的人口、產(chǎn)業(yè)和發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

城市

班德爾瑪是一個位于馬爾馬拉海南部的港口城市。城市的建立可追溯到公元8—9世紀(jì)，而今天的現(xiàn)代城市則在19世紀(jì)于城市西北的山坡上開始形成。當(dāng)時的工業(yè)發(fā)展促進(jìn)了城市沿主要道路向東南部地區(qū)蔓延。在接下來的幾年中，該城市向西發(fā)展，項目所在地便在此處。

人口

就班德爾瑪人口的增長而言，1980年和2010年是頗為重要的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。班德爾瑪港口投入使用后，人口數(shù)量在1980—2000年間由5萬增加到10萬，然后在工業(yè)發(fā)展的推動下在21世紀(jì)的前十年繼續(xù)上升達(dá)到15萬。在過去的15年，該市的城市人口增長率為43%，此外還有2萬的農(nóng)村人口。

班德爾瑪?shù)木用裼泻芨叩慕逃?。這座城市的識字率為99.5%。25%的居民是研究生， 30%的人受過中等教育。班德爾瑪?shù)娜丝诮Y(jié)構(gòu)和高城鎮(zhèn)化率使其在教育領(lǐng)域發(fā)展迅速。預(yù)計城市將在未來幾年吸引農(nóng)村人口向城市轉(zhuǎn)移。這就是2040年的環(huán)境計劃項目預(yù)計城市人口將增加4倍，而農(nóng)村人口將減少到16 500的原因，意味著城市化進(jìn)程的加快。

產(chǎn)業(yè)

班德爾瑪坐落在現(xiàn)在的伊斯坦布爾、布爾薩（Bursa）、伊茲密爾（Izmir）的腹地，通過航海線與伊斯坦布爾和泰基爾達(dá)（Tekirdag）連接，并通過高速公路與巴勒克希爾、伊茲密爾、恰納卡萊（Canakkale）和布爾薩相連。因此，區(qū)域規(guī)劃的戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)是提高城市的可達(dá)性。考慮到工業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的交通聯(lián)系及其前景，新的設(shè)計更加強(qiáng)調(diào)了工業(yè)部門之間的聯(lián)系，因此城市正在重新規(guī)劃。

從這個觀點(diǎn)來看，班德爾瑪正在成為重要的城市之一，這些城市為鄰近的伊斯坦布爾和巴勒克希爾等不堪重負(fù)的大都市提供支持。農(nóng)業(yè)在班德爾瑪?shù)慕?jīng)濟(jì)中扮演著重要的角色，特別是谷物，還包括煙草、棉花、甜菜、橄欖和葡萄，此外，蔬菜在該地區(qū)肥沃的耕地上廣泛種植。漁業(yè)和水產(chǎn)品則是主要的謀生方式。而工業(yè)方面則以制造業(yè)為主導(dǎo)。

在迅速發(fā)展的驅(qū)動下，該地區(qū)演變成為工業(yè)、旅游和交通的中心。同時新的規(guī)劃正在推進(jìn)。

場地

場地特征

該項目位于巴勒克希爾大都市區(qū)的班德爾瑪市，坐落在葉尼瑪哈爾（Yenimahalle ）社區(qū)和阿依爾德茲（Ayy?ld?z）社區(qū)之間。

項目場地位于區(qū)域西部邊緣，面積約26hm2。位于市中心和港口的步行范圍之內(nèi)，被戰(zhàn)略性地規(guī)劃為靠近班德爾瑪中心的一個大型開放公共場所。

除了與市中心和港口的緊密連接之外，項目場地的西部和西南部鄰近是新的住房開發(fā)。通過港口路和埃爾代克路可以到達(dá)場地。該場地距離周邊城市的72所大學(xué)也僅有2～3h的路程。

現(xiàn)在的城市中心與項目場地直接相關(guān)，是該地區(qū)最重要的商業(yè)和工業(yè)場所之一。班德爾瑪繁忙的港口及其鄰近的貿(mào)易中心是商業(yè)增長的最重要因素之一。

微氣候

項目位于巴爾干半島（Balkanic）大陸性氣候過渡地區(qū)。根據(jù)62年的數(shù)據(jù)記載，班德爾瑪最低溫度為-14.6℃（1954年1月15日），最高溫度為42.4℃（2000年7月9日），平均氣溫為14oC。主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向為東北偏北，平均風(fēng)速為15km/h。該區(qū)平均降水量為7 033 kg/m，年相對濕度為73%。

2 城市環(huán)境圖Urban Context Diagram

3 城市策略Urban Strategies

區(qū)域主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向為北、東北偏北和西北偏北。冬季最高頻風(fēng)速為10km/h，占所有時期的4.8%，而夏季月份最高頻風(fēng)速為15km/h，占所有時期的2.6%。

歷史遺產(chǎn)

多年來，這個場地一直是一個軍事倉庫。2000年初場地被遺棄，然而直到2016年年中土地才移交給市政府。

項目場地中包含了一些軍事建筑物，這些建筑至今仍在現(xiàn)場。在自然遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)署的官方聲明中：由于其藝術(shù)、建筑、歷史、美學(xué)、地方特色、裝飾、象征、文獻(xiàn)、功能、金融、紀(jì)念、影響力、獨(dú)特性、特色、材料、結(jié)構(gòu)和樣式特點(diǎn)等因素，這些建筑或廢墟中的21個被列入二級“文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)”名錄，并不允許立面上的改變。

景觀

項目所在地主要覆蓋有常綠矮灌叢、針葉樹群和疏散灌木叢。常綠矮灌叢如多刺地榆（Sarcopoterium spinosum）、針刺矢車菊（Centaurea iberica）、鷹爪豆（Spartium junceum）、黃芪（Astragalus sp.）、麝香草（Coridothymus capitatus）等，可以在受海洋影響的一部分地區(qū)，如斜坡和北部邊界找到；針葉樹組成的樹群，則如黎巴嫩雪松（Cedrus libani）、土耳其松（Pinus brutia）、意大利石松（Pinus pinea）、地中海絲柏（Cupressus sempervirens）等；此外懸鈴木屬的植物（Platanus sp.）、扁桃樹（Amygdalus communis）、無花果樹（Ficus carica）和桑樹（Morus sp.）等闊葉樹種也有零散分布。

項目場地以成熟的針葉樹群（由雪松、松樹和柏樹組成）、混合樹群（落葉和針葉樹）以及小山上的常綠矮灌叢為主要特色。自然因素如風(fēng)的影響會使得針葉樹形成獨(dú)特的形態(tài)。植物與歷史遺跡一起，展現(xiàn)了場地獨(dú)特的景觀特征。在這方面，項目提案必須對現(xiàn)有的景觀環(huán)境制定一個悉尼的設(shè)計手段。樹群必須得到保護(hù)，項目必須清楚地反映整個場地的保護(hù)措施。

策略

策略陳述

班德爾瑪奇想花園采取全面、多層次的方式，代表了一個尊重地區(qū)過去的標(biāo)志性愿景，同時也展望了一個創(chuàng)造性的未來。通過經(jīng)驗的獨(dú)特結(jié)合，班德爾瑪奇想花園象征著班德爾瑪?shù)淖兏铩?/p>

構(gòu)思概念的生成原則，包括1）整合：與場地周邊環(huán)境的完美銜接。2）組織：使用標(biāo)志性形式來組織場地。3）并置：將現(xiàn)代與歷史并置。4）界定：以建構(gòu)形式界定開放空間。5）回應(yīng)：用大膽的現(xiàn)代表層回應(yīng)場地歷史。6）連接：將場地融合于周圍環(huán)境。7）標(biāo)志：創(chuàng)建一個具有國家和國際影響力的地標(biāo)。

可達(dá)性與交通性

連通性的改善對于班德爾瑪奇想花園的成功至關(guān)重要。主要的交通舉措包括從西部進(jìn)入的公交和車輛、建筑物下方的地下停車場以及一座新建的綠色橋梁，使之與更新后的火車站無縫連接。這些舉措構(gòu)成了行人優(yōu)先的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)。環(huán)境的核心是相互連接的立體交通體系，包括一條橢圓環(huán)路、線性小徑、南向臺地、臺階坡道和連接到鄰近新住宅的游步道。

4 總體規(guī)劃Landscape Character

景觀與文化

支撐景觀的策略是內(nèi)外并置的橢圓。內(nèi)部的橢圓是一個郁郁蔥蔥、豐富且充滿活力的色彩、植物和花園的組合，強(qiáng)烈地反映了現(xiàn)有樹群和歷史建筑的質(zhì)樸特征。它還提供了一個多種用戶體驗的心靈圣地，反映了當(dāng)代對過去土耳其花園的敬意。外部橢圓景觀被改造成一個城市森林，其中包含現(xiàn)有的和新栽植的樹木群落，它們雕塑般的樹冠彰顯了場地的獨(dú)特景觀。

場地分區(qū)和活動

多層次和多樣性的活動是班德爾瑪奇想花園的核心。橢圓環(huán)路兩側(cè)兩家酒店的功能定位均為零售，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了場地內(nèi)的活動?；钴S的零售臺地充分利用了南部的優(yōu)勢，而歷史悠久的建筑則被重新詮釋為室外露臺，用于公共集會、露天用餐和戶外活動。設(shè)計學(xué)院人性化地將歷史建筑恢復(fù)成動態(tài)和多功能的創(chuàng)意空間，并與五星級酒店和會議中心有密切聯(lián)系。場地分區(qū)包括了一系列的活動、設(shè)施、展覽和節(jié)日等文化項目，這些活動激活了歷史建筑和整個花園，其中包括一個朝向西北的主要活動空間。

城市形態(tài)與結(jié)構(gòu)

受過去山頂村莊的影響，一個大膽、巨型和標(biāo)志性的城市結(jié)構(gòu)，與公園的歷史建筑、植物群落、阻礙區(qū)和最大凈空高度相呼應(yīng)。令人難忘的城堡式外觀與平滑的橢圓形環(huán)路形成鮮明對比，確保了動態(tài)多變的用戶體驗。城市肌理是通過多層次的臺地、貫穿場地的通道、中庭庭院和建筑高度變化形成的。城市形態(tài)的標(biāo)志是“燈塔”，這是一個與下方城市溝通的雕塑象征。與“燈塔”互補(bǔ)的是五星級酒店（8層）和四星級酒店（7層），它們的戰(zhàn)略定位是視覺上加強(qiáng)場地的重要地位。設(shè)計學(xué)院是班德爾瑪奇想花園的中心部分，充當(dāng)內(nèi)外橢圓之間的過渡點(diǎn)。

環(huán)境和可持續(xù)性

氣候適應(yīng)和環(huán)境效應(yīng)是通過一系列生態(tài)措施來實現(xiàn)的，這些措施確保了班德爾瑪奇想花園有一個彈性的未來。在外部的橢圓中，采用鄉(xiāng)土植物，尊重公園現(xiàn)有的樹木群，并保護(hù)該遺址不受盛行風(fēng)和車輛污染的影響。公共空間和臺地朝南，以最大限度利用太陽能，同時收集雨水并將其重新用于公園灌溉。建筑采用了交叉通風(fēng)、屋頂集水和內(nèi)部日光控制等可持續(xù)措施。景墻和花園設(shè)施就地采用可循環(huán)利用材料，而可食花園則位于果園中。

景觀

景觀說明

一種現(xiàn)代的、富有想象力的景觀呈現(xiàn)，其色彩、肌理、深度和文化都顯著分層，以敏感地接納班德爾瑪?shù)倪z留景觀特征。

班德爾瑪奇想花園旨在激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性的嘗試、富有想象力的思考和知識的共享。在寧靜的環(huán)境中，它也是一個休息的空間。通過一系列引人入勝的景觀、多層次的體驗和感官刺激的綜合分層，班德爾瑪奇想花園從它的歷史遺跡中脫穎而出，成為創(chuàng)造性嘗試的國際象征。對比鮮明的風(fēng)景，諸如標(biāo)志性的“橢圓”“植物園”“果園”和“南部臺地”等，每部分都是由一個引人注目的自然的城市森林構(gòu)成的，這些森林強(qiáng)調(diào)了現(xiàn)有常綠矮灌叢形成的場地。

橢圓區(qū)

標(biāo)志性的橢圓構(gòu)成了班德爾瑪奇想花園景觀和城市形態(tài)的重要組織部分。橢圓形充滿力量的外形特質(zhì)，標(biāo)志著自充滿活力和日常的內(nèi)部花園到自然而茂盛的城市森林這一景觀特征的轉(zhuǎn)變。橢圓從果園開始過渡，上升到地平線，并漂浮于植物園之上，與標(biāo)志性的“高塔”無縫連接。面向海洋、城市和周圍環(huán)境的連續(xù)全景視野確保了真正獨(dú)特的游客體驗。

公園和果園

公園和果園構(gòu)成了班德爾瑪奇想花園的中央公共空間，其由標(biāo)志性的橢圓、柵格狀的小徑、一組草坪和被果園成排圍繞的一個經(jīng)典線性水元素共同構(gòu)成。這為公園的歷史地域特征和雕塑般的針葉樹群提供了現(xiàn)代詮釋。以茂密的可食樹木和具有異國風(fēng)情的花卉為特征的成排果園，象征著該地區(qū)自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)。在樹冠下分散著一系列休息空間，提供座椅、乒乓球、國際象棋以及其他主動或被動的用途。

城市森林

城市森林是一種茂盛、自然而飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的景觀，這種景觀尊重公園現(xiàn)有的特征。通過新的針葉樹和常綠矮灌叢的種植，現(xiàn)有的樹木群落得到強(qiáng)化，形成了班德爾瑪奇想花園建筑如自然雕塑般的邊緣。額外的種植令樹木的樹冠更加致密，使山坡水土保持能力增強(qiáng)，同時增加防風(fēng)能力并降低周圍噪聲。城市森林中還有一條蜿蜒曲折的步（跑）道。

游樂園

游樂園形成了一種景觀的節(jié)奏變化，以城市為背景，人們可盡情開展游樂、運(yùn)動和其他娛樂活動。通過適應(yīng)性地再利用北部歷史建筑用于游賞，游樂園這一靈活的活動空間包含了水、自然和休閑座椅，是班德爾瑪奇想花園的娛樂中心。 在圍墻、植物園和橢圓步道的范圍內(nèi)，游樂園為各個年齡段的人均提供了充滿活力的娛樂體驗。

未來花園

未來花園旨在通過多樣的空間體驗來激發(fā)使用者的感官，這些空間體驗會對班德爾瑪?shù)倪^去、現(xiàn)在和未來做出回應(yīng)?；▓@的中心是修復(fù)現(xiàn)有的歷史建筑，以容納一個適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)且不斷變化的裝置，或者藝術(shù)展覽、藝術(shù)家的使用和活動等。歷史建筑的墻壁圍繞著它們鄰近的庭院，這些庭院環(huán)抱著現(xiàn)有的樹木群，并采用適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧?。重要的是，未來花園與設(shè)計學(xué)院相連，這為創(chuàng)造性的嘗試和追求更美好的未來提供了一塊畫布。

植物園

植物園面朝城市，以展現(xiàn)土耳其自然環(huán)境的壯麗。通過豐富多樣的特有植物物種、棲息地和生物多樣性，花園形成了土耳其獨(dú)有的天堂式體驗。在花園中有各種各樣的穿越坡道、觀景平臺和漂浮的橢圓形結(jié)構(gòu)，展示了土耳其特有的驚奇、喜悅、氣味、聲音和野生動物。景觀中整合了雨水收集措施，水流沿著坡道和茂密的樹林匯至濕地和場地的雨水過濾系統(tǒng)。

南部臺地

南部臺地是花園的延伸。臺地由城堡式邊緣界定，并適應(yīng)傾斜的地形，形成朝南的空間來裝點(diǎn)城市森林上空的標(biāo)志性景觀。此外，南部臺地提供了露天用餐場所、靜謐的沉思空間并通過坡道與相鄰道路緊密連接。

5 景觀特征Landscape Character

建筑

建筑說明

一種標(biāo)志性的建筑形式包含了鄉(xiāng)村的歷史肌理，創(chuàng)造了一系列空間體驗，將地方的獨(dú)特性與建筑的變革力量交織在一起。

班德爾瑪奇想花園采用了一種強(qiáng)大的城市形式，它以一種獨(dú)特的多面方式回應(yīng)場地的歷史。從通過城堡式的邊緣讓人聯(lián)想到過去的山頂村莊，到通過光滑的橢圓墻體立面界定內(nèi)部空間，班德爾瑪奇想花園展示了當(dāng)代和歷史建筑的自信融合，形成了展現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新和想象力的標(biāo)志性平臺。

建筑物內(nèi)部集成了一系列貫穿場地的巷道、歷史形式和中庭，形成微小、可滲透和封閉的空間體驗。材料的對比與不同的景觀形成協(xié)同效應(yīng)，而像“高塔”等地標(biāo)性建筑則成為班德爾瑪天際線的標(biāo)志。

設(shè)計學(xué)院

設(shè)計學(xué)院獨(dú)立于橢圓內(nèi)部，它彰顯了現(xiàn)代建筑、歷史遺跡、景觀空間和創(chuàng)意功能之間的協(xié)同作用。通過一個在內(nèi)外空間之間轉(zhuǎn)換的多樣化方案， 設(shè)計學(xué)院與其歷史和景觀環(huán)境無縫地相交。公共空間可滿足室外禮堂座席、圖書館、餐廳、公共庭院和建筑入口的投影空間的需求，以確保一種難忘的空間體驗。

設(shè)計學(xué)院是一個創(chuàng)新的平臺，用于實驗和創(chuàng)新，以實現(xiàn)更美好的未來。設(shè)計、調(diào)查研究和分享知識是設(shè)計學(xué)院進(jìn)步的核心。

定位

設(shè)計學(xué)院坐落于橢圓環(huán)路的內(nèi)部，是班德爾瑪奇想花園景觀中的一個標(biāo)志。設(shè)計學(xué)院充分利用其位置優(yōu)勢，可以欣賞馬爾馬拉海和城市的美景。這是游客從城市到來第一個看到也是最后一個離開的建筑。

建造形式

設(shè)計學(xué)院對橢圓環(huán)路和毗鄰的建筑做出了回應(yīng)，并以柔和的弧線將歷史與之并列。 設(shè)計學(xué)院的建筑體量在垂直和水平方向展開，在班德爾瑪奇想花園的建筑語匯中代表了一種獨(dú)特的反差，標(biāo)志著設(shè)計學(xué)院的重要性。

歷史建筑

設(shè)計學(xué)院與場地中的四處歷史建筑相連，創(chuàng)造了一種將過去、現(xiàn)在和未來交織在一起的戲劇性體驗。殘存的歷史建筑與更大的建筑體積相結(jié)合，產(chǎn)生了私密的庭院和空間，它們支持各種各樣的用途、空間體驗和創(chuàng)造性的環(huán)境。

內(nèi)部到外部

設(shè)計學(xué)院意在創(chuàng)建一個開放的建筑，促進(jìn)所有參觀者的知識共享。內(nèi)部空間和外部空間之間的直接聯(lián)系營造了建筑形式與景觀之間的和諧。建筑的邊界消失在景觀之中，游客被帶入室內(nèi)，設(shè)計被引到室外，十分引人入勝。

材料

設(shè)計學(xué)院局部采用半透明空間，以展現(xiàn)內(nèi)部用途，同時在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)也能體驗到外部環(huán)境。一個白色的陶瓷格子，讓人聯(lián)想到古代阿拉伯的馬什拉比亞（Mashrabiya），它漂浮在建筑物周圍，作為一種建筑外表皮。晶格表面為建筑物提供了一個暫時性的大氣層，巧妙地運(yùn)用光、風(fēng)和陰影來創(chuàng)造一個短暫的空間體驗。

用途

設(shè)計學(xué)院的底層是一個可轉(zhuǎn)換的、具有適應(yīng)性的空間，可以滿足使用者不斷變化的需求。 即使設(shè)計學(xué)院處于關(guān)閉期間，底層也會得到最大限度的使用。

通過在建筑物邊緣策略性地布置獨(dú)立的出入口，圖書館、咖啡廳、行政辦公室、書店、禮堂和工作坊等關(guān)鍵功能空間對所有人開放。 這種靈活性得到了建筑上層的補(bǔ)充，其目標(biāo)是創(chuàng)造性嘗試、交流和實驗的包容性研究。

綠色屋頂

綠色屋頂延伸了景觀，面向公園、城市和海洋，提供了令人難以置信的全景。作為一個瞭望點(diǎn)、展覽空間、功能室或放松之處，綠色屋頂?shù)亩喙δ苄允怪畬Ω黝惌h(huán)境要素開放。它還為建筑提供隔熱，控制設(shè)計學(xué)院的室內(nèi)溫度。

零售和酒店

零售店和酒店在內(nèi)部橢圓和城市森林之間形成了一層如膜般可滲透的地帶。

它們都通過建筑后退、通透的正立面和底層活動激活底層空間，從而確保一個充滿活力的公共領(lǐng)域。

外部的路打破了建筑形式，連接到內(nèi)部花園和南部臺地。

6 局部景觀平面圖Landscape Partial Site Plan

零售店獨(dú)特的露臺充當(dāng)垂直和水平分布元素，連接了地下停車場和上層空間。酒店還設(shè)置有屋頂露臺，客人可以在游泳池、酒吧和休息室欣賞城市美景。

結(jié)論

班德爾瑪奇想花園象征著一個大膽的新開端，通過景觀、建筑、生態(tài)和文化歷史的當(dāng)代疊加，展現(xiàn)出一個富有想象力的未來。通過將戲劇性的花園景觀、多層次的體驗和環(huán)境刺激元素分層整合在一起，班德爾瑪奇想花園通過創(chuàng)造性的嘗試從歷史遺跡轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閲H性的象征。它代表了土耳其巴勒克希爾地區(qū)的一個充滿活力的新方向，戰(zhàn)略性地將該城市重新定位為創(chuàng)新中心。

該設(shè)計提出了一系列截然不同的景觀，以在歷史背景下對場地進(jìn)行重新定位。主要特色包括標(biāo)志性的橢圓形環(huán)路、植物園、游樂園、未來花園、果園和南部臺地。每個空間都由一個引人注目的自然城市森林構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)化了場地中現(xiàn)有常綠矮灌叢的存在。建筑物內(nèi)部集成了一系列貫穿場地的路徑、歷史片段和中庭，形成微小、可滲透和封閉的空間體驗，而諸如“高塔”和設(shè)計學(xué)院等標(biāo)志性建筑則加強(qiáng)了場地的城市外觀。

客戶：巴勒克希爾市政當(dāng)局

項目日期：2017

項目地點(diǎn)：土耳其，巴勒克希爾

學(xué)科：城市設(shè)計、景觀設(shè)計

面積：26hm2

項目區(qū)分：文化與藝術(shù)；教育；公共綠地與開放空間；城市中心區(qū)

工作范圍：棕地規(guī)劃設(shè)計；空間與用地分析；景觀規(guī)劃；開放空間；公共空間策略；公共空間設(shè)計；公共空間規(guī)劃設(shè)計；區(qū)域再生計劃；城市體量研究；城市設(shè)計框架；設(shè)計競賽

項目團(tuán)隊：Michael Cowdy; Francesca Visione; Philip Coxall; Tom Rivard; Julia Manrique;Don Do; Ann Deng; Min Kwon; Miguel Serrao

合作者：Vernica; Nura Arquitectes

翻譯：孫雪榕

校對：張詩陽

Context

Background

Bandirma Gardens of Imagination is a project that aims to develop a new genre of park cultivating the notion of spatial design and planning as well as creating a recreational destination within Bandirma.

Located in the most dynamic region of Turkey, Bandirma is planned to perform as a major regional gateway for industrial exports through a new port.It is foreseen that this regional transformation will catalyse the regeneration of Bandirma’s city districts.

The project site, in this regard, suggests a strong opportunity to provide a new and alternative open public space within the dense fabric of the city through the future post-industrial transformation of the region.

District

The district of Bandirma is located in the Marmara Region, where the highest general population, the city population and density rates in Turkey can be observed.Being the home of Istanbul, one of the most prominent metropolises of the globe, the region draws attention with the density, production and development rates of Southern Marmara (the area surrounding Bursa and Balikesir) and Eastern Marmara (Kocaeli-Gebze line).

City

Band?rma is a port city located in the south of the Sea of Marmara. The foundation of the city dates back to the 8th and 9th centuries, where as today’s modern city started to take shape on the northwestern hillsides of the city in the 19th century. The industrial progress at the time caused the sprawl across southeast territories along the main road. In the following years, the city has developed westwards, where the project site is also located.

Population

As far as the population progress of Bandirma is concerned, the years 1980 and 2010 were significant turning points. After the Bandirma Port had been put into service, the population increased from 50,000 to 100,000 between 1980—2000; and then continued to rise in the 2000’s fuelled by the developing industrial sector until it reached 150,000. In the last 15 years, the city’s population growth rate is 43% in addition to a rural population of 20,000.

The residents of Bandirma have a high level of education. The literacy rate of the city is 99.5%. 25% of the residents are postgraduates, whereas 30% have graduated from secondary education. The structure of its population and high rate of urbanisation has enabled Bandirma to advance rapidly in the field of education.

These statistics are expected to increase during the realisation of the city’s future planned projects. In addition, the attraction of the city is expected to increase the rural to urban population over the coming years. This why the 2040 environmental plan projects that the population in the city will increase fourfold whilst the rural area will decrease to 16,500 meaning a high rate of urbanisation is expected.

Industry

Located today within the hinterland of Istanbul, Bursa and Izmir,Bandirma is connected to Istanbul and Tekirdag via maritime line and to Balikesir, Izmir, Canakkale and Bursa via a highway. Therefore the regional plans strategically focus on increasing in the accessibility of the city. Taking the transportational connections and perspectives of industrial progress into account, the city is being re-planned due to newly designed connections causing the industrial sector to become more prominent.

From this point of view, Bandirma is up for being one of the important cities supporting the near by metropolises such as Istanbul and Balikesir which are overburdened already. Agricultural industry plays an important role in Bandirma’s economy. Grains in particular, but also tobacco, cotton, sugar beet,olives and grapes, and additionally vegetables are widely grown on the fertile and cultivated lands of the region. Fishing industry and water products are among the main means of living. The industrial sector is dominated by manufacturing.

Evolving into an industrial, touristic and transportational focal point, the region is showing rapid progress and is under the pressure of development;and the new plans are being made accordingly.

Site

Site characteristics

The project site is located within the Yenimahalle and Ayy?ld?z neighbourhoods, with in the city of Band?rma in the district of Bal?kesir.

The project site is located towards the western edge and is around 26 hm2in size. It is within walking distance of the city centre and port and is strategically planed as a large scale, open public place near the centre of Band?rma.

In addition to its close connectivity to the city centre and the port, the west and southwest boundaries of the project site are surrounded by new housing development. It is possible to arrive at the site using the Port Way and the Erdek Way. The site is also 2-3 hours distance by road from the 72 universities located in surrounding cities.

7 建筑特征Building Character

8 設(shè)計學(xué)院Design Institute

Directly related to the project site, the existing city centre is one of the most important commercial and industrial places of the region. One of the most significant factors for the commercial growth in Band?rma is its busy port and its proximity to close by trade centres.Microclimate

It is located on the Balkanic continental climate transitional area, several climatic features may be observed in the district. According to the data of 62 years, the lowest temperature was measured as -14.6 oC (January 15, 1954) and the highest as 42.4 oC (July 9, 2000) in Band?rma. The average temperature is 14 oC. The predominant wind direction is north-northeast and the average wind speed is 15 km per hour. The average precipitation of the district is 7,033 kg/m, and the annual relative humidity is 73%.

The dominant wind direction is north and north-north east and north-north west. The most frequent wind in the Winter has a speed of 10 km/h,4.8% of the time, whereas the most frequent wind in the Summer month is 15 km/h for 2.6% of the time.

Historical heritage

For forth years the site had been a military storage. In the early 2000’s the site was abandoned,however it was not until the middle of 2016 when the land was handed over to the Municipality.

Currently the project site contains military buildings that are still visible on the site today. In the of ficial statement from Directorate of Natural Heritage Preservation: 21 of these buildings/ruins are listed as “cultural heritage to be preserved” due to their artistic, architectural, historical, aesthetical,local, ornamental, symbolical, documental,functional, financial, commemorative, influential,unique, characteristic, material, constructional and stylistic qualities and registered under 2nd group of preservation. The 2nd group of preservation allows for the alterations that do not reflect on the facade.Landscape

The project site is mainly covered with plants of the phrygana (garrigue) family, coniferous tree groups and scattered bushes. Species of phrygana (garrigue) family, such as thorny burnet(Sarcopoterium spinosum), Iberian knapweed(Centaurea iberica), Spanish broom (Spartium junceum), milkvetch (Astragalus sp.), conehead thyme (Coridothymus capitatus) can be found on slopes and along the northern boundary, a part of the area affected by the sea. In tree groups formed by coniferous species such as cedar of Lebanon(Cedrus libani), Brutian pine (Pinus brutia),stone pine (Pinus pinea), Mediterranean cypress(Cupressus sempervirens); deciduous species such as planes (Platanus sp.), almond (Amygdalus communis), fig (Ficus carica) and mulberry trees(Morus sp.) can be sparsely found, as well.

The project site is characterised by mature coniferous tree groups (tree groups of Cedar, Pine and Cypress), mixed tree groups (deciduous and conifers) and a garrigue formation on the hills of the site. The effect of natural parameters, such as wind creates a distinctive formation seen on the coniferous trees. Together with the historical ruins the site reflects a dramatic landscape character.

With this regard, the project proposals had to develop a sensitive approach to the existing landscape context. The tree groups had to be protected and the project had to clearly reflect protection measures throughout the site.

Strategy

Strategy statement

Taking a holistic and multi-layered approach,Bandirma Gardens of Imagination represents an iconic vision that respects the regions past whilst looking towards an inventive future. Through a unique synergy of experiences, Bandirma Gardens of Imagination symbolises transformative change for Bandirma.

The evolutionary principles that frame the concept are as follows; 1) Integrate: Seamlessly integrate with the sites emerging context. 2)Organise: Organise the site using an iconic form.3) Juxtapose: Juxtapose the contemporary with the old. 4) Define: Define the open space with a built form. 5) Respond: Respond to the sites history with a contemporary bold layer.6) Connect: Connect the site to its context and surroundings. 7) Icon:Create an icon that has a national and international presence.

Access and mobility

Improved connectivity is essential to the success of Bandirma Gardens of Imagination. Major transport oriented initiatives include bus and vehicle access from the west, underground car parking underneath the buildings and a new green bridge that seamlessly connects to the rejuvenated railway station. These initiatives form the foundations to a pedestrian prioritised environment. Central to this environment is interconnected multi-level path system comprising an Oval walkway, linear footpaths, south facing terraces, cascading ramps and an informal perimeter-walking track that links to the adjacent new housing.

Landscape and culture

Underpinning the landscape strategy is a juxtaposition between the inner and outer oval.The inner oval offers a lush, rich and vibrant array of colours, plants and gardens that dramatically expose the rustic character of existing tree groups and historical buildings. It also provides an inner sanctum of multi-user experiences that reflect a modern homage to the Turkish gardens of the past. The outer oval landscape is transformed into an urban forest containing existing and newly planted tree groups that establish a sculptural tree canopy that celebrate the sites unique landscape.

Land use zones and activation

Multi-level activation and diversity are central to Bandirma Gardens of Imagination. The positioning of both hotels at either side of the Oval anchors the retail activities and promotes movement within the site. Active retail terraces takes advantage of the southern aspect, whilst the historic buildings are reinterpreted into outdoor patio’s for public gatherings, al-fresco dining and outdoor functions.The Design Institute sympathetically restores the historical buildings into dynamic and multifunctional creative spaces that have close links to the 5 star hotel and Convention Centre. The land use zoning is overlaid with a cultural program of events,installations, exhibitions and festivals that activate the historical buildings and the gardens as a whole including a major event space towards the north west.

Urban form and structure

A bold, strong and iconic urban structure influenced by hill top villages of the past responds to the parks historical buildings, tree groups,setback zones and maximum clearance heights.

The memorable castellated exterior contrasts with the smooth oval form of the oval ensuring a dynamic and varied user experience. An urban grain is established through multi-level terraces, permeable laneways, atrium courtyards and building height variation. A signature piece of the urban form is the‘Beacon’, a sculptural icon leaning in communication with the city below. Complementing the ‘Beacon’is the 5 Star Hotel (8 storey) and 4 Star Hotel (7 storey) that are strategically positioned to visually reinforce the site’s significant presence. The Design Institute is the centre-piece of Bandirma Gardens of Imagination acting as a transition point between the inner and outer oval character.Environment and sustainability

Climate adaptation and environmental responsiveness are achieved through a series of ecological measures that secure a resilient future for the Bandirma Gardens of Imagination.Endemic planting is embraced within the outer oval respecting the parks existing tree groups as well as protecting the site from prevailing winds and vehicular pollution. Public spaces and terraces are oriented south to maximise solar aspect, whilst rainfall is collected and reused for park irrigation. Buildings adopt sustainable measures through cross ventilation, roof water collection and internal sunlight control. The landscape walls and park furniture embrace onsite-recycled materials, whilst edible planting is located in the Orchards.

9 班德爾瑪城市全景View towards Bandirma City

Landscape

Landscape statement

A modern, imaginative landscape emerges,where colour, texture, depth and culture are dramatically layered to sensitively embrace the remnant landscape character of Bandirma.

Bandirma Gardens of Imagination is designed to stimulate creative endeavour, imaginative thinking and knowledge sharing. It’s also a space for respite within a tranquil setting. Through an integrated layering of dramatic landscapes, multi-level experiences and sensory stimulators, Bandirma Gardens of Imagination emerges from its historical remnants as an international symbol for creative endeavour. Contrasting landscapes such as the iconic ‘Oval’, ‘Botanic Garden’, ‘Orchard’and ‘Southern Terraces’ are all framed by a dramatic natural urban forest that strengthens the sites existing Garrigue formation.

The oval

The iconic oval forms the key organisation piece to Bandirma Gardens of Imagination’s landscape and urban form. The Oval’s powerful shape signifies a transformation in landscape character from the vibrant and formal inner gardens to the natural and robust urban forest.Transitioning from the Orchards, the oval ascends the ground plain to float above the Botanical Gardens seamlessly linking with the iconic ‘Beacon’.Uninterrupted panoramic views towards the ocean,city and surrounding context ensure a truly unique user experience.

Parklands and orchard

The Parklands and Orchard form the central public room to Bandirma Gardens of Imagination.Framed by the iconic oval and a grid of paths, a collection of lawns, orchard rows organised around a classic linear water element. This provides a modern interpretation to the park’s historical vernacular and sculptural coniferous tree groups. Characterised by a dense covering of edible trees and exotic flowers the orchard rows symbolise the regions self-sustaining agriculture. Dispersed under the tree canopy are a series of breakout spaces that offer seating, table tennis, chess as well as other active and passive uses.Urban forest

The urban forest is a robust, natural and weathered landscape that honours the park’s existing character. Existing tree groups are strengthened through new Coniferous and Garrigue planting,forming a naturalised sculptural edge to Bandirma Gardens of Imagination’s buildings. The additional planting densifies the tree canopy stabilising the slopes from rainfall, increasing wind protection and buffering surrounding noise. Inserted within the urban forest is a meandering walking/running track.

Gardens of play

The Gardens of Play form a tempo change in the landscape where play, sport and other recreational activities can be enjoyed with the city as a backdrop. Through the adaptively reused northern historical building for play, a flexible collection of active spaces that embrace water,nature and seating for relaxation, the Gardens of Play are Bandirma Gardens of Imagination’s recreational hub. Framed within the confines of a retaining wall, botanical gardens and oval walkway, the Gardens of Play provide an energised recreational experience for all ages.

Gardens of the future

The Gardens of the Future are designed to challenge the users senses through a diverse array of spatial experiences that respond to Bandirma’s past, present and future. Central to the gardens is the restoration of existing historical buildings to house an adaptable and ever-changing array of installations,artist displays, uses and events. The walls of the historical buildings enclose their adjacent courtyards that embrace existing tree groups and adopt a place sensitive materiality. Importantly the Gardens of the Future link to the Design Institute providing a canvas for creative endeavours and pursuit for a better future.Botanic garden

10 班德爾瑪奇想花園鳥瞰圖Aerial View of Bandirma Gardens of Imagination

The Botanic Garden look towards the city and celebrate the splendour of Turkey’s natural environment. Through a rich and varied collection of endemic plant species, habitats and biodiversity the gardens form a paradise experience unique to Turkey. Nestled within the gardens are a variety of traversing ramps, viewing platforms and the floating oval structure that reveal the surprise,delight, smells, sounds and wildlife of Turkey.

Integrated within the landscape are stormwater collection initiatives that cascade alongside the ramps and dense foliage to a wetland and site water filtration system.

Southern terraces

The southern terraces are an extension to the gardens. Defined by a castellated edge, the terraces adapt to the sloping terrain creating south facing spaces that celebrate the iconic vista’s above the urban forest. In addition the southern terraces offer alfresco dining, quiet contemplative spaces for reflection and accessible ramps that link seamlessly adjacent paths.

Buildings

Buildings statement

An iconic building form embraces the rustic historical grain, creating a collage of spatial experiences that interweave the uniqueness of place with the transformative power of architecture.

Bandirma Gardens of Imagination embraces a powerful urban form that responds to the sites history in a unique multi-faceted manner. Through the castellated edges reminiscent of the hill top villages of the past to the smooth ovoid facade framing the internal spaces. Bandirma Gardens of Imagination demonstrates a con fident merging of contemporary and historical architecture promoting an iconic platform for innovation and imagination.

Integrated within the buildings are a series of laneway intrusions, historical extrusions and atrium patio's that promote a fine grain, permeable and enclosed spatial experience. Contrasting materiality form a synergy with the differing landscapes, whilst landmark buildings such as the ‘Beacon’ tower become icons in the Bandirma skyline.

Design Institute

Uniquely positioned within the inner sanctum of the oval, the Design Institute demonstrates a synergy between modern architecture, historical remnants,landscape spatiality and creative functionality.Through a diverse program that transitions between internal and external spaces, the Design Institute seamlessly intersects within its historical and landscape setting. Public spaces cater for outdoor auditorium seating, a library and café space, a public courtyard and a projection space at the building entry ensuring a memorable spatial experience.

The Design Institute is a creative platform for experimentation and innovation to achieve a better future. Design, investigation and sharing knowledge are central to the evolutionary development of the Design Institute.Positioning

The Design Institute sits in the inner part of the oval path, as an icon in Bandirma Gardens of Imagination’s landscape. The Design Institute takes advantage of its position, with views over the Marmara Sea and the city. It is the first building to see when the visitor arrives from the city and the last to leave behind.Built form

The Design Institute responds to the Oval walkway and adjacent buildings with a gentle arc that juxtaposes the historical grid. Expanding vertically and horizontally, the building volume represents a unique deviation in the Bandirma Gardens of Imagination’s architectural language signifying the Design Institutes importance.

Historical buildings

The Design Institute intersects with four of the site’s historical buildings, creating a dramatic experience that interweaves the past, present and future together.The remnant historical buildings engage with the larger architectural volume generating intimate courtyards and voids that support a diverse array of uses, spatial experiences and creative environments.

Interior to exterior

The idea of the Design Institute is to create an open building that promotes knowledge sharing for all visitors. The direct link between the interior and exterior spaces creates a harmony between the built form and landscape. The boundaries of the building disappear in the landscape bringing visitors inside and the design outside, merging and engaging people.

Materiality

The Design Institute adopts a semi transparent volume that partially expresses the internal uses allowing the external environment to be experienced within the architecture. A white ceramic lattice reminiscent of the ancient Arabic Mashrabiya floats around the building as an external skin.

The lattice facade provides a temporal atmospheric layer to the building, manipulating light, wind and shadow to create a transient spatial experience.Uses

The ground floor of the Design Institute is a transient, adaptable space that responds to the changing needs of its users. The ground floor uses are con figured in a manner that results in maximum usability even if the Design Institute is closed.

Through independent access points strategically placed along the buildings edge, key uses such as the library, cafe, administrative office, book shop,auditoriums and fabrication workshop are open to all.This flexibility is complemented by the upper floor uses that target inclusive study for creative exploration,discourse and experimentation.

Green roof

A green roof forms a visible and physical extension to the landscape, offering incredible panoramic views towards the park, the city and the sea. The green roof provides a multifunctional carpet that acts as a lookout point, exhibition space, function room or place for relaxation open to the environmental elements. It also provides thermal insulation to the roof,controlling the inner temperature of the Institute.

Retail & Hotel

The retail and hotel form a permeable membrane between inner oval and the urban forest.

They both promote ground floor activation through setbacks, transparent frontage and ground floor activation ensuring a vibrant public domain.

External laneways break the built form, linking the internal gardens to the southern terraces.

The retails unique patio’s act as vertical and horizontal distribution elements promoting easy access between the underground car park and upper level spaces. Whilst the hotel supports a rooftop terrace where views towards the city can be enjoyed from a swimming pool, bar and lounge seating.

Conclusion

Bandirma Gardens of Imagination symbolises a bold new beginning, where an imaginative future is revealed through a contemporary synergy of landscape, architecture, ecologies and cultural history. Through an integrated layering of dramatic garden landscapes, multi-level experiences and environmental stimulators, the Bandirma Gardens of Imagination emerge from their historical remnants as an international symbol for creative endeavour. The Bandirma Hayal Bah?eler represents a dynamic new direction for Turkey’s Balikesir region, strategically repositioning the city as a centre for innovation.

The design proposes a series of contrasting landscapes that repurpose the site within its historical setting. Key features include an iconic Oval, a Botanic Garden, Gardens of Play, Gardens of the Future,Orchards and a Southern Terrace. Each space is framed by a dramatic natural urban forest that strengthens the sites existing Garrigue formation.

Integrated within the buildings are a series of laneway intrusions, historical extrusions and atrium patio’s that promote a fine grain, permeable and enclosed spatial experience whilst landmark buildings such as the ‘Beacon’ tower and Design Institute strengthen the sites city presence.

Client:Balikesir Metropolitan Municipality

Project Date:2017

Project Location:Balikesir, Turkey

Discipline:Urban Planning; Landscape Design

Total Site Area:26hm2

Sector :Culture and Art; Education; Public Green Space and Open Space; Urban Center

Scope :Brownfield Planning and Design; Spatial and Land Use Analysis; Open Space; Public Space Strategy; Public Space Design; Public Space Planning and Design; Regional Regeneration Plan; Urban Mass Research; Urban Design Framework; Design Competition

Project Team :Michael Cowdy; Francesca Visione; Philip Coxall; Tom Rivard; Julia Manrique; Don Do; Ann Deng; Min Kwon; Miguel Serrao

Collaborators :Vernica; Nura Arquitectes

Translator:SUN Xuerong

Proofreader:ZHANG Shiyang

(Editor / ZU Xiaoyan)

（編輯/祖笑艷）