韓連奎 張慶斌 孫勇攀 孔德淼 劉波
[摘要] 目的 4-1BB及其配體4-1BBL在多種惡性腫瘤中有高表達,對腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展起著重要作用。方法 方便選取胸外科手術(shù)切除的50例非小細胞肺癌標(biāo)本為研究對象,手術(shù)時間及地點為2016—2017年貴州省人民醫(yī)院,肺癌組織、埃癌旁組織中4-1BB、4-1BBL表達的檢測采用采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色方法(SP法),其表達差異采用χ2檢驗分析,并分析兩種蛋白的表達與患者臨床分期等相關(guān)信息間的相關(guān)性,并分析4-1BB、4-1BBL共同表達的相關(guān)性與NSCLC發(fā)生、發(fā)展的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 ①女性4-1BB/4-1BBL陽性率45.0%,男性4-1BB/4-1BBL陽性率76.6%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);②≥60歲患者4-1BB/4/1BBL陽性率71.4%,<60歲患者4-1BB/4/1BBL陽性率58.6%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);③有吸煙史患者陽性率69.6%,無吸煙史患者陽性率52.9%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);④肺癌組織,4-1BB陽性率62.0%,4-1BBL陽性率64.0%,癌旁組織中,4-1BB陽性率為36.0%,4-1BBL陽性率42.0%,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);⑤T1期4-1BB陽性率35.0%,T2期4-1BB陽性率81.3%,T3期4-1BB陽性率85.7%,T1期、T2期、T3期差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),T2期、T3期差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);⑥無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者4-1BB陽性率61.7%,有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者4-1BB陽性率62.5%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);⑦4-1BB在I期陽性率47.6%,II期陽性率50.0%,IIIa期陽性率84.2%,Ⅲa期與I期差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Ⅰ期與Ⅱ期相比、Ⅱ期與Ⅲ期相比差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);⑧4-1BBL在T1期陽性率55.0%,T2期陽性率68.7%,T3期陽性率71.4%,T1、T2、T3期差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);⑨無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移4-1BBL陽性率61.7%,有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性率68.7%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);⑩4-1BBL在I期陽性率42.8%,II期陽性率80.0%,Ⅲa期陽性率78.9%,Ⅱ、Ⅲa明顯高于I期,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),Ⅰ期與Ⅱ?qū)Ρ龋蚱谂cⅢ期相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);?輥?輯?訛4-1BB及4-1BBL在N分期中的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 與癌旁組織相比,非小細胞肺癌組織明顯具有更高的4-1BB及其配體4-1BBL表達水平,且二者相關(guān)于肺癌組織的臨床分期和惡性程度,說明NSCLC發(fā)生、發(fā)展中,4-1BB及4-1BBL可能共同發(fā)揮了促進作用,肺癌診斷及評估患者預(yù)后時可采用這兩項指標(biāo),研究表明,NSCLS發(fā)生及發(fā)展時,這兩種蛋白的作用非常重要,未來研究中,可以這兩種蛋白作為新的切入點,研究出更為有效的靶向治療方案。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 4-1BB及其配體4-1BBL;肺癌;表達
[中圖分類號] R73 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-0742(2018)06(c)-0023-05
[Abstract] Objective 4-1BB and its ligand 4-1BBL are highly expressed in various malignant tumors and play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Methods 50 cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens removed by thoracic surgery were convenient selected. The time and place of the operation were from 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in lung cancer tissues and adjacent tissues of Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from 2016 to 2017. Using immunohistochemical staining (SP method), the expression differences were analyzed by Chi-square test, and the correlation between the expression of the two proteins and clinical staging and other relevant information was analyzed, and the common analysis of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL was analyzed, The correlation between expression and the occurrence and development of NSCLC was analyzed. Results ①The positive rate of 4-1BB/4-1BBL in females was 45.0%, and the positive rate of 4-1BB/4-1BBL in males was 76.6%. The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). ②The positive rate of 4-1BB/4/1BBL in ≥60 years old patients was 71.4%, <60-year-old patients 4-1BB/4/1BBL positive rate of 58.6%, The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05); ③smoking history of patients with a positive rate of 69.6%, no smoking history of patients positive rate of 52.9%, The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05); ④In lung cancer tissues, the positive rate of 4-1BB was 62.0%, the positive rate of 4-1BBL was 64.0%, in the adjacent tissues, the positive rate of 4-1BB was 36.0%, the positive rate of 4-1BBL was 42.0%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05);⑤T1 positive rate of 4-1BB was 35.0%, positive rate of 4-1BB was 81.3% in T2 phase, positive rate of 4-1BB was 85.7% in T3 phase, there was a significant difference between T1 phase, T2 phase, and T3 phase (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the T2 and T3 phases (P>0.05); ⑥The positive rate of 4-1BB was 61.7% in patients without lymph node metastasis, and the positive rate of 4-1BB was 62.5% in patients with lymph node metastasis, The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). ⑦The positive rate of 74-1BB in stage I was 47.6%, the positive rate in stage II was 50.0%, and the positive rate in stage IIIa was 84.2%. The difference between stage IIIa and stage I was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between phase I and phase II and phase II and phase III (P>0.05); ⑧The positive rate of 84-1BBL in T1 phase was 55.0%, the positive rate in T2 phase was 68.7%, and the positive rate in T3 phase was 71.4%. There was no significant difference between T1, T2, and T3 phases (P>0.05); ⑨The positive rate of 4-1BBL without lymph node metastasis was 61.7%, and the positive rate of lymph node metastasis was 68.7%. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05); ⑩The positive rate of 4-1BBL in stage I was 42.8%, the positive rate in stage II was 80.0%, the positive rate in stage IIIa was 78.9%, II, IIIa were significantly higher than stage I, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), and stage I was compared with II. There was no significant difference between stage II and stage III (P>0.05). ?輥?輯?訛There was no significant difference in the expression of 114-1BB and 4-1BBL in N stage. Conclusion Non-small cell lung cancer tissues had significantly higher expression of 4-1BB and its ligand 4-1BBL compared with adjacent tissues, and both were related to the clinical stage and malignancy of lung cancer tissues, indicating the occurrence and development of NSCLC, 4-1BB and 4-1BBL may jointly play a catalytic role in the diagnosis of lung cancer and evaluate the prognosis of patients when these two indicators can be used, studies have shown that the occurrence and development of NSCLS, the role of these two proteins is very important in future research, the two proteins can be used as new entry points to develop more effective targeted therapies.
[Key words] 4-1BB and Its ligand 4-1BBL; Lung cancer; E xpress
肺癌是嚴重威脅人類健康的腫瘤之一,居腫瘤死亡率之首,我國肺癌發(fā)病率及死亡率均居腫瘤之首。目前對于肺癌的治療主要是以手術(shù)為主,化療放療為輔,但目前肺癌仍具有較高的復(fù)發(fā)率及較短治療后生存期,所以對于肺癌的新輔助治療是目前研究的一個新熱點,其中又以免疫治療研究較多。4-1BB/4-1BBL近年來新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一對關(guān)鍵的共刺激信號,對維持T 細胞的活化與增殖起非常重要的作用,在腫瘤的免疫方面有一定意義,國內(nèi)外關(guān)于共刺激分子4-1BBL 和 4-1BB 與肺癌的研究較少。該研究方便選取2016—2017年貴州省人民醫(yī)院胸外科手術(shù)患者,共50組肺癌組織及相應(yīng)距癌5 cm以外的正常肺組織,研究4-1BB和4-1BBL表達情況,并分析了其表達的臨床意義,同時,分析了二者表達水平與患者病情等相關(guān)因素的相關(guān)性,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
標(biāo)本均方便選取貴州省人民醫(yī)院胸外科手術(shù)患者,共50組肺癌組織及相應(yīng)距癌5 cm以外的正常肺組織。50例患者術(shù)前均無其他系統(tǒng)腫瘤性疾病,也未行放化療,以及其他治療,術(shù)后病理均為非小細胞肺癌。其中24例鱗癌,26例腺癌。分化程度:低分化15例,中分化癌10,高分化癌25例;TNM分期:T1:20例,T2:16例,T3:14例;I期21例,II期10例,Ⅲ a期19例;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況:發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移34例,未轉(zhuǎn)移16例。男女比例1.5∶1,年齡平均(51.6±4.8)歲。
1.2 實驗與方法
主要試劑 鼠抗人4-1BBL單克隆抗體 劑量 0.2 mL,購自 American Santa 公司,鼠抗人4-1BB單克隆抗體, 購自 American Santa 公司:通用型二步法檢測試劑盒( pv-6000),購自 北京中杉金橋生物公司。實驗方法按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)S-P法進行。
1.3 免疫組織化學(xué)評分方法
判定法為半定量計分法,顯微鏡下,利用高倍視野(×500)觀察玻片,每張5個,之后評價結(jié)果。依照染色程度,劃分腫瘤細胞等級:無染色標(biāo)記為0分,呈淺黃色標(biāo)記為1分,呈棕黃色標(biāo)記為2分,呈棕褐色標(biāo)記為3分。再以陽性腫瘤細胞占比為依據(jù)評分,<10%標(biāo)記為0分,10%~25%標(biāo)記為1分,25%~50%標(biāo)記為2分,50%~75%標(biāo)記為3分,>75%標(biāo)記為4分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計方法
該研究中均為定性變量數(shù)據(jù),表示方式為陽性率,數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件,計數(shù)資料間差異時,利用χ2檢驗,相關(guān)性分析中,以2×2配對資料關(guān)聯(lián)性分析進行,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 4-1BB及4-1BBL在不同性別、年齡、吸煙情況的NSCLC患者癌組織中的表達
20例女性患者中,4-1BB/4/1BBL表達陽性9例,陽性率45.0%,30例男性患者中,4-1BB/4/1BBL表達陽性23例,陽性率76.6%;21例≥60歲患者中,4-1BB/4/1BBL表達陽性15例,陽性率71.4%,29例<60歲患者中,4-1BB/4/1BBL表達陽性17例,陽性率58.6%;33例患者有吸煙史,其中,陽性患者23例,陽性率69.6%,另17例患者無吸煙史,陽性患者9例,陽性率52.9%;4-1BB在非小細胞肺癌組織中的表達與患者的性別、年齡、吸煙史差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.637、0.716、0.554,P=0.347、0.416、0.504)。
2.2 4-1BB和4-1BBL在肺癌及癌旁組織中的表達
50例肺癌組織中,4-1BB陽性表達31例,但不具備相同染色強度,陽性率62.0%。4-1BB主要在肺癌的 細胞膜、細胞質(zhì)中表達。癌旁組織中,4-1BB陽性表達18例,陽性率為36.0%。肺癌組織中4-1BB的表達明顯高于癌旁組織,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=18.034,P<0.01)。4-1BBL在50例肺癌組織中有32例呈陽性表達,陽性率64.0%(32/50)。4-1BBL同樣在肺癌的細胞膜及細胞質(zhì)中表達。4-1BBL在癌旁組織中表達的陽性率為42.0%(21/50)。肺癌組織中的陽性表達明顯高于癌旁組織,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=5.307,P=0.026)。見表1。
2.3 4-1BB及4-1BBL在NSCLC不同TNM分期中的表達情況
50例NSCLC中,原發(fā)腫瘤T分期情況:T1:20例,T2:16例,T3:14例。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況:34例無轉(zhuǎn)移,16例有轉(zhuǎn)移,但無患者發(fā)生遠處轉(zhuǎn)移。50例非小細胞肺癌中,T1期20例中4-1BB陽性率35.0%(7/20);T2期16例中陽性率81.3%(13/16);T3期14例中陽性率85.7%(12/14)。T2、T3期4-1BB表達陽性率明顯高于T1期,T1、T2期對比用Fisher確切概率統(tǒng)計法差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=7.135,P=0.012);T1、T3期對比用Fisher確切概率統(tǒng)計法差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=6.825,P=0.021);T2、T3期對比用Fisher確切概率統(tǒng)計法差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.622,P=0.304)。34例無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,21例4-1BB表達陽性,占比61.7%;16例有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,10例OPN表達陽性,占比62.5%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.933,P=0.316)。4-1BB在I期陽性率47.6%(10/21),II期患者陽性率50.0%(5/10),IIIa期陽性率84.2%(16/19),Ⅲa期4-1BB陽性率明顯高于I期,表達差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=8.119,P=0.008)。Ⅰ期與Ⅱ期相比,Ⅱ期與Ⅲ期相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=4.628,P=0.516)見表2。
4-1BBL在T1期中陽性率55.0%(11/20);T2期率68.7%(11/16);T3期陽性率71.4%(10/14)。T1、T2、T3期4-1BBL表達陽性率,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=1.104,P=0.428)。無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N0)4-1BBL表達陽性率61.7%(21/34);有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1+N2)陽性率68.7%(11/16),有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的陽性率高于無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性率,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.594,P=0.638)。4-1BBL在I期陽性率42.8%(9/21),II期陽性率80.0%(8/10),Ⅲa期陽性率78.9%(15/19),Ⅱ、Ⅲa期4-1BBL陽性率明顯高于I期,Ⅰ期與Ⅲa期對比,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=5.601,P=0.025);Ⅰ期與Ⅱ?qū)Ρ?,Ⅱ期與Ⅲ期相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.384,P=0.711)。4-1BB及4-1BBL在N分期中的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
3 討論
國外研究指出,肺癌確診后,會有25%左右患者在3個月內(nèi)死亡,機體虛弱、缺乏癌癥治療、遠處轉(zhuǎn)移為主要導(dǎo)致晚期癌癥患者早期死亡的原因。這說明,要盡早診斷肺癌患者,及時的開展治療,使患者死亡率降低,對于當(dāng)前的醫(yī)療水平來說,將是一個巨大的挑戰(zhàn)[1]。盡管隨著醫(yī)療水平的進步已經(jīng)有所提高了診斷及治療效果,但患者仍具有較差的預(yù)后,全世界癌癥死亡患者中,肺癌為最常見原因,進一步了解肺癌的發(fā)病機制變得尤為重要。
雙信號作用是T細胞活化的主要依賴,即不僅需要能夠提供特異性抗原刺激信號的MHC分子-抗原復(fù)合物,還需要共刺激信號(非MHC限制、非抗原特異),只有這兩重信號都獲得后,T細胞的活化、增殖才能有效發(fā)生,使其功能發(fā)揮出來[2]。在發(fā)現(xiàn)的T細胞共刺激分子中,最早的為表面分析CD28,抗原遞呈細胞(APC)為其天然配體,B7-1/b7-2分子表達于APC上,已有研究證實,信號來源于這兩個分子配基化時,可產(chǎn)生高水平的IL-2,并使幼稚CD+ T細胞存活延長[3]。T細胞活化后,其后期生存的維持、免疫記憶應(yīng)答均離不開4-1BBL/4-1BB的作用[4]。近年來多項研究認為,抗腫瘤免疫治療中,4-1BBL、B7為新的治療靶點。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),4-1BBL組成性表達存在于多種腫瘤細胞表面[5]。在傳遞的逆向信號作用下,IL-8由腫瘤細胞產(chǎn)生,同時,相關(guān)于腫瘤細胞對抗癌藥的耐受及維持生存[6]按照上述研究背景,該研究選取50例非小細胞肺癌石蠟組織標(biāo)本作為研究對象,檢測4-1BBL/4-1BB的表達,并分析其與相應(yīng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果表明,4-1BB在癌癥組織、癌旁組織的陽性表達率分別為62.0%、36.0%,而4-1BBL的陽性表達率則分別為64.0%、42.0%,二者癌癥組織的陽性表達率顯著高于癌旁組織,同時,觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞漿和包膜中聚積了大量的4-1BBL和4-1BB,卻僅有少量存在于于細胞核中,此種觀察結(jié)果吻合于二者的滑膜蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)。無論是免疫細胞,或是非免疫細胞,4-1BBL/4-1BB均由表達,不過呈現(xiàn)出不同的表達部位,尚不明具體的機制,可能相關(guān)于不同的功能。在分期較早的NSCLC患者中,4-1BB陽性表達率83.3%,4-1BBL陽性表達率80.0%,而在進展期NSCLC患者中,二者的陽性表達率分別為39.1%、34.8%,經(jīng)對比發(fā)現(xiàn),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.001)。產(chǎn)生此種結(jié)果的可能性原因為腫瘤發(fā)病早期時尚未抑制免疫功能,機體以4-1BB/4-1BBL高表達方式,對T細胞、巨噬細胞做出誘導(dǎo),使這兩個細胞相互作用,從而有效的保護性免疫腫瘤[7-8]。腫瘤病程進展后,影響及抑制患者免疫功能的因素逐漸增多,導(dǎo)致大幅度的降低機體的免疫功能[9-11]。同時,該研究還分析了4-1BB/4-1BBL表達與腫瘤分化之間的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示:低分化患者4-1BB/4-1BBL的陽性表達率分別為79.1%、51.7%,而高分化患者則分別75.0%、48.2%,高分化患者顯著低于低分化,可能原因為分化障礙或停頓普遍存在于惡性腫瘤中,而增殖過度、代謝及分泌旺盛為4-1BB/4-1BBL的高表達提供了生化基礎(chǔ)[12-13]。另外,該研究結(jié)果還顯示,在腫瘤組織中,4-1BB/4-1BBL的表達并不相關(guān)于患者的年齡、性別、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移與否等條件,一致于國內(nèi)外相關(guān)的研究結(jié)果。
非小細胞肺癌患者中,與癌旁組織相比,4-1BB/4-1BBL在癌癥組織中明顯具有更高的表達,而且二者表達水平相關(guān)于肺癌組織分化程度和臨床分期,說明非小細胞肺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中4-1BB/4-1BBL共同的發(fā)揮了促進作用,臨床診斷肺癌、評估患者預(yù)后時,可采用這兩項指標(biāo)。研究表明,非小細胞肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,4-1BB/4-1BBL作用非常重要,未來診斷肺癌時,可將4-1BB/4-1BBL作為新的標(biāo)志物,同時,靶向治療肺癌時,也可以4-1BB/4-1BBL作為新的切入點。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-27)