彈性景觀

現(xiàn)代風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科中的概念、思想和理論來(lái)自于許多不同的方面，首先是學(xué)科自身的歷史，包括古老的花園藝術(shù)，也包括人類(lèi)各種建造活動(dòng)所積累下來(lái)的營(yíng)建智慧；其二來(lái)自于規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐，現(xiàn)實(shí)中的各種復(fù)雜問(wèn)題需要不斷地研究，而研究成果又需在實(shí)踐中得到應(yīng)用、發(fā)展和完善，實(shí)踐是風(fēng)景園林理論產(chǎn)生的重要源泉；其三來(lái)自于不同學(xué)科之間的相互交叉與影響。由于風(fēng)景園林涉及的范圍非常廣泛，研究和實(shí)踐的領(lǐng)域與許多學(xué)科都有一定的重疊，不同學(xué)科的融合促進(jìn)了風(fēng)景園林理論研究的發(fā)展；其四來(lái)自于對(duì)其他學(xué)科已有的概念和理論的借鑒。科學(xué)的普及讓許多專(zhuān)業(yè)名詞變得耳熟能詳，以至于被借用至包括風(fēng)景園林學(xué)在內(nèi)的很多學(xué)科中，用于解釋某種類(lèi)似的現(xiàn)象，“彈性”的概念就是如此。

在物理學(xué)中，彈性是一個(gè)非常古老的概念，是指當(dāng)物體受到外力作用后發(fā)生變形、而當(dāng)外力解除后變形會(huì)得到一定程度恢復(fù)的性質(zhì)。能恢復(fù)到原狀的變形叫彈性變形，而不能恢復(fù)到原狀的變形，叫非彈性變形。當(dāng)然，能否恢復(fù)到原狀，與材料的特性、形態(tài)和外力的大小有著密切的關(guān)系。借助彈性的概念非常容易解釋一個(gè)物體或者一個(gè)系統(tǒng)抵御外力影響的能力，以及一旦影響發(fā)生，物體或系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)原有形態(tài)的能力。許多學(xué)科，如生態(tài)學(xué)、工程學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)等都先后引入了彈性的概念，用以分析生態(tài)、工程、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)等系統(tǒng)一旦受到外部環(huán)境的影響，特別是巨大的不利影響后，系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)這種影響的能力。當(dāng)然在不同的學(xué)科中，彈性的概念也會(huì)有所不同，比如在工程學(xué)中，彈性指的是一個(gè)工程受到干擾后，返回平衡狀態(tài)或穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的能力；而在生態(tài)學(xué)中，彈性指的是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在受到外界干擾下，系統(tǒng)抗擊沖擊的能力、恢復(fù)的能力以及可能建立新的穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)的能力。彈性的概念對(duì)于深入研究和發(fā)展這些學(xué)科的理論都起到了一定的促進(jìn)作用。

風(fēng)景園林是處理人類(lèi)建造環(huán)境與自然環(huán)境之間關(guān)系的學(xué)科，是研究人類(lèi)如何在使用土地等自然資源的同時(shí)維持自然環(huán)境的健康的學(xué)科，或者說(shuō)是創(chuàng)造適合人類(lèi)使用的和生態(tài)平衡的人類(lèi)生活境域的學(xué)科。人工的建造如何才能適應(yīng)自然環(huán)境？?jī)烧呷绾尾拍苓_(dá)到平衡與和諧？彈性的概念為風(fēng)景園林學(xué)帶來(lái)了新的研究視角，即研究通過(guò)風(fēng)景園林的途徑使得不同尺度的建成環(huán)境具有更強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力：當(dāng)臺(tái)風(fēng)、地震、洪澇、干旱等災(zāi)害發(fā)生，我們的建成環(huán)境如何能夠抵御災(zāi)害的影響？當(dāng)建成環(huán)境遭受損害，如何能夠盡快復(fù)蘇？當(dāng)社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口和產(chǎn)業(yè)等因素巨變可能帶來(lái)各種不確定的影響時(shí)，建成環(huán)境如何能夠從容應(yīng)對(duì)并實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)地發(fā)展？

近年來(lái)彈性景觀已成為風(fēng)景園林熱點(diǎn)的研究領(lǐng)域。2018年IFLA世界大會(huì)將于7月份在新加坡召開(kāi)，大會(huì)的3個(gè)主題之一是“未來(lái)的彈性”。配合IFLA 大會(huì)同時(shí)舉辦大學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽和頒發(fā)IFLA亞非中東地區(qū)專(zhuān)業(yè)獎(jiǎng)，前者的題目是“彈性景觀”，后者的主題是“設(shè)計(jì)的彈性”。IFLA亞非中東地區(qū)專(zhuān)業(yè)獎(jiǎng)在征集參評(píng)作品的文件中列出了2大類(lèi)10小類(lèi)的作品方向，既包含一些近年熱點(diǎn)的彈性景觀問(wèn)題，如洪水的控制與水的管理、防范自然災(zāi)害和極端天氣等，也包含文化傳統(tǒng)、反恐、糧食安全等似乎與我們通常理解的彈性景觀沒(méi)有太多關(guān)系的領(lǐng)域?？梢?jiàn)，風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域的彈性概念已經(jīng)變得非常寬泛，幾乎無(wú)所不包，社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)、文化和使用等等都可以與彈性相關(guān)，各個(gè)因素似乎都能用彈性來(lái)解釋。于是，對(duì)彈性的理解，因?yàn)槠鋬?nèi)涵外延的不斷擴(kuò)展，也變得越來(lái)越難以把握。

不過(guò)彈性景觀的概念還是為風(fēng)景園林的研究和實(shí)踐帶來(lái)許多啟發(fā)，讓我們對(duì)景觀有了更深的理解，對(duì)景觀的價(jià)值有了更多的認(rèn)識(shí)，也讓我們對(duì)景觀的復(fù)雜性、適應(yīng)性、動(dòng)態(tài)性和變化性有了更進(jìn)一步的思考。

2018年6月8日

Resilient Landscape

The concepts, ideologies and theories of the modern Landscape Architecture have various sources. The first origin is the history of the discipline itself which includes ancient gardening art and the wisdom accumulated in human construction activities. The second origin is the planning and design practices during which complex problems were encountered, studied and resolved through explorations with the results applied, extended and perfected which has refined the Landscape Architecture theories. The third origin is the interaction among different disciplines. The extensive scope of Landscape Architecture leads to theoretical and practical overlaps with other disciplines and the disciplinary integration has promoted the development of Landscape Architecture theoretical research.The fourth origin is the adoption of existent concepts and theories of other disciplines. The dissemination of science has made many professional terms so familiar that some have been adopted to explain similar phenomena in other disciplines. The concept of resilience in Landscape Architecture makes a good case in this category.

Resilience is a time-honored term in physics referring the nature of an object to recover its shape or position after deformation by external force. If recovered to the original shape upon relief of the force, it is called Resilient Deformation, if not, the Non-resilient Deformation. It is certainly the properties,morphology of the object and the magnitude of the external force that largely determines whether the object can recover to its original state. Resilience is much comprehensible in delineating the ability of a certain object or system to withstand external impact and its capability to return to its original state once the impact arises. Therefore, resilience has been introduced into such disciplines as ecology, engineering, economics and sociology to analyze the adaptability of related systems to absorb environmental changes especially huge adverse impacts. Nevertheless different disciplines are interpreting resilience in different ways. For example,in engineering science resilience refers to the ability of a project to return to equilibrium or stability after being disturbed. In ecology,resilience refers to the ability of ecosystems in resisting external disturbance, recovering and establishing new stable systems. The concept of resilience has played a significant role in promoting the study and development of various disciplines.

Landscape Architecture is a discipline that deals with the relationship between human built environment and the natural environment, a discipline of how human utilizes natural resources such as land to maintain an ecological balanced and human available living realm. How can artificial construction adapt to natural environment to achieve balanced harmony? The concept of resilience brings new research perspective to Landscape Architecture. That is, how can Landscape Architecture make the built environment of different scales more adaptable? In face of disasters like typhoons, earthquakes, floods, droughts, how can the build environment withstand the strike? When the built environment is stricken, how can it get recovered quickly? And when the social, economic, demographic and industrial changes bring about various uncertainties, how could the built environment respond calmly for sustainable development?

In recent years, resilient landscape has become a hotspot among landscape research topics. IFLA World Congress 2018 will be held in Singapore in July this year. One of the three congress themes is Future Resilience. The result of Student Design Competition and the IFLA Asia-Asia Pacific-Middle East Professional Awards will be announced. The theme of student competition this year is Resilient Landscape, and that of the IFLA AAPME Awards is Resilience by Design. The award has 2 major categories and 10 subcategories for submission, including not only popular topics related with resilient landscape such as flood and water management, natural disasters and weather extremes, but also the topics that do not appear much associated with resilience landscape in general like culture and traditions, terrorism, food security and production system, etc. It shows that the concept of resilience in Landscape Architecture has become comprehensive to encompass the realms of social,economic, ecological, cultural and applicative aspects. Yet with all these factors explained in broadened connotation and denotation,resilience has also become an increasingly difficult concept for full grip.

Still, resilient landscape brings inspirations to research and practice of Landscape Architecture, makes contribution in deepening our understanding of landscape, in arousing our awareness of landscape values and in enlightening us about the complexity, adaptability, flexibility and variability of landscape.

June 8th, 2018