Architectural Designs of Legislature in the World

⊙ By Max Cohen de Lara

翻譯：丁一

我們都知道，世界各國有不同的地形地貌和風(fēng)土人情。但據(jù)研究，各國立法機(jī)構(gòu)的會(huì)議廳遠(yuǎn)不如各國風(fēng)景那般多彩，只有區(qū)區(qū)的五種樣式，這多少讓人有點(diǎn)意外。到底是怎么回事呢？一起來了解一下吧。

Every one of the United Nations’ 193 member states has a legislatures[立法機(jī)關(guān)]and each has a plenary[全體會(huì)議]hall for its meetings. Although each state has a parliament[議會(huì)]of some kind, their plenary chambers[會(huì)所]have a very limited number of shapes. Most surprisingly, these buildings have hardly changed since the 19th century.

1） Semicircle[半圓]

The most common shape is the semicircle, which goes back to classical antiquity[古代].

This shape made its neoclassical[新古典主義的]comeback with the French Revolution, which gave birth to its National Assembly and took over the Palais Bourbon for its meetings. Its shape is particularly common in Europe, where, during the 19th century, newly forming nation states adopted the semicircular shape for their legislatures. The semicircle fuses[融合]the members of parliament into a single entity.

Nevertheless, while the Greek semicircle assemblies[集會(huì)]had been accessible to all its citizens in a direct democracy, in the new European states, the architecture was used to encourage consensus[一致意見]among a group of representative[代議制的]elites[精英]. Also, the chambers of Senate and House on Capitol Hill convene[集會(huì)]in a semicircular setting.

2） Opposing Benches

A second, distinctly different, type is the combative[好斗的]British model of opposing benches, which encourages two parties to see themselves in distinct opposition to one another. It dates back to the pews[教堂長椅]of St. Stephen’s Chapel[小教堂]in the 13th century,where the English king called a form of parliament for the first time.

The setting of two sides that confront[對(duì)抗]each other provokes[激起]a more heated debate than the single body that is created in the semicircular setting of most continental parliaments. Because of its historical ties[聯(lián)系]with Britain, the shape of opposing benches is also found in Commonwealth[英聯(lián)邦]countries.Architect Le Corbusier used it, for example, in some of the plenary chamber of the regional parliament building in India.

3） Horseshoe[馬蹄形]

A third type is a mixture of the previous two, in which the opposing benches bend toward each other on one side of the room to form a horseshoe. This can be seen in many Commonwealth countries, including Australia, Malaysia and South Africa. One of the most beautiful parliament buildings in the world, the Jatiyo Sangshad[孟加拉國立法機(jī)構(gòu)]in Bangladesh designed by architect Louis Kahn, meets in a horseshoe sseettttiinngg..

4） Circle

A fourth, rarer type, is the circle. Only nine parliaments in the world meet in this setting.

Inspired by the Icelandic national parliament of the 8th century,the reintroduction of the circle can be attributed[歸因于]primarily to German architect Günther Behnisch, who in the 1980s introduced a radical[完全的]new circular design for the plenary chamber for the West German parliament in Bonn. However, Behnisch’s design wwaass hhaarrddllyy uusseedd aaffter Germany’s reunification[統(tǒng)一], when the parliament moved to Berlin. In the renovated[翻新的]parliament building, architect Norman Foster created a new meeting hall in a semicircular setting.

5） Classroom

The fifth and final type is the classroom, where members of parliament sit in regimented[編排]rows focused on a single speaker in the hall.For instance, the parliaments of Russia and North Korea meet in a classroom setting.

These five architectural designs influence every legislature in the world and tell you how each governs.Architecture sets the stage for our lives; it creates the world we inhabit and shapes how we relate[建立聯(lián)系]to one another.

CY百科

◆ Commonwealth of Nations 英聯(lián)邦：由52個(gè)獨(dú)立主權(quán)國家組成，成員大多為大英帝國的殖民地或保護(hù)國，伊麗莎白女王二世為英聯(lián)邦的名義元首。英聯(lián)邦不是一個(gè)國家，沒有中央政權(quán)，不設(shè)權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)。英國和各成員國互派高級(jí)專員，代表大使級(jí)外交關(guān)系。

◆ Palais Bourbon 波旁宮：此為法國國民議會(huì)所在地，在塞納河南岸，是一座有260多年歷史的古典建筑，它由意大利設(shè)計(jì)師Lorenzo Giardini設(shè)計(jì)，是法國在1722年為路易十四的女兒波旁公爵夫人建造，并由此得名。它被看作是法國法律的象征，1830年起用作國民議會(huì)。

參考譯文

在聯(lián)合國的193個(gè)成員國中，每個(gè)國家都有立法機(jī)構(gòu)，而每個(gè)立法機(jī)構(gòu)都有舉行全體會(huì)議的會(huì)堂。雖然各國都有某種形式的議會(huì)，但召開全體會(huì)議的會(huì)堂樣式非常有限。最令人驚訝的是，這些建筑物自19世紀(jì)以來幾乎沒有多大改變。

一、半圓形

最常見的是可追溯到古代的半圓形。

隨著法國大革命的到來，這種形狀實(shí)現(xiàn)了自身新古典主義的復(fù)興。誕生于大革命期間的國民議會(huì)占領(lǐng)了波旁宮，并在此召開會(huì)議。這種形狀的會(huì)議廳在歐洲特別常見：在19世紀(jì)，歐洲新成立國家的立法機(jī)構(gòu)均采用半圓形。半圓形狀能讓議員們?nèi)谌氲揭粋€(gè)整體中。

然而，雖然在古希臘時(shí)期，依照直接民主的原則，所有公民都可以進(jìn)入當(dāng)時(shí)的半圓形議會(huì)，但在新成立的歐洲國家里，這種建筑形式則是為了鼓勵(lì)代議制的精英們達(dá)成共識(shí)。此外，美國國會(huì)山上的參眾兩院也是在半圓形的會(huì)議廳開會(huì)的。

二、對(duì)坐長凳

第二種類型是好斗的英式對(duì)坐長凳——與前一種完全不同，這種布局鼓勵(lì)雙方直接面對(duì)彼此。它可以追溯到13世紀(jì)時(shí)圣斯蒂芬教堂的條凳，英格蘭國王在那里第一次召集了可稱之為議會(huì)的會(huì)議。

雙方面對(duì)面的布局要比大多數(shù)歐洲議會(huì)的半圓形布局更能挑起激烈的辯論。對(duì)坐長凳式的議會(huì)廳在與英國有歷史淵源的英聯(lián)邦國家中也可見到。例如，建筑師勒·柯布西耶在為印度一些地方議會(huì)大樓設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)議大廳時(shí)就采用了這種樣式。

三、馬蹄形

第三種類型是前兩種類型的混合體，即對(duì)坐長凳在會(huì)堂的一側(cè)合攏，形成馬蹄形。這種樣式出現(xiàn)在許多英聯(lián)邦國家，包括澳大利亞、馬來西亞和南非等。孟加拉國議會(huì)大廈是世界上最美的議會(huì)大廈之一，由建筑師路易·卡恩設(shè)計(jì)，該國立法機(jī)構(gòu)正是馬蹄形的布局。

四、圓形

第四種呈圓形，很少見。世界上只有九個(gè)國家的議會(huì)是在這種布局下開會(huì)的。

受到8世紀(jì)冰島議會(huì)的影響，德國建筑師京特·貝尼施重新采用圓形樣式來設(shè)計(jì)大會(huì)堂。20世紀(jì)80年代，他為位于波恩的西德議會(huì)會(huì)議廳采用了全新的圓形設(shè)計(jì)。然而，當(dāng)?shù)聡y(tǒng)一，議會(huì)搬到柏林后，貝尼施的設(shè)計(jì)就沒怎么被采用了，建筑師曼·福斯特為翻修后的德國國會(huì)大廈設(shè)計(jì)了半圓形的新會(huì)議廳。

五、課堂形式

第五種類型是課堂式，即議會(huì)成員在整齊劃一的一排排座位上坐好，目光集中于會(huì)議廳里的唯一發(fā)言人。例如，俄羅斯和朝鮮的議會(huì)就在課堂式的會(huì)議廳里開會(huì)。

以上五類建筑設(shè)計(jì)影響著世界上每一個(gè)立法機(jī)構(gòu)，并且體現(xiàn)了不同的治國形式。建筑為我們的生活建造舞臺(tái)，打造我們生活的世界，并影響我們之間相處的方式。