“短文填空”種種形式

邱世才

短文填空題是各地中考英語必考題型之一，主要考查考生的閱讀、邏輯推理、分析歸納及綜合判斷的能力。側(cè)重考查考生對(duì)詞語掌握的熟練程度，尤其是動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等在具體語境中的綜合運(yùn)用情況。

縱觀2018年各地中考題，短文填空題主要包括首字母提示、漢語提示、單詞提示、選詞填空和自由填空等題型。

一、首字母提示型

首字母提示型短文填空題的命題形式是給出一段英語短文，在短文中將某個(gè)單詞去掉，只保留其首字母作為提示，要求考生閱讀短文，根據(jù)語境及所給的首字母提示，填入所缺的單詞，使短文內(nèi)容通順、意思完整。

該題型主要考查考生對(duì)實(shí)詞的掌握情況，以及對(duì)考綱內(nèi)短語的熟悉程度。有時(shí)還必須根據(jù)語境進(jìn)行單詞的變形。

【真題鏈接】

閱讀下面短文，在空白處寫出適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，單詞首字母已給出。

Once， there was a little grey planet. People living on it hadn？蒺t looked after it well. A 66 they had excellent inventions and spaceships beyond our imagin-

ation， they made the planet f 67 of rubbish and pollution. As a result， there were no plants or a 68

left.

One day， a little boy was walking on the p 69 .When he passed a cave（山洞）， he noticed a small red f 70 in it. The flower was sick and almost dying.The boy d 71 it out carefully with its root and some soil. Then he tried to find somewhere to plant it， but he failed. He looked up in the sky and he found the m 72 . He thought the flower might grow w 73 on the moon. So he climbed into a spaceship with the flower and f 74 to the moon. He grew the flower on the moon and took care of it every day. Soon the flowers spread all over the moon and the moon was c 75 with red flowers.

When all the flowers come out， the moon looks r 76 ， like a warning light. If we don？蒺t look a 77 our earth carefully， the day will come when flowers will only be able to grow on the moon.

【2018·咸寧中考題】

【解題秘籍】

1.通讀短文，判斷單詞大意。首先將全文通讀一遍，然后借助首字母來確定所填單詞的中文含義。

2.根據(jù)空格在全句中所處的位置，特別是依據(jù)空格前后的單詞，來分析句子成分，確定所填單詞的詞性。

3.在確定好所填單詞的詞意、詞性的基礎(chǔ)上，再來確定所填單詞的適當(dāng)形式，比如是否需要填寫名詞復(fù)數(shù)，是否需要詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等。

4.在確定了所填單詞的詞意、詞性和詞形后，這樣得出的單詞，才是正確答案。

【參考答案】

66.Although 67.full 68.animals 69.planet

70.flower 71.dug 72.moon 73.well / wonderfully

74.flew 75.covered 76.red 77.after

二、漢語提示型

漢語提示型短文填空題的命題形式是給出一篇長度在200～240個(gè)單詞的短文，將其中的某些單詞去掉，括號(hào)內(nèi)用漢語做出提示。要求根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和漢語提示，用單詞的正確形式填空完成短文，每空限填一詞。

該題型主要考查考生在理解句子意思的基礎(chǔ)上將漢語譯成英語單詞，從而完成英文單詞的拼寫。所填的單詞多為句中比較重要的常用單詞，以名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞等實(shí)詞最為多見。

【真題鏈接】

閱讀下面短文，然后根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)所給漢語意思寫出單詞的正確形式。每空限填一詞。

Have you ever heard of “National Smile Month”？It started on the 14th of 51 （五月） in the UK. During this month， people are made to think about the import-

ance of brushing their teeth， 52 （吃） less sweet foods and going to see the 53 （醫(yī)生） from time to time.

The British are 54 （出名的） for their bad teeth.Even a dictionary has the expression “British Smile”， meaning “Any smile with bad teeth”. 55 （然而）， in America， the“Hollywood Smile” gets its name because American movie 56 （明星） are so proud to show off their beautiful teeth.

But what about smiling in the UK？ Do the British smile a lot， or do they look 57 （悲傷的） all the time？It？蒺s said that the British don？蒺t often show their feelings.But actually it all 58 （取決于） on the situation. For example， Britain doesn？蒺t 59 （允許）smiling in passport photos. But if you are at a party， you？蒺ll find everyone smiling 60 （開心地） and loudly.

So， the British smile as much as anyone else.

【2018·金華中考題】

【解題秘籍】

1.英漢對(duì)比，直接譯詞。特別是對(duì)名詞的單純考查時(shí)，個(gè)別名詞要前后留意是否要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2.前后聯(lián)系，情景填詞。做題時(shí)往往需要考生靈活運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)，比如根據(jù)單詞詞性、時(shí)態(tài)、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、代詞及冠詞等來判斷空白處應(yīng)該填寫的內(nèi)容。

3.完善搭配，填寫單詞。在寫出正確單詞之前，要特別留意單詞的固定搭配和句型，以確保符合邏輯和語境。

【參考答案】

51.May 52.eating / having 53.doctor / doctors

54.famous / well-known 55.However 56.stars

57.sad 58.depends 59.allow 60.happily

三、單詞提示型

單詞提示型短文填空題的命題形式是給出一段短文，將一些單詞去掉，要求用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，或結(jié)合本句式特點(diǎn)填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~來完成短文。

該題型以詞形變換為主要考查方式，也就是根據(jù)所給單詞的提示，結(jié)合本句式的特點(diǎn)和上下文的語境，確定單詞的適當(dāng)形式。所考查的單詞多為名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞，以及動(dòng)詞等。

【真題鏈接】

閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~，或填入括號(hào)中所給單詞的正確形式。

Joseph is a teacher in New York. He gives lessons to 61 （he） students about American history. But he was born 62 Kenya， an African country where the children lead a very different life. For example， a ten？鄄year？鄄old boy may spend 63 （much） time in taking care of cows than studying at school. The children also learn many 64 （skill） like how to live in the wild.

Unlike many other children， Joseph went to school.

And 65 （lucky）， when he was 15， he came 66

（study） in America and then became a teacher. Joseph has written 67 book called Facing the Lion. In the book， he talks about his childhood. He thinks 68 is very important for American children to learn about the cultural differences between their country 69

the others. He also thinks children should learn to be strong and full of hope. Now Joseph 70 （do） a project， hoping that it will help children face their own “l(fā)ions”.

【2018·麗水中考題】

【解題秘籍】

1.通讀短文，了解短文的大意。在掌握了全文的大意和作者的意圖之后，就可以根據(jù)上下文，填入最貼切的單詞。

2.觀察括號(hào)內(nèi)所給的單詞，弄清其詞義與詞性。比如括號(hào)內(nèi)所給的單詞是形容詞或副詞時(shí)，就要考慮形容詞與副詞之間的互換，以及在比較的語境中，還要考慮到其比較等級(jí)的運(yùn)用。

3.理解句意，把握前后句子的語境，準(zhǔn)確填入所缺單詞。比如第61題，根據(jù)空格后的名詞students可知，名詞前要用形容詞性物主代詞，he對(duì)應(yīng)是his；第63題根據(jù)題干中的than，可知是比較級(jí)，much的比較級(jí)是more。

【參考答案】

61.his 62.in 63.more 64.skills 65.luckily

66.to study 67.a 68.it 69.and 70.is doing

四、選詞填空型

選詞填空型短文填空題的命題形式是將一篇短文中間留10個(gè)空格，要求考生從方框中選出最佳的詞語（有時(shí)需要改動(dòng)詞語的形式），填入相應(yīng)的空格內(nèi)，完成短文。

該題型中方框內(nèi)的備選詞以動(dòng)詞、名詞居多，形容詞、副詞次之，還有少量的代詞、連詞、介詞和數(shù)詞等。

【真題鏈接】

閱讀下面的短文，用方框中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，使文意通順，結(jié)構(gòu)正確。（每個(gè)單詞限用一次）

■

As the 71 goes， smiling is sunshine in everyone？蒺s heart. When I started to go to primary school， my teacher， Mr. Wei told me the importance of smiling. He told me that 72 was a simple behavior which was very powerful. It can give people warm feelings， show your respect to 73 . Since a smile is a positive（積極的） attitude， we can often smile to ourselves to become 74 and happy. Although there are some situations where we may experience hardship or even 75 ， we can always smile to ourselves. It can help us 76 many difficulties as well as succeed in the end. Learning to 77 to others is also beneficial. When we smile to others， we can get a smile in 78 . Then it can put us in a good mood. What？蒺s more， it can also help us build a good rela-tionship with others. In one word， smiling is a 79

which can help others understand us better. Therefore， let？蒺s start to smile and live a better and 80 life.

【2018·蘭州中考題】

【解題秘籍】

1.觀察方框內(nèi)的詞匯。首先要對(duì)方框中所給的單詞或短語有所了解，熟悉其含義或詞性。如果方框中有兩個(gè)單詞是多余的，那么要注意同義或近義詞的辨析，往往同義名詞或同義動(dòng)詞是兩個(gè)多余的干擾項(xiàng)。

2.理解短文的語境。固定句型和短語的結(jié)構(gòu)是重要的考點(diǎn)。做題時(shí)應(yīng)注意所填之詞與空格前后詞語的搭配，做到結(jié)構(gòu)、句義、語法和邏輯上的協(xié)調(diào)一致。

【參考答案】

71.saying 72.it 73.others 74.confident

75.failure / failures 76.（to）overcome 77.smile

78.return 79.language 80.happier

五、自由填空型

自由填空型短文填空題的命題形式是給出一段短文，挖出其中一些單詞，要求考生在沒有任何提示的情況下，在短文的空格處填入一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，使短文意思完整、通順。

該題型要求考生能用所學(xué)的英語知識(shí)去獲取信息、分析問題并解決問題。命題的重心往往放在對(duì)所給短文語篇的整體把握上，甚至提升到對(duì)作者的寫作意圖和思想角度進(jìn)行考查。

【真題鏈接】

根據(jù)下面短文內(nèi)容，在短文的空格處填上一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~，使短文完整、通順。

As we are growing up， we really need advice from adults. Here are three people talking about their experiences.

Jasper， 26， actor

You？蒺re not alone.

Sometimes when you？蒺re a teenager， you feel as if you？蒺re all alone and there？蒺s 75 you can talk to.Do you know twenty to thirty percent of teenagers in the US have a hard 76 going through the period？They feel lonely and sad. I think life is so much easier if you 77 your troubles with others. I regret that I didn？蒺t take the advice when someone gave it to me.

Steve， 27， teacher

Your teachers only want what？蒺s best for you.

When I was in school， I never thought I？蒺d become a teacher. I acted badly in class， and I feel 78 about that now. I love my job and I know how challenging it is， so I hope kids can show their teachers more respect （尊重）. I hope kids can 79

that teachers push them to do their best and not just to give them a hard time.

Anna， 29， doctor

Money doesn？蒺t grow on trees.

When I was a teenager， I never learned 80 to save money. I just spent it！My parents gave me everything I wanted， but I realize now they spent little

81 themselves. Now I wish I knew more about planning my money， and I am not the only one！It seems that today？蒺s teenagers know about money planning even less 82 me years ago. I do wish they could learn about it earlier.

【2018·重慶中考題A卷】

【解題秘籍】

1.抓住首句的時(shí)態(tài)和語氣，理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)，推測(cè)全文的時(shí)態(tài)、主題及大意。

2.根據(jù)語境，確定空格處所需單詞的意思，并根據(jù)空格在句中的位置，判斷其充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑_定所填入單詞的詞性。最后依據(jù)詞語搭配和語法規(guī)則，確定所填單詞的正確形式。

3.在空格處分別填入單詞后，將短文整體細(xì)讀一遍，上下聯(lián)系，邏輯推敲。驗(yàn)證全文內(nèi)容是否協(xié)調(diào)一致，句意是否通順，語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確無誤等。

【參考答案】

75.nobody 76.time 77.share 78.sorry

79.understand 80.how 81.on 82.than

總之，要做好短文填空題，不僅要具備一定的詞法、句法和慣用法等知識(shí)，而且要具備閱讀理解能力、綜合分析能力和運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)的實(shí)踐能力。

無論是哪種題型的短文填空題，通常要先了解語境，并依據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行合理的分析、判斷，然后才能得出正確的答案。一般來說，做短文填空題時(shí)，應(yīng)做到如下幾點(diǎn)：

1.通覽全文，了解大意。

答題時(shí)應(yīng)先通讀全文，遇到空格時(shí)要越過空格，借助文中的主題句和關(guān)鍵信息詞，通過邏輯思維建立本短文語言的整體感，了解短文大意，這是做完形填空的首要步驟。

2.綜合考慮，先易后難。

通覽全文后認(rèn)真觀察所給的提示，分析這一空格處在句中的位置、前后的關(guān)系和它所起的作用，然后確定最佳答案。遇到閱讀障礙暫放一邊，先易后難，才是解題之道，因?yàn)橛行┐鸢甘潜仨毻ㄟ^下文的理解后才能做出判斷的。

3.復(fù)讀檢驗(yàn)，消除失誤。

完成所有空格后，還要再次通讀全文，看看短文是否流暢，意義是否連貫，邏輯關(guān)系是否合理。復(fù)查時(shí)，具體可從語法、語境入手，檢查一下句子的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、詞形及詞語的搭配和邏輯關(guān)系等是否正確。