推理判斷題的常見考點(diǎn)

周慈民

考點(diǎn)一：考查因果關(guān)系的推斷

因果關(guān)系的推斷是推理判斷題中考得比較多的一類。因果關(guān)系的推斷有時(shí)只涉及一個(gè)或幾個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，有時(shí)涉及一個(gè)或幾個(gè)段落，有時(shí)甚至涉及全文。一般說來，推斷因果關(guān)系所涉及的內(nèi)容越多，難度也就越大，考生越要仔細(xì)。

考點(diǎn)二：考查作者觀點(diǎn)的推斷

推斷作者觀點(diǎn)也是推理判斷題中一類比較常見的考點(diǎn)。命題者要求考生根據(jù)閱讀材料中的某些事實(shí)，推斷出作者所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度?？忌谧鲞@類題時(shí)，一定要注意作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，以便推斷出作者的弦外之音。

此類試題的干擾項(xiàng)通常具有以下特點(diǎn)：或是社會(huì)的一種普遍傾向，或是與本文無關(guān)的觀點(diǎn)，或是與作者相反的看法等。

考點(diǎn)三：考查作者意圖的推斷

這里說的“作者意圖”至少包括兩個(gè)方面：一是指作者直接在文中透露出的意圖，如提及某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的意圖，列舉某個(gè)例子的意圖，等等：二是指作者寫這篇文章的意圖或想達(dá)到的目的?？忌鲞@類題時(shí)，一定要結(jié)合文章主題進(jìn)行推斷，也就是說作者的意圖原則上應(yīng)與文章主題一致，而不能與之相悖。

考點(diǎn)四：考查隱含意義的推斷

對(duì)隱含意義的推斷是閱讀理解題中難度較大的一類考點(diǎn)。命題者要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行合乎情理的推理與判斷，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。對(duì)隱含意義的推測(cè)屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解，考生在做這類題時(shí)，一定要嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及作者的措辭、態(tài)度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞句，然后利用自己的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。

考點(diǎn)五：考查特定結(jié)論的推斷

推理判斷題除前面分析的四種推斷之外，還有許多結(jié)論性的推斷，即要求考生根據(jù)所讀文章對(duì)某種結(jié)論做出推斷。因?yàn)檫@類考題涉及面比較廣，命題形式比較靈活，所以一并歸人“特定結(jié)論的推斷”。

推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中每個(gè)句子的意思，還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系，然后結(jié)合自己的生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層含義。

推理判斷題的答案不能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時(shí)考生務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，切忌妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。

例題 （2017年高考英語北京卷 閱讀理解D篇）

Hollywood's theory that machines with evil（邪惡） minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial in-telligence（ AI） may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener. who found-ed the field of cybemetics（控制論），put it this way：“If we use， to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere（干預(yù)），we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality， one that we usually associate with living things： a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine， this quality is not in-born ， nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if itis dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruc-tion of fetching coffee ， it will have a strong desire to se- cure success by disabling its own off' switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful.then.we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined ， super intelligent ma-chines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scien-tists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the ma-chines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately ， that plan seems unlikely to work ： we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans， let alone super intelligent ma-chines.

Solying the safety problem well enough to move for-ward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dis-missed out of hand. as it has been by some AI re-searchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams|——yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just“switch them off” as if super in-telligent machines are too stupid to think of that possi-bility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11 ， 1933 ， famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated.with confidence， “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12 ， 1933 ， physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced （中子誘導(dǎo)） nuclear chain reaction.

67. Paragraph l mainly tells us that artif'icial intel-ligence may_______.

A. run out of human control

B. satisfy humans real desires

C. command armies of killer robots

D. work faster than a mathematician

68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to

A. prevent themselves from being destroyed

B. achieve their original goals independently

C. do anything successfully with given orders

D. beat humans in intemational chess matches

69. According to some re searchers ， we can use fire-walls to_______.

A. help super intelligent machines work better

B. be secure against evil human beings

C. keep machines from being harmed

D. avoid robotsaffecting the world

70. What does the author think of the safety prob-lem of super intelligent machines？

A. It will disappear with the development of AI.

B. It will get worse with human interference.

C. It will be solved but with difficulty.

D. It will stay for a decade.

答案與解析

67.特定結(jié)論推斷題。根據(jù)第一段可推斷出，AI可能會(huì)超出人的控制去做一些事情。選A。

68.因果關(guān)系推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句可推斷出，原因是它要保護(hù)自己不被破壞，繼續(xù)存在下去。選A。

69.隱含意義推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的第二句可推斷出，可以用防火墻來阻止機(jī)器人影響世界。選D。

70.作者觀點(diǎn)推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的第一句可知，作者認(rèn)為解決超智能機(jī)器存在的安全隱患是可能的，但是并不容易。選C。