講述一段多元共生的中西文化交融的故事
——13至16世紀(jì)中國與意大利的跨文化交流

文楊陽YANG Yang

馬可·波羅罐Jar of Marco Polo

意大利文藝復(fù)興先驅(qū)之一、被譽為“歐洲繪畫之父”喬托的真跡《圣史蒂芬》，楓丹白露畫派的代表作之一《沐浴中的女人》，中意兩國貿(mào)易文化交流的見證者“馬可·波羅罐”，仿“中國制造”、用于西方外交禮物贈送的美第奇軟瓷罐，純金質(zhì)地、精美華麗的“臥鹿纏枝牡丹紋金鞍飾”，榮登《如果國寶會說話》欄目而成為新晉“網(wǎng)紅”的三星堆青銅人像，都在一個展覽中得以呈現(xiàn)——1月27日至4月30日，湖南省博物館2018開年原創(chuàng)大展“在最遙遠(yuǎn)的地方尋找故鄉(xiāng)——13-16世紀(jì)中國與意大利的跨文化交流”展（以下簡稱“中意展”）以物溯源，以“從四海到七?！薄爸改厢樦赶驏|方”“大都的日出”“馬可·波羅的行囊”“來而不往非禮也”五大部分，為觀眾講述一段多元共生的中西文化交融故事，帶領(lǐng)觀眾體驗一場跨越亞歐大陸的時空旅行，感受一次影響世界的深刻變革。

中意展聚集了來自湖南省博物館、首都博物館、內(nèi)蒙古博物院、湖北省博物館、廣東省博物館、中國國家博物館等22家國內(nèi)博物館，和來自美國大都會藝術(shù)博物館、意大利烏菲齊美術(shù)館、意大利羅馬國家博物館等26家國外博物館近250件（套）文物精品。本次展覽的展品，或大師遺作，或精美絕倫，或意境深遠(yuǎn)，都具有極高的藝術(shù)和文化價值。

萬水千山總是情。13至16世紀(jì)，中國與意大利，這兩個位于亞歐大陸兩端的“巨人”，都是代表著當(dāng)時最高文明成就的偉大古國，雖隔洋相望，但卻在悠悠千年的歷程中，從茫然走向摸索，從相識逐漸相知，最終跨越千山萬水，實現(xiàn)相遇，并在青銅、玻璃、絲綢、陶瓷等諸多歷史遺存上留下了彼此文化交融的痕跡。如湖南省博物館收藏的大量紡織品、絹地“長壽繡”絲綿袍等，都是中國乃“絲綢之國”的極好實證。隨著中歐商路的打通，絲綢之路的發(fā)展，中國絲綢以奢侈品的身份，亮相世界舞臺，引領(lǐng)羅馬時尚?，F(xiàn)藏于意大利那不勒斯國家考古博物館、龐貝古城出土的壁畫《花神芙羅拉》，雖歷經(jīng)歲月打磨，已使壁畫顯得有些陳舊，但卻能清晰地看到一位身著絲綢的女子，襟飄帶舞，盡顯輕盈曼妙身姿。

面朝東方，情歸大都。隨著中國發(fā)明的指南針、羅盤的廣泛應(yīng)用，通往繁華富庶世界的道路被打開。在海上、陸地，各種航船商隊，大批航海家探險家，都不期而同地涌入東方天堂——元大都。在15世紀(jì)中期，意大利地圖學(xué)家弗拉·毛羅以驚人的準(zhǔn)確度，繪制了一張“舊世界”地圖——《弗拉·毛羅地圖》。這幅直徑約196厘米的圓形模式地圖，涵蓋了當(dāng)時全部的已知世界，地圖中不僅有各地山川河流的精細(xì)描繪，還有對于世界各地的詳細(xì)注釋，被譽為是“中世紀(jì)地圖學(xué)最偉大的記載”。更為值得一提的是，在地圖中左下角能清晰地看到一座體量頗大的橋梁，凌駕于河流之上，這即為永定河與盧溝橋。作為蒙元帝國和大都城地理位置重要象征的盧溝橋，不僅在《弗拉·毛羅地圖》中得以描繪，《馬可·波羅游記》中也有專門記述。在展品《盧溝運筏圖》軸中，描繪了這座當(dāng)時“獨一無二”的盧溝橋上精美的石獅雕刻、數(shù)拱的橋梁設(shè)計以及水運繁忙的商貿(mào)場景。而這與馬可·波羅在其《游記》中的敘述也大體一致。

跟著馬可·波羅去旅行。馬可·波羅是13世紀(jì)意大利著名的旅行家、商人，他借著蒙元帝國開辟的驛站交通之便，完成了縱貫歐亞大陸的往返旅程。其一生主要的成就就是自述了《馬可·波羅游記》，這是歐洲人撰寫的第一部詳盡描繪中國的歷史、文化和藝術(shù)的游記?！恶R可·波羅游記》自成書以后，被廣為傳抄、印刷，至今已有近120種文字版本。此次展出的《馬可·波羅游記》抄本是書寫在獸皮紙上的，是目前意大利威尼斯所保存的《馬可·波羅游記》文本的最早來源。馬可·波羅到底是怎樣的人？他是否來過中國？展出的《馬可·波羅的遺囑》將為此提供線索。在這份遺囑中，還詳細(xì)記錄了他對自己“百萬身家”的安排，具體包括繳納稅款、捐贈教會、免除他人的借債，對自己妻女、韃靼（蒙古）仆人的安排等。

在展覽中，馬可·波羅并不僅僅是一個人，而是指往來于亞歐大陸兩端的商人、傳教士和外交使節(jié)們。當(dāng)“馬可·波羅”們從神圣的東方國度滿載而歸時，行囊中裝有琳瑯滿目的各類物品，有紋飾精美、做工精巧的絲綢；有造型精致、工藝高超的陶瓷；有畫面寫實、以場景描繪為主的風(fēng)景畫等。文化的交往是雙向的?！榜R可·波羅”們也在中國本土留下了西方物質(zhì)與藝術(shù)文化的痕跡，這些痕跡對中國文化產(chǎn)生了不可磨滅的影響。

花神芙羅拉 Flora

馬可·波羅的遺囑Will of Marco Polo

One of the pioneers of Italian Renaissance, known as the"Father of European Painting" Giotto's authenticSt.Stephen, one of Fontainebleau's representative worksBathing Woman, the witness of China-Italy trade and cultural exchanges "Marco Polo Jars", imitating "Made in China", Medici soft porcelain jars used as the gift in Western diplomacy, pure gold texture, beautiful and gorgeous "lying deer twig peony pattern gold saddlery," and the Sanxingdui bronze portraits,the new Internet Celebrity due to the program ofIf National Treasures Can Speakare all presented in the same exhibition—

from January 27 to April 30, Hunan Provincial Museum 2018 New Year original exhibition know as Looking for Homeland in the"Farthest Place—Intercultural Communication between China and Italy from 13thto 16thCentury" (Hereinafter referred to as"China-Italy Exhibition"), tracing the origins, telling the audiences about a multi-symbiotic story of Chinese and Western culture integration while leading them to experience a time-travel across the Asia-Europe continent and feel a profound change affecting the whole world in five major parts, From Four Seas to Seven Seas, Compass to the East, the Sunrise of Khanbaliq, Macro Polo’s Luggage, and Necessary of Reciprocation in Relationship.The China-Italy Exhibition includes nearly 250 pieces (sets) of cultural relics from 22 domestic museums, including Hunan Provincial Museum, Capital Museum, Inner Mongolia Museum,Hubei Provincial Museum, Guangdong Provincial Museum and China National Museum as well as 26 overseas museums,including Metropolitan Museum of Art, Uffizi Gallery of Italy,National Roman Museum and etc. All the exhibits, master posthumous works with extreme exquisiteness or far-reaching artistic conception, have a very high artistic and cultural value.

Love and passion never die. Between the 13thand 16thcentury,China and Italy, the two "giants" at the both ends of the Eurasian continent, represented the great ancient countries with the highest achievements of civilization at that time. Although across the ocean, in the course of millennia, from ignorance to exploration, acquaintance to gradual understanding, the two countries ultimately spanned across mountains and rivers to achieve the meticulous longing encounter, leaving a trace of their cultural blends on bronze, glass, silk, ceramics and many other historical relics. For example, the Hunan Provincial Museum collection of large quantities of textiles: "longevity embroidery"silk robe and etc., are the excellent proof that China is the "Silk State". With the opening-up of the China-EU commercial road and the development of the Silk Road, the status of Chinese silk as luxury goods appeared on the world stage and led the fashion in Rome. Now hidden in the Naples National Archaeological Museum of Italy, the ancient city of Pompeii unearthed muralFlora, although after years of grinding, the mural has become somewhat obsolete, but a woman dressed in silk is still clearly found, showing her light and graceful posture.

新會木美人Wooden Beauty

圣史蒂芬 喬托St. Stephen by Giotto

Facing the east, passion for Khanbaliq. With the wide application of compass invented in China, the road to the prosperous world was opened. In the sea and land, all kinds of shipping caravans and a large number of seafaring explorers all coincide with the influx of oriental paradise - Khanbaliq. In the mid-15th century,the Italian mapologist Fra Mauro plotted an "Old World" map- theMap of Fra Mauro- with incredible accuracy. This circular 196-centimete-diameter map covers all of the known worlds at that time, containing not only a detailed depiction of mountains and rivers, but also detailed annotations around the world,known as "the greatest record of medieval mapography". It is worth mentioning that, in the lower left corner of the map,a considerable volume of bridge over the river can be clearly found, which is the Yongding River and Lugou Bridge, an important symbol of the location of the Mongol Empire and the metropolitan capital not only portrayed in theMap of Fra Mauro,but also specifically narrated in the Travels of Marco Polo. In the scrollRafting under the Lugou Bridgeof the exhibit, the magnificent lions carved on the "Unique" Lugou Bridge, design of arches and the busy business scene of water transport were clearly depicted, which was mostly consistent with Marco Polo's narration in hisTravels.

Travel with Marco Polo. Marco Polo, a famous Italian traveler and businessman in the 13thcentury, completed the round-trip journey through Eurasia via the post-station traffic opened up by the Mongol Empire. The main achievement of his life was a recount of theTravelogue of Marco Polo, the first written by Europeans to elaborate the history, culture and art in China. Since its publication, the book has been widely circulated and printed in nearly 120 languages so far. The excerpt from theTranelogue Marco Polotranscript exhibited is written on animal skins and is the earliest source of the text ofTranelogueMarco PoloTravels currently preserved in Venice, Italy. What kind of this man is? Has he ever been to China? The exhibitionMarco Polo's Willprovides some clues, during which it also recorded his arrangements for his "millionaire family" in detail, including paying taxes, donating for churches, removing debts from other people, and arranging for his wife and daughter and the servants of Tatar (Mongolia).In the exhibition, Marco Polo is not just a man, but a merchant,missionary and diplomatic envoy to and from both ends of the Eurasian continent. When theses "Marco Polo" returned from the holy Kingdom of the East with glory, the bags contain an assortment of items, silk with beautiful decoration and exquisite workmanship; ceramics with exquisite modeling and superb technology; a realistic painting depicting the main landscape and so on. Cultural exchanges are the two-way courses. The Marco Polo also left traces of western material and artistic culture in China, creating an indelible impact on Chinese culture.