山東歷史名人

人杰地靈，齊魯大地誕生了許多中華文明的標志性人物。這些歷史人物象征著悠遠深厚的齊魯文化淵源流長、博大精深。孔丘、孫武、墨翟、孟軻、王羲之、賈思勰、蒲松齡……這其中包括了思想家、政治家、教育家、軍事家、文學家、書法家、農(nóng)學家，他們對中華歷史文化起到重要作用和影響。

Shandong is the birthplace of many great talents. A lot of iconic fi gures of the Chinese civilization were born in Shandong. Such historical figures symbolize the long-standing, extensive and profound Qilu culture. Confucius, Sun Tzu, Mo Di, Meng Ke (Mencius), Wang Xizhi, Jia Sixie, Pu Songling… They were thinkers, politicians,educators, military strategists, litterateurs, calligraphers or agronomists, who played an important part in and signif i cantly inf l uenced the Chinese history and culture.

孔子（公元前551年—公元前479年），字仲尼，魯國陬邑（今山東曲阜）人，春秋末期思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家學派創(chuàng)始人，被尊稱為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”。

Confucius (551 B.C.－479 B.C.), with a courtesy name Zhongni, was born in Zouyi (southeast of today’s Qufu, Shandong Province), in the State of Lu. As a thinker, statesman, educator and the founder of Confucianism at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is known as the“Sage Teacher” and “Role Model for Generations to Come”.

孟子（約公元前372年—公元前289年），名軻，字子輿，戰(zhàn)國時期鄒國(今山東鄒城)人，孔子學說的繼承和發(fā)揚光大者，被稱為“亞圣”?！懊夏溉w”的故事描述了孟子的母親為選擇良好的環(huán)境教育孩子多次遷居的情景。

Mencius (c.372 B.C.－289 B.C.), also known by his birth name Meng Ke, and his courtesty name Ziyu, was born in the State of Zou (now Zoucheng City, Shandong Province)at the end of the Warring States Period. He was an itinerant Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. The story of “Mencius’ mother found new places to live for three times”refers to the legend that Mencius’ mother found new places to live for three times before settling down in a place that she felt suitable for the child’s upbringing. As an expression,the idiom refers to the importance of fi nding the proper environment for raising children.

○孫子像A portrait of Sun Tzu

○臨沂銀雀山漢墓出土的《孫子兵法》竹簡The bamboo slips of The Art of War by Sun Tzu unearthed from a tomb of the Han Dynasty at Yinqueshan in Linyi City

孫子（約公元前545年—公元前470年），春秋時期齊國人，著名軍事家、政治家，所著《孫子兵法》被翻譯成阿、德、英、日、法、西等多國文字，在世界上產(chǎn)生了深遠影響。

Sun Tzu (c. 545 B.C.－470 B.C.), was a Chinese military strategist and statesman who was born in the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period. He is traditionally known as the author of The Art of War, an extremely inf l uential ancient Chinese book on military strategy, which has been translated into many foreign languages such as Arabic, German, English, Japanese, French and Spanish.

○魯班雕像A statue of Lu Ban

魯班（約公元前507年—公元前444年），春秋末期魯國（今山東滕州）人。魯班是中國古代有史書記載的最早的創(chuàng)造發(fā)明家，為建筑鼻祖，被譽為“中國科技發(fā)明之父”，被后人尊為“匠師之祖”。

魯班鎖是魯班發(fā)明的益智玩具，其結(jié)構(gòu)原理后被用于建筑，成為中國古代建筑業(yè)卯榫結(jié)構(gòu)的起源，衍生了七巧板、九連環(huán)、四喜人、華容道等極具古典色彩的玩具。

Lu Ban (c. 507 B.C.－444 B.C.) was born in the State of Lu (now Tengzhou City,Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a carpenter and the earliest inventor and architectural engineer recorded in the Chinese historical books. So people esteem him as the patron saint of Chinese builders and contractors.

Lu Ban Lock is a kind of fancy toy invented by Lu Ban. The principle of its structure was later applied to architectural design, becoming the origin of structure of mortise and tenon in the ancient Chinese architectural fi eld, according to which the classical toys such as jigsaw puzzle, Chinese puzzle ring, Sixiren and Huarongdao were created.

○魯班鎖Lu Ban Lock

墨子（約公元前480—公元前390），戰(zhàn)國時期魯國人，墨家學派的創(chuàng)始人、科學家，發(fā)現(xiàn)了照相機的基本原理——小孔成像。

Mo Zi (c. 480 B.C.－390 B.C.), born in the State of Lu during the Warring States Period, is the founder of Mohist School and a scientist. He discovered the aperture image formation principle, according to which the camera was invented.

○小孔成像原理The theory of pinhole imaging

○墨子塑像A statue of Mo Zi

○位于臨沂市“書圣”王羲之故居內(nèi)的洗硯池。圖／梁東The inkstone-washing pool located in the former residence of Wang Xizhi in Linyi City

王羲之（公元303年—公元361年），東晉時期瑯邪（今山東臨沂）人，著名書法家，有“書圣”之稱，其代表作《蘭亭序》被稱為“天下第一行書”。

Wang Xizhi (303–361), a Chinese calligrapher traditionally referred to as the Sage of Calligraphy, was born in Linyi, Langya Prefecture (in the present-day Shandong Province) during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is considered as the Sage of Calligraphy.His representative work The Preface to Lanting in running script is honored as the “No. 1 Running Script under Heaven”.

○天下第一行書《蘭亭序》The Preface to Lanting in running script is honored as the No. 1 calligraphic work in running script under heaven

○清明上河圖Along the River During the Qingming Festival

張擇端，字正道，今山東諸城人。宋徽宗趙佶（公元1100年—公元1126年在位）時期供職翰林圖畫院。專工中國畫中以界筆、直尺劃線的技法，用以表現(xiàn)宮室、樓臺、屋宇等題材，尤擅繪舟車、市肆、橋梁、街道、城郭。他的畫自成一家，別具一格。作為杰出的寫實畫家，其作品大都失傳，存世《清明上河圖》為中國古代的藝術(shù)珍品。

Zhang Zeduan, alias Zhengdao, was born in Zhucheng,Shandong. During the reign (1100 – 1126) of Zhao Ji,Emperor Huizong of Song, he held an office in Imperial Painting Academy. He specialized in the technique of drawing lines with a paintbrush or ruler in the traditional Chinese painting, and used it to manifest such themes as palaces, towers and houses. He was particularly skilled in drawing vessels, vehicles, stores, bridges, streets and city walls. His painting has a unique style. He was an outstanding realistic painter. However, most of his works were lost. His extant painting Along the River during the Qingming Festival is an art treasure of ancient China.

賈思勰，今山東壽光人，是中國古代杰出的農(nóng)學家。約在公元533年至公元544年，賈思勰著成綜合性農(nóng)書《齊民要術(shù)》?！洱R民要術(shù)》系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)了中國黃河流域的農(nóng)業(yè)科學技術(shù)知識，其取材布局，為后世的農(nóng)學著作提供了可以遵循的依據(jù)。該書不僅是中國現(xiàn)存最早和最完善的農(nóng)學名著，也是世界農(nóng)學史上最早的名著之一，是中國現(xiàn)存的最早的、最完整的大型農(nóng)業(yè)百科全書，對后世的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有著深遠的影響。

Jia Sixie, born in Shouguang, Shandong, was a famous agronomist of ancient China. In the period 533-544, Jia Sixie completed the comprehensive agriculture book Qimin Yaoshu. The book systematically summarizes the knowledge of agricultural science and technology in the Yellow River basin of China. Its theme selection and layout provide a basis for the agriculture works of later generations.The book is not only the earliest extant and most complete agriculture book of China, but also one of the earliest masterworks in the history of world agronomy.As the earliest extant and most complete large agricultural encyclopedia of China, it has had a profound inf l uence on subsequent agricultural production.

○賈思勰雕像 圖／何延海A statue of Jia Sixie

○蒲松齡故居 圖／劉統(tǒng)愛The residennce of Pu Songling

蒲松齡（公元1640年－公元1715年），今山東淄博人，世稱聊齋先生。其作品《聊齋志異》，是中國清朝著名文言短篇小說集?！读凝S志異》題材廣泛，內(nèi)容豐富，藝術(shù)成就很高。作品成功地塑造了眾多的藝術(shù)典型，人物形象鮮明生動，故事情節(jié)曲折離奇，結(jié)構(gòu)布局嚴謹巧妙，文筆簡練，描寫細膩，堪稱中國文言短篇小說的巔峰之作。

Pu Songling (1640－1715), known as Sir Liaozhai, was born in Zibo City, Shandong Province. His work Liaozhai Zhiyi (Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio) is a famous collection of Classical Chinese short stories in the Qing Dynasty. Liaozhai Zhiyi covers a wide range of themes,and has rich contents and high artistic achievements. It successfully creates numerous typical art images. Characterized by vivid characters,complicate and eccentric plots, rigorous and clever structural layout,concise writing style and exquisite description, it can be counted as the pinnacle of Classical Chinese short story writing.