張超 王國文 陶芳 韓秀鑫 任志午 李麗麗 林鋒
骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤和骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核都是骨科臨床較為常見的骨關(guān)節(jié)病變。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展和腫瘤患者生存期的延長,臨床上骨轉(zhuǎn)移癌的發(fā)病率也隨之提高[1]。四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤,由于其極大程度地限制患者的活動,近年來引起學者的廣泛關(guān)注[1-2]。由于人體對結(jié)核桿菌的易感性,骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核在發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)病率一直居高不下,四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的診斷與防治也受到全球?qū)W者的關(guān)注[3-5]。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤好發(fā)于脛骨、股骨、膝關(guān)節(jié)、髖關(guān)節(jié)、肩關(guān)節(jié)等多個部位[6-7]。按照腫瘤性質(zhì)分類,可以分為原發(fā)性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤與轉(zhuǎn)移性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤。原發(fā)性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤多見于青少年[8],轉(zhuǎn)移性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤多見于中老年患者[9]。原發(fā)性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤以良性腫瘤為主,多為骨軟骨瘤[10],還包括非骨化纖維瘤、纖維性骨皮質(zhì)缺損[11-12]、骨樣骨瘤[13]、成骨細胞瘤[14]、骨囊腫、軟骨黏液樣纖維瘤、成軟骨細胞瘤[12]、巨細胞瘤、朗格漢斯細胞組織細胞增生癥[15]等,惡性腫瘤發(fā)病多以骨肉瘤[16]居多,還包括尤文氏肉瘤[17]、淋巴瘤、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤等[18]。轉(zhuǎn)移性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤多為惡性腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移至骨所形成的病灶,常見原發(fā)腫瘤包括乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、腎癌等[19]。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核是一種繼發(fā)性病變,一種肺外結(jié)核。在所有結(jié)核病變中僅占 1%~5%,臨床上較脊柱結(jié)核少見 (脊柱結(jié)核約占骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核 50%)。四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的結(jié)核臨床特征不典型,極易發(fā)生漏診與誤診[20]。按照發(fā)病位置不同,可分為滑膜型關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核、骨型關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核、全關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核。其中滑膜型結(jié)核在臨床上較骨型結(jié)核多見,早期以關(guān)節(jié)滑膜充血水腫、滲液為主,隨后逐漸形成結(jié)核性肉芽腫、干酪性壞死,繼而關(guān)節(jié)邊緣部位軟骨破壞,最后出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)破壞。骨型結(jié)核感染往往始于骨骺、干骺端、骨端,骨質(zhì)破壞較滑膜型出現(xiàn)早。四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核中以髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)病率最高,其次為膝關(guān)節(jié)、肘關(guān)節(jié)、腕關(guān)節(jié)和踝關(guān)節(jié)[20-23]。
近來,越來越多國內(nèi)外學者報道了骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤與骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的誤診經(jīng)歷[24-25],同時臨床上第一時間鑒別全身骨轉(zhuǎn)移癌和多發(fā)骨結(jié)核也逐漸成為熱點、難點問題,筆者結(jié)合國內(nèi)外學者的報道和自身臨床經(jīng)驗,將兩者的鑒別診斷要點概括如下。
在四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤與四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的鑒別診斷過程中,應(yīng)注意挖掘患者的病史和生活狀況,對于結(jié)核致病高危因素應(yīng)格外注意,包括結(jié)核病史、結(jié)核患者有密切接觸史、經(jīng)濟情況不佳、高齡、免疫力低下、血液透析病史[26-27]、器官移植史、病毒感染史、吸毒史等;對于某些溶骨性病變,如非骨化性纖維瘤,由于病史背景特殊,結(jié)合影像學檢查,通常不需要進行活檢即可診斷[28]。
骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤方面,應(yīng)注意患者是否有腫瘤患病史和腫瘤家族遺傳史。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤臨床表現(xiàn)往往沒有特異性,多表現(xiàn)為疼痛、畸形、活動受限、腫脹、骨折等癥狀,同時也可見低熱、盜汗、乏力、短時間內(nèi)體重減輕等表現(xiàn)。這一系列臨床表現(xiàn)易與骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核臨床表現(xiàn)相混淆[2,9]。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核臨床可有關(guān)節(jié)局部疼痛、腫脹、局部皮溫升高以及寒性包塊形成,活動受限和骨折等表現(xiàn),同時合并持續(xù)性低熱、夜間盜汗、納差、全身乏力、消瘦等癥狀,部分病例可見膿腫破潰,并在局部形成竇道[18,24,29]。
1. 血液及微生物學檢查:對于具有上述癥狀的患者,宜行血常規(guī)檢查,結(jié)果對于提示患者機體是否存在感染有重要作用,四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核患者常見貧血和血沉加速,部分患者可見感染征象[30-31]。
對于疑為四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核患者,宜行結(jié)核菌素試驗和痰結(jié)核菌培養(yǎng)作為補充診斷的方法,需要注意的是,即使該兩種方法結(jié)果為陰性,也不能除外活動性結(jié)核,需與其它檢查結(jié)果綜合考慮[32]。
對于四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤,雖然大多數(shù)患者無感染征象,但部分惡性腫瘤可導致血沉加速。堿性磷酸酶的變化情況是骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤診治過程中應(yīng)關(guān)注的指標之一[33],堿性磷酸酶的增高往往提示惡性腫瘤成骨現(xiàn)象較為活躍,也可提示兒童正處于發(fā)育階段;部分進展緩慢的低度惡性腫瘤,其堿性磷酸酶水平可在正常范圍內(nèi),因此需結(jié)合其它檢查結(jié)果進行綜合考慮[34-45]。
2. 組織學檢查:骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤與骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核難以鑒別時,需采用組織活檢或組織切檢的方式進一步明確診斷,病理組織學檢查是目前準確率最高的診斷方法。值得注意的是:(1) 對于高度懷疑惡性骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤的病例,為避免針道種植,不宜采用穿刺活檢;(2) 對于懷疑骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的病例,可同時進行結(jié)核菌培養(yǎng)和病理組織學檢查,互為補充核對,可提高結(jié)核確診率 70%~90%;(3) 選擇正確的取材部位,取材操作時應(yīng)結(jié)合臨床體格檢查及 X 線片檢查結(jié)果,否則易造成誤診、漏診[36]。
1. X 線片檢查:X 線片檢查具有較高的普及性,對于無禁忌證患者,可常規(guī)進行。X 線片對于四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤的性質(zhì)、種類、位置和侵襲范圍均能提供較有價值的診治依據(jù) (圖1)。良性骨腫瘤 X 線片可呈形態(tài)規(guī)則,可見瘤體與正常骨組織存在清晰的界限,可見瘤體具有完整骨皮質(zhì),膨脹處骨皮質(zhì)變薄,一般不可見骨膜反應(yīng)。惡性腫瘤形狀往往不規(guī)則,邊緣模糊不清,可見較為明顯的溶骨和骨質(zhì)破壞的現(xiàn)象。骨膜反應(yīng)常提示原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤,其形狀可呈陽光放射狀,蔥皮樣改變及典型的 Codman 三角征[37]。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核 X 線片可見局部或多處骨質(zhì)破壞、關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹窄、周圍軟組織腫脹,較少見骨質(zhì)硬化。如結(jié)核始發(fā)于骨骺、干骺端,則可見病變累及區(qū)域出現(xiàn)碎屑狀死骨,部分死骨成“泥沙”狀。骨型關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核具有關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟骨組織腫脹的特點,同時可見關(guān)節(jié)間隙不對稱性狹窄?;ば完P(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核可見關(guān)節(jié)面邊緣蟲蝕樣破壞,上下骨面對稱性受累。同時結(jié)合臨床,對于滑膜型關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞和關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹窄現(xiàn)象較骨型關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核出現(xiàn)較晚[38-40]。
2. CT 檢查:CT 檢查可輔助確定四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤在關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)病變的范圍和侵襲程度。CT 軟組織窗適用于評價腫瘤在骨髓內(nèi)、外的范圍,CT 骨窗適用于評價骨皮質(zhì)內(nèi)緣侵犯或皮質(zhì)內(nèi)病灶,400 Hu 以上的骨窗位則適用于評價髓腔內(nèi)的腫瘤 (圖2)。針對不同腫瘤,選擇合適的 CT 窗位對于診斷病變局部發(fā)生的囊液性改變、鈣化與骨化改變具有較好的效果[37](圖3)。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核 CT 檢查可見多發(fā)骨破壞和邊緣環(huán)繞骨硬化現(xiàn)象,軟組織內(nèi)??梢娾}化及死骨形成,也可見冷膿腫形成,部分膿腫邊緣可見鈣化,增強掃描后可見“邊緣”征[39,41]。
3. MRI 檢查:MRI 在四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤診治中起著非常重要的指導作用,可進一步明確腫瘤在骨內(nèi)病變范圍和腫物軟組織侵襲情況,并能較好地明確腫物與周圍血管、神經(jīng)的關(guān)系。
四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核 MRI 檢查可見早期滑膜結(jié)核病變、滑膜彌漫增生、關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞、骨質(zhì)異常、關(guān)節(jié)積液等改變。
4. 動態(tài)增強 MRI 檢查:近來有學者提出,對于脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌和骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的鑒別,若傳統(tǒng)影像學檢查提供的診斷依據(jù)價值有限,可通過動態(tài)增強 MRI (dynamic contrast-enhanced) 行進一步鑒別診斷[42]。腫瘤生長伴隨著大量不成熟血管增生,這些血管可促進造影劑局部沉積,從而造成了與骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的參數(shù)差異,可提高診斷準確性和敏感性。目前尚無該方式應(yīng)用于四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤與四肢骨關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核鑒別的報道,其應(yīng)用價值尚待進一步研究[43]。
另外,近年來一些非常規(guī)的檢查方法如骨掃描、關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查等也在鑒別診斷中發(fā)揮著一定的作用[44-45]。
綜上所述,對于四肢骨與關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤和結(jié)核的鑒別診斷,應(yīng)當結(jié)合患者病史、臨床表現(xiàn)與體格檢查、實驗室以及影像學檢查。對于部分疑難病例,需進行組織活檢或組織切檢。隨著影像診斷新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,無創(chuàng)性檢查將會是一個新的研究方向。
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