英語“短文改錯”面面觀

山東 赫艷馨

近幾年來，全國部分省市的中考英語試卷中出現(xiàn)了一種和高考題型相類似的新題型——短文改錯。據(jù)悉，在2018年中考試題中，還會有更多的省市增加短文改錯題。短文改錯題考查面廣，形式靈活，綜合性強。很多同學(xué)見到這類題就發(fā)慌，總會感覺無從下手，從而導(dǎo)致得分率較低。究其原因，無外乎是考生對該題型考查的目的與內(nèi)容不夠清楚，找不到正確的答題切入點。

短文改錯是融語法知識與語言技能為一體的綜合性英語試題，旨在考查學(xué)生對語言的判斷和對文章改錯的能力，以及對詞匯、語法和語篇三要素的把握能力。學(xué)生不僅要在語篇中能發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤，更要能夠糾正錯誤。

中考試卷中，短文改錯題的考查形式主要有符號標(biāo)注型短文改錯和不加提示型短文改錯。本文擬對這兩種題型做簡要分析，并就答題技巧談?wù)剛€人看法。

一、符號標(biāo)注型

符號標(biāo)注型短文改錯題多以記敘文為主，話題比較常見，文章以簡單句為主，篇章的難易程度符合初中學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平。該類題型的形式如下：給出一段短文，將其排列10～12行，其中有一行或者數(shù)行無錯誤，其他有標(biāo)注每行中多一詞、少一詞或者某個詞不正確。句子中的錯詞、多詞或缺詞處已經(jīng)用符號標(biāo)出，以作為提示。

【考查要點】

在符號標(biāo)注型短文改錯題型中，錯詞多以實詞為主，多詞和缺詞多以虛詞為主。多詞常常涉及某些名詞前誤加冠詞，某些動詞后加不必要的介詞（副詞），because與so等連詞同時用在一個句子中等情況。少詞多見于名詞前缺少了冠詞，動詞之后缺少了介詞或者副詞，復(fù)合句中缺少了從句的引導(dǎo)詞，動詞不定式之前缺少了to等情況。錯詞多數(shù)情況是語法問題，如名詞或代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)錯誤、代詞的錯誤、時態(tài)錯誤、語態(tài)錯誤、詞性錯誤、搭配錯誤、比較級別錯誤、同義詞混用錯誤、主謂不一致錯誤或行文邏輯錯誤等。

【典題示例】

1.閱讀短文，判斷標(biāo)有題號的每一行畫線部分和有漏字符號（∧）處是否有錯誤。如無錯誤，在該行右邊橫線上畫一個“√”；如有錯誤（每行只有一個），則按下列情況改正：

畫線部分為多余的詞：把該詞寫在該行右邊的橫線上并畫上斜線（＼）。

畫線部分為錯詞：在該行右邊的橫線上寫出一個正確的詞。

有漏字符號（∧）處缺一個詞：在該行右邊橫線上寫出所缺的詞。

2017·畢節(jié)中考題

My hometown is a beautiful place．

It stands beside the wide river and ①______is rich in fish and rice.And ten years ago,②______it was a poor town.Many people had no jobs.They used∧live a hard life.In the ③______last ten years,great changed have taken ④______place here.The streets have been widened.⑤______

New roads have appeared.Factories,

schools,hospitals and cinemas have been

build one after another.The life of ⑥______for the people has been greatly improved.⑦______

She love my hometown.I love the ⑧______people here.They are still working hardly ⑨______to make it richer and rich,more and ⑩______more beautiful.

2.下面短文中有十處錯，每處錯皆用底線標(biāo)出，請將答案填寫在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。（每小題只填一詞，不得改變原句意思）

2017·雅安中考題

I like riding my bike.Though it is not very new,but it is my best friend. ①______I find∧very convenient to go anywhere ②______with a bike.Ride gives me not only ③______exercise but also pleasure.I use my bike mostly on summer when the weather is ④______warm and dry.It can∧very unpleasant in ⑤______winter when it is cold and rain is pouring down.It can also be very danger.Of ⑥______course I will be very careful on my bike.In facts,accidents are not the only problem.⑦______One day I went to school and come back ⑧______to find his front wheel was missing.It was⑨______a long walk to the repairer's shop.Now I ⑩______have two strong locks.

【參考答案】

1.①a ②But③to ④changes ⑤√ ⑥built⑦去掉for ⑧I⑨hard ⑩richer

2.①去掉but②it③Riding ④in ⑤be⑥dangerous ⑦fact⑧came ⑨my ⑩√

【解題技巧】

考生在解答符號標(biāo)注型改錯題時，首先要從語篇入手，著重把握文章大意；其次，要將注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到句子結(jié)構(gòu)上，從行文邏輯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)兩方面對文章進行逐句審查，細(xì)致判斷；最后，通讀改錯后的全篇內(nèi)容，檢查是否有誤改、漏改之處。在檢查過程中，注意一些細(xì)節(jié)，如果有一時難以改出的地方，可關(guān)注改正的語法項目是否有所重復(fù)，因為短文改錯的考點覆蓋廣泛，一般不會出現(xiàn)重復(fù)考查某一語法項目的情況。

二、不加提示型

不加提示型短文改錯題的短文體裁以記敘文居多，題材也會很常見。篇章的難易程度較符號標(biāo)注型稍簡單些，句子以簡單句為主，偶爾涉及并列句或復(fù)合句。該類題型的形式為：將所給的短文分列10行，無提示性標(biāo)識，每行中都有一處錯誤，但不添詞，不減詞；另一種形式就是不刻意設(shè)置行數(shù)，也不標(biāo)示出待修改的具體位置（即無提示痕跡）。文中共有10處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。要求在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞，把多余的詞用斜線（＼）劃掉。錯的詞，在其下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

【考查要點】

不加提示型短文改錯題的設(shè)錯方式為多詞、少詞、錯詞。多詞主要涉及冠詞、介詞、連詞、助動詞、語義重復(fù)或行文邏輯等方面；少詞主要涉及冠詞、介詞、連詞、副詞、助動詞或動詞不定式符號to等；錯詞主要涉及冠詞、介詞、連詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞，以及名詞的數(shù)、格、性和非謂語動詞、動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)等方面。

【典題示例】

1.假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號∧，并在其下面寫出該增加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用（＼）劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

注意：

1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

2.在答題卡的第六節(jié)的題上答題；

3.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。

2017·棗莊中考題

When I was a baby,my parents often gave me a hug,took me to play on the vegetable garden and took many photo of me,because they cared about my safety and kept me away from any hurt.While I was growing up,they give me more and more“l(fā)ove”,and I thought it began to hurt me.When I was student,they often told me many rules.For example,I wasn't allowed to use me mobile phone.However,I thought I was old enough to do what I wanted to do,so I often talked back to them angry.Later,my teacher has several conversations with us.Finally,we came to know that we really loved each other,but the way to get along with each other was not correct.I regretted for treating them like that.They gave me much chances to make my own decisions．

2.Error correction.Find out the mistake in each line of the passage and then correct it.（本題中不添詞,不減詞，請在每行中找出錯誤并改正）

（例如：I stopped talk when the teacher came in. talk-talking）

2017·黑河中考題

Today is the last day for me in junior high school.I can't help cry, ①______but the end of it is the begin of a new life.Maybe the life ②______in senior high school will be even hardest than now. ③______I will have many difficulty tasks,but I will never give up. ④______I am not afraid to make mistake along the way,because I can ⑤______learn many things from them.I used to being a shy person. ⑥______I real need to make more friends in senior high school, ⑦______then I can share many good memories from them. ⑧______Even through I am sad that junior high is over,I want ⑨______to have new experience（經(jīng)歷）in senior high!⑩______

【參考答案】

1.When I was a baby,my parents often gave me a hug,took me to playthe vegetable garden and took manyof me,because they cared about my safety and kept me away from any hurt.While I was growing up,theyme more and more “l(fā)ove”,I thought it began to hurt me.When I wasstudent,they often told me many rules.For example,I wasn't allowed to usemobile phone.However,I thought I was old enough to do what I wanted to do,so I often talked back to them.Later,my teacherseveral conversations with us.Finally,we came to know that we really loved each other,but the way to get along with each other was not correct.I regretted for treating them like that.They gave mechances to make my own decisions.

2.①cry—crying ②begin—beginning③hardest—harder ④difficulty—difficult⑤mistake—mistakes ⑥being—be ⑦real—eally⑧from—with ⑨t(yī)hrough—though ⑩experience—experiences

【解題技巧】

在做不加提示型短文改錯題時，最好堅持“四條”基本原則：改動以最少為原則；虛詞以添加或刪除為原則；實詞以改變詞形為原則；以保持句子原意為原則。

當(dāng)然，除上述兩種改錯題型中提及的考查要點外，近幾年也出現(xiàn)了一些新的變化，如反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，形近詞、同根詞的修改，詞義相近詞的修改等，這種考查要點的比例雖不大，但它們的出現(xiàn)或增多應(yīng)視為未來中考命題的一個趨勢。現(xiàn)將?？嫉脑~匯列舉如下：

一、語義相反詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

這類詞有ever-never，up-down，before-after，lendborrow，take-bring，in-out，with-without和there-here等。

二、形近（同根）詞的修改

這類詞常見的有beside-besides，late-later，nearnearly，most-mostly和like-likely等。

三、詞義相近詞的修改

這類詞常見的有l(wèi)ike-as，too-either，ago-before，whether-if，when-while，few-little，many-much，aftersince和in-after等。

考生要想做好短文改錯題，還應(yīng)遵照以下三大解題步驟：

一、通讀全文，掌握大意。

在明確了短文改錯的題目要求、設(shè)錯方式、考查意圖、解題原則之后，我們要把改錯內(nèi)容當(dāng)作一篇小短文來理解，這樣能對短文有個宏觀把握，對上下文有全面的了解，在掌握文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上，再進入改錯狀態(tài)。

二、整句分析，逐行推敲。

在理解篇章的基礎(chǔ)上，逐句審讀，逐行分析，前后兼顧，把明顯的、拿得準(zhǔn)的錯誤先改完，以此來縮小包圍圈，再逐個擊破。在這個過程中，要特別注意“五個一致”，即主謂一致、時態(tài)一致、指代一致、數(shù)量一致、邏輯一致。

三、反復(fù)通讀，復(fù)查驗證。

在初改完短文改錯之后，要重新閱讀全文，查看改完的短文是否語意通順、時態(tài)一致、合乎邏輯。再次通讀初改時感覺別扭的地方，集中精力，仔細(xì)推敲，使答案更加準(zhǔn)確。

總之，短文改錯題集多項語言知識于一身，是對考生英語技能的全方位檢驗。強化短文改錯能力，考生除了應(yīng)掌握題型的命題規(guī)律和答題技巧外，還要通過大量的練習(xí)來鞏固基礎(chǔ)知識、豐富解題經(jīng)驗，從而提高中考英語成績。