高佳佳
(合肥市第八中學,安徽 合肥)
在高中英語學習中,語篇閱讀是主陣地和主戰(zhàn)場。通過課內(nèi)外英文閱讀,學生既能獲取信息,豐富知識,擴大詞匯,又可拓寬視野,陶冶情操,了解中西方文化差異,培養(yǎng)跨文化交際意識。然而,在多年的一線教學實踐中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)不少學生由于畏懼陌生詞匯而對英文閱讀,尤其是課外閱讀望而卻步。這便形成了一種惡性循環(huán),即詞匯量越小的學生越不喜歡閱讀,越不喜歡閱讀的學生詞匯量越難以擴大,閱讀能力也越難以提升。因此,在高中英語閱讀教學中,引導學生去學習和掌握一定的詞義猜測策略顯得尤為重要。
高中英語新課程標準提出了核心素養(yǎng)這一理念,核心素養(yǎng)包括語言能力、文化意識、思維品質(zhì)和學習能力。其中,學習能力指學生積極運用英語學習策略,借助多種英語學習渠道和資源,提升英語學習效率的意識和能力。因此,在高中英語課堂中,廣大英語教師有必要培養(yǎng)學生分析、總結(jié)和運用一定的英語學習策略的學習能力,從而使學生的英語學習效率最大化。
詞義猜測題是高考英語閱讀理解的必考題型之一,該題型一般考查學生對生詞、短語、熟詞生義的猜測、代詞的指代以及句子的理解。詞義猜測題通常設題精巧,雖有難度,但可根據(jù)語境,即上下文,進行分析推理,從而判斷生詞、短語或句子的意思。針對這些特點,筆者總結(jié)出以下幾種較為常見的應對策略。
文章中的 it,that,he,itself,these,those,they,them 等人稱或指示代詞常用來指代上文提到過的人或物,其中it,this和that還可以指代上下文提及的某件事或某種情況。有時代詞與其指代的對象相隔較遠,需要仔細尋讀定位,有時則需對上下文所提及的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)概括,方可找出指代對象。例:(14年新課標卷)
To prevent language loss,scholars from a number of organizations have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultur-es they reflect.Mark Turin,a scientist at Yale University,who specializes in the languages of the Himalayas,is following in that tradition.
His recently published book grows out of his experience living,looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
The underlined words“that tradition”refer to______.
A.having first records of the languages
B.writing books on language searching
C.telling stories about language users
D.connecting with the native speakers
指示代詞that常用來指代上文出現(xiàn)過的人、物或某種情況。本段第二句意為“馬克·都靈,耶魯大學的一名專門研究喜馬拉雅地區(qū)語言的科學家,一直在遵循這一傳統(tǒng),”“that tradition”指代的內(nèi)容在第一句,即“為了防止語言流失,來自許多組織的學者多年來一直在記錄瀕臨消失的語言以及他們所折射的文化?!惫时绢}選A。
當被考查的詞或短語所在句有and,or,not only...but also...,as well as,both...and...,neither...nor...等并列連詞時,其連接的兩項內(nèi)容在意義上是一致或接近的,由此可推出該生詞或短語的意思。
例:(2014年新課標卷)My husband rushed there to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had accidentally found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out and noticed a half-written letter with my husband’s new phone number in it.That family not only returned the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.
The underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph can be replaced by_______.
A.showed B.sent out C.delivered D.gave back
文章大意:在一戶善良的陌生人家的幫助下,作者丈夫的重要文件失而復得,作者夫婦非常感動。最后一句中有并列連詞not only...but also,由此可推“restored”與 not only 后的動詞“returned”意義接近,句意為:“那一天,那家人不僅把重要的文件歸還了我們,還讓我們重拾了對人性的信任?!惫时绢}選D。
當生詞或短語后有定義,同位語,定語從句等修飾時,可以根據(jù)該定義或解釋來判斷該詞或短語的意義。
例:(13年全國卷)The CRF’s produce is“green”made within the country and divided into 10 lines,with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.And for chocolate snobs,who think they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others,the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo,Cuba,Venezuela,and Ghana.
The words“chocolate snobs”in Para 3 probably refer to those who______.
A.are particular about chocolate
B.know little about cocoa beans
C.look down upon others
D.like to try new flavors
本文主要介紹了一家巧克力公司的情況。劃線詞“chocolate snobs”后有非限制性定語從句修飾,意為“自認為比他人更懂巧克力的人”,故最佳選項是A,即“對巧克力挑剔,講究的人”。
在閱讀中,可利用前綴、后綴、復合、派生等構(gòu)詞法知識猜出一些單詞或短語的含義。例如,un-,in-,im-,dis-等前綴都帶有否定意義。
例:(2017新課標Ⅲ)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area,but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s,wolves had practically disappeared from that area.They went farther north into the forests of Canada,where there were fewer humans.
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word“displaced”?
A.tested B.separated C.forced out D.tracked down.
由本段最后兩句可知,人類的發(fā)展侵占了灰狼的領(lǐng)地,灰狼向北遷徙;place作動詞有“安置,安放”的意思,dis-是否定前綴,據(jù)此可推出“displaced”意為“被擠出,被迫離開家園”,故本題選C。
當文章中出現(xiàn) so,for,because,therefore,thus,as a result,consequently,due to,on account of等表示原因或結(jié)果的詞時,上下文為因果關(guān)系,可以由原因推出結(jié)果,也可由結(jié)果推測原因,故可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系推出生詞或短語在語境中的意義。
例:(2009年全國卷)If your child is unwilling to discuss something,don’t insist he tell you what’s on his mind.Because the more you insist,the more likely he’ll clam up.Instead,let him attempt to solve things by himself.Meanwhile,remind him you’re always there for him should he seek advice or help.
What does the phrase“clam up”probably mean?
A.become excited
B.show respect
C.refuse to talk
D.seek help
本段大意:父母在和子女交流的時候要尊重子女的隱私,不能勉強。本段首句意為:“如果你的孩子不愿意談論某事,不要勉強孩子告訴你其心事?!碑嬀€短語所在句子解釋了上文“不要勉強孩子”的原因,故句意為“因為你越是勉強,孩子越可能守口如瓶?!庇纱丝梢耘袛唷癱lam up”意為“守口如瓶,拒絕開口”,故選C。
當文中出現(xiàn) but,however,yet,while,nevertheless,on the contrary等連接詞時,上下文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,可據(jù)此推斷生詞或短語的意義。
例:Before birth,babies can tell loud sounds from voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教),birds could“rule the roost”.As recently reported,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can imitate their mom’s call a few days after entering the world.
The underlined phrase in Para 1 means“_____”.
A.be the worst B.be the best
C.be the as bad D.be just as good
根據(jù)but可知本句和上文是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,雖然嬰兒能分辨母親的聲音,但在胎教方面,“鳥類可以統(tǒng)治世界”,即鳥類是最好的胎教者,故本題選B。
陌生詞匯是學生英語閱讀之旅的攔路虎,而且防不勝防,所以掌握有效的詞義猜測策略既可以幫助學生在平時的英語學習中克服畏難情緒,獲得良好的學習體驗和自信心,也可以讓考生在重大考試中保持沉著冷靜的心態(tài),做到以不變應萬變。本文總結(jié)了幾種常見的詞義猜測題的應對策略,考生可結(jié)合例題仔細揣摩體會并加以內(nèi)化,再將這些策略應用到英語學習實踐中去。筆者相信廣大學子只有不忘初心,持之以恒,方可克服困難,提高英語閱讀水平,提升英語學習效率,在英語學習中取得成功,從而堅定面對更大人生挑戰(zhàn)的勇氣和信念。