封全龍
我們在平時學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)備考時,除了理解動詞不定式的基本常識和一般用法,還要掌握其特殊的用法。
一、不定式的否定式
動詞不定式的否定形式,通常是在不定式符號的前面加上否定副詞not或never等。如果是不帶to的不定式,就直接在動詞原形前面加上否定副詞not或never等。
[例1]She pretended not _____(see)me when I passed by.
答案:to see
分析:因pretend to do sth可知填不定式,句中not to see是to see的否定形式。
[例2]Mr. Smith warned her daughter never ______(drive) after drinking.
答案:to drive
分析:由warn sb to do sth可知填不定式,句中never to drive是to drive的否定式。
[例3]Dinosaurs have completely diet out on the earth, never ______(find)again.
答案:to be found
分析:表示不如人意的結(jié)果用不定式,因Dinosaurs與find是被動關(guān)系,用不定式的被動式;句中never to be found是to be found的否定式。
[例4]They boys mother made him not ______(play) computer games at home all day long.
答案:play
分析:由make sb do sth可知填省略to的不定式,即play。句中not play是play的否定式。
二、不定式的省略
不定時的省略主要分為兩種情況,一是不定式符號to后的動詞部分的省略;二是不定式符號to的省略。
1. 不定式符號to后的動詞部分的省略。
(1)當(dāng)不定式在like, love, care, hope, wish, expect, refuse, mean, try, prefer等后作賓語時,有時為了避免與前文重復(fù),可以把不定式中的動詞部分省略,只保留不定式符號to。
[例5]—Would you like to go camping with us on the coming Sunday?
—Yes, Id like ______.
答案:to
分析:本句為省略句,補(bǔ)全句子為:Id like to go camping with you on the coming Sunday。
(2)當(dāng)不定式在ask, tell, advise, allow, permit等后作賓補(bǔ)時,為了避免與前文重復(fù),可以把不定式中的動詞部分省略,只保留不定式符號to。
[例6]She wanted to come to our party but her parents didnt allow her______.
答案:to
分析:本句為省略句,補(bǔ)全句子為:but her parents didnt allow her to come to our party。
[例7]They boy wanted to ride in the street, but his mother told him not ______.
答案:to
分析:不定式not to是not to ride in the street的省略形式。
(3)當(dāng)不定式在happy, glad, eager, anxious, able, willing, ready等形容詞后作狀語時,為了避免重復(fù),可以把不定式中的動詞部分省略,只保留不定式符號to。
[例8]I wanted to get in touch with her but I wasnt able ______.
答案:to
分析:本句為省略句,補(bǔ)全句子為:but I wasnt able to get in touch with her。
(4)當(dāng)不定式符號to后的動詞原形是have或be時,在省略句中通常要保留動詞have或be,其后面的成分仍然可省略。
[例9]Mary is a fine singer as her mother used ______(be).
答案:to be
分析:本句為省略句,補(bǔ)全句子為:as her mother used to be a fine singer。
[例10]He did not come to my wedding party, but he ought ______(have).
答案:to have
分析:本句為省略句,補(bǔ)全句子為:but he ought to have come。
2. 不定式符號to的省略。
(1)當(dāng)兩個或多個不定式并列(常有and, or, but, than等并列連詞)使用時,通常只在第一個不定式前加to,而后面的不定式之前的to??梢允÷?。
[例11]Shed like to take off her coat and ______(have) a rest.
答案:have
分析:and前后是兩個并列的動詞不定式,后面的不定式可以省略to。
但是如果并列的前后不定式具有對比含義時,第二個不定式to也不能省略。
[例12]I havent decided to stay at home or ______(travel) to Beijing this Summer holiday.
答案:to travel
分析:to stay at home與to travel to Beijing這兩個并列的動詞不定式有明顯的對比含義,因此,第二個不定式to不能省略。
(2)在個別情況下,有的動詞后面的動詞不定式符號to可以省略,也可以保留。
[例13]She may go hiking with us this weekend if she likes______.
答案:(to)
分析:條件狀語從句是省略句,句中的動詞like后不定式符號to可以省略,也可以保留。補(bǔ)全句子為if she likes to go hiking with us this weekend。
[例14]What you have to do first is ______(clean) the classroom.
答案:(to)clean
分析:不定式作表語,用來解釋主語中do的精確含義時,動詞不定式符號to可以省略,也可以保留。
(3)動詞不定式在感官動詞feel, see, notice, watch, find, hear, listen to, observe和使役動詞have, make后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,動詞不定式符號to要省略,如果這些動詞用于被動語態(tài),其后的動詞不定式符號to就不能省略。
[例15]We often see the children ______(play) on the ground in our school.
答案:play
分析:由see sb do sth可知,填 play。
[例16]The boss was so cruel that he often made the boy ______(work)for twelve hours a day.
答案:work
分析:由make sb. do sth.可知,動詞不定式作使役動詞make的賓語補(bǔ)足語時,動詞不定式符號to要省略。故填 work。
[例17]The boy felt very poor because he was made ______(work) for twelve hours a day by his boss.
答案:to work
分析:由be made to do sth可知,填to work。
三、there to be與 there being形式的用法區(qū)別
我們可以從以下三個方面對there to be和there being進(jìn)行比較并加以區(qū)別。
1. 作介詞的補(bǔ)足成分。
如果在for后,通常用there to be;若是在其它介詞后,則要用there being。
[例18]It was unusual for there ______(be)so few people in the streets this evening.
答案:to be
分析:由there be前面的介詞 for可知,應(yīng)是there to be。
[例19]John was relying on there ______(be)another opportunity.
答案:being
分析:因there be前是介詞on而不是for,應(yīng)用there being。
2. 在expect, mean, want, like, prefer, hate, consider, intend等后作賓語時,通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)。
[例20]They expect there ______(be)no argument about this.
答案:to be
分析:由there be前面的動詞 expect可知,應(yīng)是there to be。
[例21]I shall prefer there ______(be)a football game on the weekend.
答案:to be
分析:由there be前面的動詞 prefer可知,應(yīng)是there to be。
3. 作主語和狀語,通常用there being結(jié)構(gòu)。
[例22] There ______(be) a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
答案:being
分析:當(dāng)there be結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,要用there being形式。
[例23] There ______(be)nothing else to do, we went home.
答案:being
分析:當(dāng)there be結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語時,要用there being形式。
責(zé)任編輯? ?蔣小青