陳春芳 趙雪姣 張琳 姚圣典 林玉良 劉樂平 吳楚
摘 要: ?為綜合評判湖北省十堰市核桃堅果品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣,為十堰核桃育種篩選打下基礎(chǔ)。在野外調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,收集了12個十堰核桃品種,對其堅果外形特征(縱徑、橫徑和側(cè)徑)、單果重以及主要營養(yǎng)成分進行了分析。結(jié)果表明,十堰3號外形一致性程度較差,十堰1號的給人們感覺良好。十堰10號的平均單果重最大,達到11.82 g;十堰7號出仁率最高,高達58.01%,與其它十堰核桃的出仁率差異顯著;十堰5號可溶性糖含量最高達到4.04%;十堰3號的可溶性蛋白含量最高達到97.05 mg/g;十堰13號總蛋白含量最高達到232.67 g/kg;十堰3號粗脂肪含量最高達到77.76%。根據(jù)這些分析結(jié)果,可以得出初步結(jié)論:十堰3號可以用于核桃油的加工;十堰7號可以用于核仁加工;十堰10號可以用于干果生產(chǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞: ?核桃;品質(zhì)分析;優(yōu)株選擇;十堰市
中圖分類號: S794.9?? ?文獻標識碼: A?? ?文章編號: 1004-3020(2018)05-0015-06
Analyses on Morphological Traits and Main Nutrients of Walnut Fruits in Shiyan, Hubei
Chen Chunfang ?(1) Zhao Xuejiao ?(2) Zhang lin ?(3) Yao Sendian ?(4) Lin Yuliang ?(5) Liu Leping ?(6) Wu Chu ?(2)
(1.Hubei Academy of Forestry Wuhan 430075;
2.Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023;
[JP3]3.Institute of Forestry Research of Shiyan Shiyan 442000;
4.Institute of Forestry Research of Xingsan Yichang 443700;
5.Forestry Bureau of Danjiangkou Shiyan 442700 ; 6. Pengchang Forest Farm Jingmen 434000)
Abstract: ???In order to select the best local walnut varieties in Shiyan, Hubei province andincreasing the incomes of local walnut producers and improving market completion ability, twelve walnut varieties were collected based on the field investigation in Shiyan and their morphological traits and main nutrients were analyzed. These results showed that the single fruit weight of Shiyan No. 10 was the greatest (11.82 g), and Shiyan No. 7 had the highest kernel ratio of 58.01%, and Shiyan No. 5 had the highest level of soluble sugars (4.04%). Shiyan No.3 had the highest content of soluble proteins (97.05 mg/g), and the highest level of total proteins occurred in Shiyan No. 13 (232.67 g/kg), and Shiyan No. 3 had the greatest content of crude lipids ?(77.76%). It was concluded that the fruits of Shiyan No. 3 could be used for walnut oil production, and the fruits of Shiyan No. 7 could be used for kernel production, and the fruits of Shiyan No. 10 could be sold as nuts.
Key words: ??Juglans regia ; quality analysis;optimal plant; selection; Shiyan
1 前言
核桃 (Juglans regia)為胡桃科 (Juglandaceae)胡桃屬 (Juglans) 落葉喬木。因其種仁營養(yǎng)豐富、風味獨特和用途多樣,為世界四大干果(核桃、扁桃、腰果、榛子)之首。核桃種仁營養(yǎng)價值高,含大量脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)、多種維生素和微量元素,可生食,可榨油,其核仁含油量65.1%~ 68.4%、油味清香,是高級食用油和高級工業(yè)用油,能有效防治人體膽固醇過高、高血壓、糖尿病、肥胖癥等疾病,具有很強的保健功能。正因為如此,世界各地大力發(fā)展核桃產(chǎn)業(yè),同時對核桃的生理生態(tài) ?[1-2]、品質(zhì) ?[3]、遺傳 ?[4-7]以及核桃消費對人體健康狀況的影響 ?[8-11]等方面進行深入的 研究。
自兩千多年前核桃被引入中國,核桃受到人們的極大歡迎,亞熱帶和溫帶地區(qū)均有栽培。各地的氣候和地理條件的差異使得中國核桃的種群結(jié)構(gòu)和遺傳特性發(fā)生了很大的變化 ?[12]。正基于此,在各種氣候和土壤條件下,選擇品質(zhì)最優(yōu)且抗性最強的核桃品種對于一個地區(qū)的核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展具有至關(guān)重要的意義。
近十年來,湖北十堰市大力發(fā)展核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)。該地區(qū)所栽培的核桃品種均來自外地,因而出現(xiàn)了一些問題,如抗病性和授粉差。鑒于此,選擇當?shù)貎?yōu)良品種進行推廣栽培,對于當?shù)氐暮颂耶a(chǎn)業(yè)的良性發(fā)展具有重要意義。在走訪調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,選擇了12個核桃品種,對其果實的外在形態(tài)和核仁品質(zhì)進行了分析,以期篩選出最優(yōu)良的品種在當?shù)剡M行推廣栽培。
2 試驗材料與方法
2.1 試驗材料
經(jīng)過數(shù)年的野外調(diào)查,在十堰市初步確定了12個核桃優(yōu)株。于2015年9月獲得各個優(yōu)株的果實,取其中2 kg作為實驗樣品。
2.2 堅果外形特征及標準
堅果形狀:橢圓形、闊橢圓形、圓形、異形。核仁皮色:黃白色、黃、白色。種仁飽滿度:飽滿、較飽滿、不飽滿。果頂形狀:尖、稍尖、平。果尖形狀:溜、圓、平、聳。果底形狀:凸、稍凸、平、凹。縫合線特征:隆起、平、凹。核殼厚度:露仁、紙皮(0.1~ 0.9 mm)、薄殼(1.0~1.5 mm)、中殼 (1.6~2.0 mm)、厚殼(>2.0 mm)。內(nèi)褶壁:退化、革質(zhì)、骨質(zhì)。隔膜:膜質(zhì)、革質(zhì)、骨質(zhì)。種仁味感:香、甜、澀。
2.3 堅果主要物理指標及測定方法
單果重測定:隨機抽取30個樣果,用感量為1/1000的電子天平單個稱重,取平均值。果徑:隨機抽取30個樣果,用數(shù)顯游標卡尺(廣陸,GLA13S)測定其縱徑、橫徑、側(cè)徑。出仁率:隨機取40個樣果進行編號,分別取仁,稱重,計算出仁率,取平均值。取仁難易度:隨機抽取30個樣果,將核桃砸開取仁,若內(nèi)褶壁退化,能取整仁的為取仁極易;若內(nèi)褶壁不發(fā)達,能取半仁的為取仁容易;若內(nèi)褶壁發(fā)達、能取1/4的為取仁較難。
2.4 核仁主要成分的測定
核仁脂肪含量測定:用索氏抽提法測定,采用國家標準(GB/T 14772-2008)。核仁蛋白質(zhì)含量測定:用凱氏定氮法測定,采用國家標準 (GB 5009.5-2010)。核仁可溶性糖的測定:采用蒽酮法比色法,核仁可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量測定 ?[13]。
2.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用賦值法,將核仁充實度等感官指標數(shù)量化(見表2),采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件,對堅果橫徑、縱徑等9個數(shù)量指標進行統(tǒng)計分析,分析各核桃品種之間各個參數(shù)的差異顯著性( P <0.05)。
參 考 文 獻
[1]Ameglio T, Cochard H, Ewers FW. Stem diameter variations and cold hardiness in walnut trees. J Exp Bot[J],2001(52):3135-2142.
[2]Solar A, Colaric M, Usenik V, Stampar F. 2006. Seasonal variations of selected flavonoids, phenolic acids and quinones in annual shoots of common walnut ( Juglans regia ?L.). Plant Science, 170:453-461.
[3]Cag larir mak N.? Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes ( Juglans regia ?L.). Food[J], 2003(47):28-32.
[4]Karimi R, Ershadi A, Vahdati K, Woeste K. Molecular characterization of Persian walnut populations in Iran with microsatellites markers. J Am Soc Hortic Sci[J],? 2010(45):1403-1406.
[5]Ma Q, Zhang J, Pei D.? Genetic analysis of walnut cultivars in China using fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism. J Amer Soc Hort Sci[J], 2011,136(6):422-428.
[6]Pollegioni P, Woeste K, Olimpieri I, Marandola D, Cannata F, Malvolti ME.? Long term human impacts on genetic structure of Italian walnut inferred by SSR markers. Tree Genetics Genomes[J], 2011(7):707-723.
[7]Pollegioni P, Woeste KE, Chiocchini F, Olimpieri I, Tortolano V, Clark J, Hemery GE, Mapelli S, Malvolti ME.? Landscape genetics of Persian walnut ( L.) across its Asian range. Tree Genetics & Genomes[J],2014(2):14-16.
[8]Feldman EB. The scientific evidence for a beneficial health relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease. J Nutr[J], 2002(132):1062-1101.
[9]Spaccarotella KJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Stone WL, et al.? The effect of walnut intake on factors related to prostate and vascular health in older men. Nutr J[J], 2008(7):13.
[10]Banel D, Hu FB.? Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr[J], 2009(90):56-63.
[11]Ma Y, Njik VY, Millet J, Dutta S, Doughty K, Treu JA, Katz DL. . Effects of walnut Consumption on endothelial function in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care[J],2010 (33):227-232.
[12]Wang H, Pei D, Gu R,Wang B.Genetic diversity and structure of walnut populations in central and southwestern China revealed by microsatellite markers. J Hortic Sci[J],? 2008 (133):197-203.
[13]王學奎.植物生理生化實驗原理和技術(shù)(第二版)[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2011:190-192, 202-204.