液相微萃取技術(shù)在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用進展

時林平，陳滿堂，趙閣，劉瑞紅，謝復(fù)煒*

綜述

液相微萃取技術(shù)在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用進展

時林平1,2，陳滿堂1，趙閣1，劉瑞紅1，謝復(fù)煒1*

1 中國煙草總公司鄭州煙草研究院，鄭州高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū)楓楊街2號 450001；2 鄭州大學(xué)，鄭州高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū)科學(xué)大道100號 450001

利用快速高效的樣品前處理方法進行煙草成分分析可以減少煙草中基質(zhì)對分析過程的影響。液相微萃取技術(shù)是一種簡單、快捷、環(huán)保的樣品前處理技術(shù)。本文介紹了液相微萃取技術(shù)的原理，分析了影響萃取效率的因素，總結(jié)了液相微萃取技術(shù)在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用進展。針對液相微萃取技術(shù)在煙草樣品前處理中存在的不足，對其應(yīng)用前景進行了展望。

液相微萃??；樣品前處理；煙草分析

煙草品質(zhì)取決于其化學(xué)成分，因此，煙草化學(xué)成分的分析對于評價煙草質(zhì)量風(fēng)格至關(guān)重要。煙草成分極其復(fù)雜，且測定時各成分間往往會相互干擾，這給煙草分析帶來了較大挑戰(zhàn)。為減少煙草中基質(zhì)的影響，提高檢測方法的靈敏度，降低檢出限，實現(xiàn)復(fù)雜煙草樣品的常量、半微量甚至痕量分析，選擇合適的樣品前處理技術(shù)尤為重要。固相萃?。⊿PE）[1-2]和液液萃?。↙LE）[3]是煙草分析中常用的兩種前處理技術(shù)，但這些技術(shù)往往存在耗時長、有毒有機溶劑消耗多等缺點。為克服這些缺點，微萃取技術(shù)尤其是液相微萃?。↙PME）逐漸得到發(fā)展。作為一種綠色的樣品前處理技術(shù)，液相微萃取技術(shù)具有所需樣品量少、操作簡單、環(huán)境友好等優(yōu)點，已在煙草中脂肪胺[4]、氨基酸[5]、香味成分[6]和揮發(fā)性成分[7]等以及煙氣中煙堿[8-9]、多酚[10]、芳香胺[11]等的分析中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。然而，目前仍缺乏對液相微萃取技術(shù)在煙草分析中應(yīng)用進展的歸納總結(jié)。本文重點針對LPME技術(shù)的原理、影響因素、分類及其在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用進行系統(tǒng)綜述，并展望了其在煙草分析中的發(fā)展方向。

1 LPME技術(shù)簡介

LPME技術(shù)是LLE的改進方法，以液體介質(zhì)作為萃取相，采用特定負(fù)載技術(shù)將100 μL或更少體積的溶劑固載成萃取相，用于分離富集痕量目標(biāo)物。與LLE相比，LPME技術(shù)無需大量有機溶劑，更安全環(huán)保，也可在一定程度上降低基質(zhì)干擾。LPME包括兩相LPME和三相LPME。在兩相LPME中，萃取相與樣品溶液直接接觸，有利于萃取過程的進行，缺點是降低了樣品的選擇性，且限制萃取溶劑為水不溶的有機液體。然而，在三相LPME中，樣品溶液和最終的受體相通過第三種溶劑分離，該溶劑與兩相不混溶，可以用水作為受體相，能夠提高方法的選擇性。

2 LPME技術(shù)原理

LPME技術(shù)是一種基于分析物在樣品及小體積有機溶劑之間平衡分配，集萃取、濃縮、解吸于一體的樣品前處理技術(shù)。

對于液液微萃取體系，平衡狀態(tài)下LPME的萃取量n的計算方式為[12]：

對于液液液微萃取體系，體系達到平衡后分析物的萃取量n的計算方式為[13]：

對于靜態(tài)頂空LPME體系，平衡狀態(tài)下分析物的萃取量n的計算方式為[12]：

對于動態(tài)頂空LPME體系，平衡狀態(tài)下萃取量n的計算方式為[14]：

3 影響萃取效率的因素

LPME的萃取效率受萃取溶劑的種類、pH、萃取時間、鹽效應(yīng)、溫度等的影響。

3.1 萃取溶劑

萃取溶劑的選擇依據(jù)“相似相溶”原則。為了避免萃取過程中萃取溶劑的揮發(fā)，選擇有機溶劑時應(yīng)避免揮發(fā)性有機溶劑[15]。對于單滴微萃?。⊿DME），針頭懸掛液滴的大小也會影響萃取效率。萃取效率受速率常數(shù)k（s-1）的影響，k的計算方式為[16]：

3.2 其他影響因素

改變?nèi)芤簆H可以改變離子在溶液中的存在形態(tài)，從而改變?nèi)芙舛?，增加在有機相中的分配。LPME是分析物在樣品與有機溶劑之間分配平衡的過程，當(dāng)分析物在樣品與有機溶劑之間達到分配平衡時萃取量最大，延長萃取時間也可能會導(dǎo)致萃取率下降。對于分配系數(shù)較小物質(zhì)的萃取時間則需要嚴(yán)格控制。液液分散微萃取由于萃取劑均勻地分散在水相中而能在很短時間內(nèi)將分析物從水相轉(zhuǎn)移到有機相，因此萃取效率受萃取時間的影響較小。在液體樣品中加入適量無機鹽可增加離子濃度，降低待測物溶解度，增加萃取效率和分析靈敏度。升高溫度會加快分析物的擴散速度，縮短萃取時間；但也會加速有機溶劑的揮發(fā)，導(dǎo)致其在溶劑中的萃取量減少。因此，在實際操作過程中要綜合考慮萃取時間和萃取效率以選擇最佳萃取溫度。

4 LPME技術(shù)分類及在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用

LPME技術(shù)近年來發(fā)展迅速（圖1）。1996年，Liu和Dasgupta[17]提出LPME技術(shù)；1997年He和Lee[18]采用微量注射器作為萃取微滴的支撐體和萃取結(jié)束后的進樣器，提出了靜態(tài)LPME技術(shù)和動態(tài)LPME技術(shù)，命名為SDME；2002年，Zhao和Lee[19]提出了中空纖維LPME技術(shù)（HF-LPME），克服了懸在色譜微量進樣器針頭上的有機液滴在樣品攪拌時易于脫落的缺點；Pedersen-Bjergaard和Rasmussen）[15]于1999年提出了膜輔助液液液微萃取技術(shù)（LLLME）；2003年Gjelstad等[20]報道了一種膜輔助液-液-液萃取的新方法，稱為平行液膜微萃取（PALME）；2006年Rezaee等[21]提出分散液液微萃取技術(shù)（DLLME）；同年，Pedersen-Bjergaard和Rasmussen[22]提出的電膜微萃取技術(shù)（EME）已成為從復(fù)雜樣品中分離離子藥物的潛在技術(shù)。表1列舉了LPME技術(shù)在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用實例。

表1 基于LPME技術(shù)的煙草分析方法①

Tab.1 Tobacco analysis methods based on the LPME technology

注：①GC-MS: 氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用；HPLC-UV: 高效液相色譜-紫外檢測器；UA-IL-DLLME: 超聲輔助離子液體分散液-液微萃取技術(shù)；DSDME: 直接懸浮液滴微萃??；VA-DLPME: 渦旋輔助分散液相微萃取；UA-DES-LPME: 超聲輔助低共熔溶劑液相微萃取；MALDI-FTICR-MS: 基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸/電離傅里葉變換離子回旋共振質(zhì)譜法；GC-MS/MS: 氣相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜；UV-Vis: 紫外可見吸收光譜儀；FAAS: 火焰原子吸收光譜儀；FTMS: 傅里葉變換質(zhì)譜。

Note: ①GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry；HPLC-UV: High performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet detector；UA-IL-DLLME: Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction；DSDME: Direct suspension droplet microextraction；VA-DLPME: Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid phase microextraction；UA-DES-LPME: Ultrasonic-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique based on deep eutectic solvents；MALDI-FTICR-MS: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry； GC-MS/MS: Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry；UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy；FAAS: Flame atomic absorption spectrometer；FTMS: Fourier transform mass spectrometry.

4.1 SDME

SDME包括直接單滴微萃?。―I-SDME）和頂空SDME（HS-SDME）。DI-SDME是直接將有機液滴浸沒到樣品溶液中，常用于萃取熱不穩(wěn)定或沸點較高的目標(biāo)分析物；HS-SDME是將一滴萃取劑暴露在樣品溶液上方的頂空中，用于萃取揮發(fā)性和半揮發(fā)性分析物[18]。Sha等[4]采用HS-SDME-同步衍生氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用（GC-MS）技術(shù)測定了煙草樣品中的脂肪胺，該方法線性良好。Xie等[28]用SDME-同步衍生-基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸/電離傅里葉變換離子回旋共振質(zhì)譜法（EDSD/MALDI-FTICR-MS）技術(shù)分析測定單口煙氣中的小分子醛，該方法簡單、快速、溶劑和試劑消耗量少。需要注意的是，SDME存在液滴不穩(wěn)定、容易從針頭尖端脫落、重復(fù)性差等缺點。

4.2 HF-LPME

HF-LPME的發(fā)展解決了SDME中出現(xiàn)的問題，其原理是中空纖維浸入有機溶劑中，中空纖維的孔隙通過毛細(xì)管力與纖維壁結(jié)合形成薄支撐液膜（SLMs），溶劑穿過SLMs，從而防止位于纖維腔內(nèi)的萃取相溶解到樣品中[19, 38]。在兩相LPME采樣模式中，分析物從樣品中萃取到固定在中空纖維孔隙中的萃取劑中；在三相LPME萃取模式中，中空纖維孔隙中的有機溶劑與中空纖維腔內(nèi)的受體溶劑不同，形成“液液液”三相萃取體系。Esrafili等[25]基于在線HF-LPME-高效液相色譜-紫外檢測（HPLC-UV）自動化儀器定量分析卷煙煙氣中的吡啶，該方法操作簡單、溶劑消耗量低、易于實現(xiàn)自動化。

4.3 PALME

PALME的提出解決了HF-LPME不能在商業(yè)設(shè)備中應(yīng)用的缺點，其原理與HF-LPME相同。PALME基于96孔濾板，每個孔的底部都對應(yīng)含有多孔過濾器的濾板；用浸漬有機溶劑的平膜將水樣品和水受體相分開，形成三明治式的體系[20,39]。PALME技術(shù)操作過程簡單，只消耗幾微升的樣品體積，可以同時進行多個樣品的萃取，PALME形成的三相萃取體系減少了基質(zhì)效應(yīng)的影響[40]。

4.4 DLLME

DLLME是將萃取劑和分散劑混合物用注射器快速注入盛有液體樣品的錐形離心管中，形成萃取劑-分散劑-液體樣品三相混合狀態(tài)溶液；萃取完成后以低速離心分離萃取劑和樣品，收集底部的萃取劑層進行分析[21]。Tabrizi和Abdollahi[41]建立了DLLME-HPLC法測定卷煙主流煙氣中苯甲醛、丁醛和糠醛等醛類物質(zhì)，該方法新穎、簡單且對環(huán)境友好。Li等[30]用衍生化-超聲輔助-DLLME技術(shù)測定煙草中11種主要碳水化合物，并將該方法成功應(yīng)用于煙草添加劑中碳水化合物的測定。雖然DLLME萃取效率高，但還有以下限制: 使用有害的有機溶劑（如氯化溶劑）作為萃取劑；乳化需要一種與萃取溶劑競爭的分散溶劑，從而降低萃取效率；萃取后需要離心分離，難以實現(xiàn)自動化。為解決以上問題，研究者們逐步將ILs、DESs等新型綠色溶劑應(yīng)用于DLLME技術(shù)。Memon等[26]建立了一種基于DESs的超聲輔助LPME方法，用于測定煙草樣品中的鉛含量，該方法環(huán)保、方便、簡單。

4.5 EME技術(shù)

EME技術(shù)是在樣品溶液中使用兩個電極，并在中空纖維腔中外加電場的一種HF-LPME模式，其原理是基于被分析物在外加電場的作用下，通過SLMs進入微升級的受體溶液中；萃取過程中，帶電目標(biāo)分析物在電場的作用下快速遷移到SLMs中并穿過SLMs，最終在接收相中富集[22]。在萃取堿性化合物時，應(yīng)調(diào)整接收相和樣品相pH使目標(biāo)分析物帶正電，陽極置于樣品相中，陰極置于接收相中；當(dāng)萃取酸性化合物時，調(diào)整接收相和樣品相pH確保目標(biāo)分析物帶負(fù)電，電極位置則相反。如今，EME技術(shù)廣泛用于萃取食品及環(huán)境樣品中的有機微污染物等[42-44]。EME技術(shù)正成為一種從復(fù)雜生物樣品中分離、濃縮的新綠色方法。Chen等[37]建立了一種EME-HPLC-UV聯(lián)用技術(shù)用于傳統(tǒng)卷煙、電子煙和加熱不燃燒卷煙氣溶膠中煙堿含量的檢測，該方法環(huán)保、方便、簡單。

5 總結(jié)與展望

液相微萃取技術(shù)是一種新型環(huán)保的綠色萃取技術(shù)，它集采樣、萃取、濃縮等步驟于一體，在分析化學(xué)領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出越來越廣的應(yīng)用前景，被廣泛應(yīng)用于煙草成分分析。但液相微萃取技術(shù)在萃取劑的使用、重現(xiàn)性等方面還存在局限性。液相微萃取技術(shù)未來的發(fā)展方向在于: （1）篩選環(huán)境友好、成本低廉的萃取劑；（2）進一步提高萃取技術(shù)的選擇性；（3）與其他樣品前處理技術(shù)聯(lián)用；（4）與多種檢測手段相結(jié)合；（5）實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場原位分析；（6）開發(fā)新型高穩(wěn)健液相微萃取技術(shù)應(yīng)用于煙草成分的大批量分析。

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Progress in the application of liquid-phase microextraction technique in tobacco analysis

SHI Linping1,2, CHEN Mantang1, ZHAO Ge1, LIU Ruihong1, XIE Fuwei1*

1 Zhengzhou Tobacco Research of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China;2 Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

The use of rapid and efficient sample pretreatment methods for tobacco component analysis can reduce the influence of tobacco matrices on the analytical process. Liquid-phase microextraction technique is a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly sample pretreatment method. This paper introduces the principles of liquid-phase microextraction technology, analyzes the factors that affect extraction efficiency, and summarizes the progress in the application of liquid-phase microextraction technology in tobacco analysis. Addressing the shortcomings of liquid-phase microextraction technology in the pre-treatment of tobacco samples, the paper offers a perspective on its future applications.

liquid-phase microextraction; sample pre-treatment; tobacco analysis

. Email：xiefuwei@sina.com

國家自然科學(xué)基金“三維多孔碳基凈化材料對農(nóng)殘及共存基質(zhì)的競爭吸附機制研究”（32202166）；鄭州煙草研究創(chuàng)新專項“基于三維多孔碳籠凈化煙草基質(zhì)的農(nóng)殘快速篩查和定量分析研究”（312020CR0300）；國家煙草專賣局創(chuàng)新平臺科研活動穩(wěn)定支持專項（312021AW0420）

時林平（1999—），在讀碩士研究生，主要從事煙草化學(xué)研究，Tel：0371-67672690，Email：slphxy@163.com

謝復(fù)煒（1973—），Tel：0371-67672502，Email：xiefuwei@sina.com

2023-04-14；

2023-11-10

時林平，陳滿堂，趙閣，等. 液相微萃取技術(shù)在煙草分析中的應(yīng)用進展[J]. 中國煙草學(xué)報，2024，30（1）. SHI Linping, CHEN Mantang, ZHAO Ge, et al. Progress in the application of liquid-phase microextraction technique in tobacco analysis[J]. Acta Tabacaria Sinica, 2024,30(1). doi:10.16472/j.chinatobacco.2023.T0058