王喜明 趙菊 張艷霞 余海彬 高成山 王宏山 趙根尚 法憲恩*
1)鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心血管外科 鄭州 450014 2)空軍鄭州東郊干休所衛(wèi)生所 鄭州 450003
·論著·
75例Stanford A型主動(dòng)脈夾層死亡危險(xiǎn)因素臨床分析
王喜明1)趙菊2)張艷霞1)余海彬1)高成山1)王宏山1)趙根尚1法憲恩1)*
1)鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心血管外科 鄭州 450014 2)空軍鄭州東郊干休所衛(wèi)生所 鄭州 450003
目的了解Stanford A型主動(dòng)脈夾層發(fā)生和術(shù)后死亡的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。方法回顧性分析鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院2015-01—2016-10間收治的75例Stanford A型主動(dòng)脈夾層患者的臨床資料。結(jié)果(1)62.6%的患者患有高血壓病。致病危險(xiǎn)因素吸煙、飲酒僅次于高血壓,所占比例分別為57.3%、46.7%。(2)主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間為(126.27±29.8) min,麻醉時(shí)間為(9.46±1.5) h,氣管插管時(shí)間、ICU時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間分別為(113.89±168.23) h、(8.65±8.09) d、(27.48±14.93) d。(3)術(shù)后死亡7例(9.3%):4例死于多器官功能衰竭,2例死于嚴(yán)重肺部感染,1例死于腦卒中。結(jié)論高血壓、吸煙、飲酒是A型主動(dòng)脈夾層最常見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn)因素。多器官功能衰竭、肺部感染是患者術(shù)后死亡的主要原因??刂埔陨衔kU(xiǎn)因素,可降低A型主動(dòng)脈夾層的發(fā)病率和病死率。
Stanford A型主動(dòng)脈夾層;危險(xiǎn)因素;手術(shù)干預(yù);預(yù)后
主動(dòng)脈夾層(aortic dissection, AD)是一種具有潛在災(zāi)難性的心血管系統(tǒng)疾病,年發(fā)病率為6/100 000,30 d和5 a的病死率分別為55.8%和64.5%[1]。由于AD患者潛在危險(xiǎn)性大,急性A型AD應(yīng)盡快手術(shù)。影響AD患者的預(yù)后因素,除治療方式外,還包括夾層類型、破口位置、各器官血供情況和功能及有無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥等[2]。
1.1一般資料選取2015-01—2016-10間我院收治的75例Stanford A型AD患者。男62例,女13例;年齡22~73歲,平均48.82歲。術(shù)前均經(jīng)CTA確診。69例以胸痛為主要癥狀入院,6例以胸悶氣喘為主要表現(xiàn)。合并高血壓病47例,糖尿病6例,高脂血癥2例,馬凡綜合征(marfan)4例,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化7例,主動(dòng)脈瘤7例,外傷1例,妊娠1例。
1.2方法收集患者的一般臨床資料和手術(shù)方式、主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間、ICU氣管插管時(shí)間、ICU時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間及治療結(jié)果,進(jìn)行回顧性分析,探討導(dǎo)致A型AD患者發(fā)病和影響患者預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素。
靜吸復(fù)合麻醉,常規(guī)穿刺雙側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈置管,上下肢動(dòng)脈測(cè)壓。常規(guī)游離右側(cè)腋動(dòng)脈。正中切口游離頭臂血管及主動(dòng)脈弓。累及主動(dòng)脈根部者,行主動(dòng)脈根部替換術(shù);未累及主動(dòng)脈根部者,行升主動(dòng)脈替換術(shù);累及胸主動(dòng)脈者行全胸腹主動(dòng)脈置換術(shù)。心肌保護(hù)采用左、右冠狀動(dòng)脈灌注4∶1冷血停搏液,心臟表面敷冰屑。腦保護(hù)采用中度低溫,頭部覆冰帽。停循環(huán)后,腋動(dòng)脈灌注流量為5 mL/(kg·min),實(shí)施選擇性腦灌注。
2.1患者年齡、性別、吸煙史、飲酒史、既往病史的單因素分析62.6%的患者患有高血壓病。有吸煙史、飲酒史的患者所占比例分別為57.3%、46.7%。有高血脂、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、主動(dòng)脈瘤、marfan綜合征、外傷、妊娠者所占比例分別為2.7%、9.3%、9.3%、5.3%、1.3%、1.3%。發(fā)病年齡(48.82±11.65)歲,其中71.7%的患者<60歲。男性高發(fā),男女之比為4.77∶1。
2.2圍術(shù)期臨床資料主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間(126.27±29.8) min,麻醉時(shí)間(9.46±1.5) h,ICU氣管插管時(shí)間、ICU時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間分別為(113.89±168.23) h、(8.65±8.09) d、(27.48±14.93) d。
2.3術(shù)式及預(yù)后結(jié)果75例患者中,行“主動(dòng)脈根部置換+全弓置換+象鼻支架植入術(shù)”43例,“主動(dòng)脈全弓置換+象鼻支架植入”21例,“主動(dòng)脈根部置換術(shù)”10例,“全胸腹主動(dòng)脈置換術(shù)”1例。術(shù)后死亡7例(9.3%)。其中4例死于多器官功能衰竭、2例死于嚴(yán)重肺部感染、1例死于腦卒中。
1761年,Morgagni[3]提出了不同危險(xiǎn)因素相互作用下使主動(dòng)脈壁內(nèi)膜破裂,隨著血壓增加,血流剪切力增加使內(nèi)膜與中外層之間撕裂形成壁間血腫,此病在50歲以上人群中較為多見(jiàn),且男性多于女性[4]。目前,AD的確切病因尚不明確,可能與高血壓、妊娠、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、主動(dòng)脈炎性疾病、遺傳性結(jié)締組織病、鈍性或醫(yī)源性創(chuàng)傷等有關(guān)。因老年患者對(duì)手術(shù)耐受力差,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多,對(duì)于急性A型AD是否進(jìn)行急診手術(shù),目前仍處于爭(zhēng)論中[5-7]。我們通過(guò)回顧性分析A型AD發(fā)生的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,探討A型AD患者術(shù)后死亡的影響因素,以期指導(dǎo)心外科臨床一線工作,增加救治成功率,減低病死率。
通過(guò)分析我們發(fā)現(xiàn),62.2%的A型AD患者患有高血壓病,且多數(shù)血壓控制不達(dá)標(biāo),降壓藥未規(guī)律服用,是主要高危因素。吸煙、飲酒者所占比例分別為57.3%、46.7%,也是引起主動(dòng)脈夾層的高危因素。本組患者發(fā)病年齡(48.82±11.65)歲,其中71.7%患者的年齡<60歲,可見(jiàn)我國(guó)A型AD患者發(fā)病年齡,遠(yuǎn)低于國(guó)外的發(fā)病平均年齡(61.0歲)[8],可能與我國(guó)近年來(lái)高血壓發(fā)病率增高,患者年輕化,健康意識(shí)差,對(duì)疾病認(rèn)識(shí)不夠和依從性不好,不能規(guī)律服用降壓藥物,及種族差異和暴露于吸煙、飲酒等危險(xiǎn)因素有關(guān)[9]。
AD患者由于血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,易導(dǎo)致猝死,48 h病死率約為50%,2周內(nèi)的病死率近75%,而通過(guò)手術(shù)治療后1月內(nèi)病死率降至17.1%[10-11]。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)干預(yù)組的病死率為9.3%,雖因本組樣本量較小,該數(shù)據(jù)不能作為臨床決策依據(jù),但多中心大樣本研究表明,急診手術(shù)是治療A型AD的有效手段,可顯著降低病死率。
自1935年Gurin[12]為一43歲男性主動(dòng)脈夾層患者行開(kāi)窗手術(shù)以來(lái),主動(dòng)脈AD的手術(shù)方式得到長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。近年來(lái),孫氏手術(shù)和主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)隔絕術(shù)的出現(xiàn),使主動(dòng)脈夾層患者的存活率得到明顯提高。但A型AD患者手術(shù)操作復(fù)雜,手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥高發(fā),主動(dòng)脈AD患者的病死率仍然較高[13]。
本組7例死亡,總死亡率為9.3%。其中4例死于多器官功能衰竭,2例死于嚴(yán)重肺部感染,1例死于腦卒中。說(shuō)明多器官功能衰竭和肺部感染是術(shù)后死亡的主要原因。其原因可能為:AD發(fā)生后臟器灌注障礙,發(fā)生炎癥反應(yīng)或壞死;術(shù)中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間缺血、缺氧,心肌缺血再灌注損傷,氧自由基損傷及全身系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)等;內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂、酸中毒及感染等均會(huì)導(dǎo)致各器官灌注不足或病理性損傷,引發(fā)功能障礙。有1例死于腦卒中,可能是由于深低溫停循環(huán),術(shù)后血壓控制效果不佳、腦灌注不足、感染等原因造成。
我們認(rèn)為:高血壓是A型AD主要危險(xiǎn)因素,其次為吸煙、飲酒??刂蒲獕汉透纳苽€(gè)人生活習(xí)慣,可有效預(yù)防A型AD發(fā)生。多器官功能衰竭和肺部感染是死亡的主要原因。積極手術(shù)治療,術(shù)中縮短臟器缺血時(shí)間,術(shù)后維持循環(huán)穩(wěn)定,糾正內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂,積極控制感染,是降低A型AD術(shù)后病死率的關(guān)鍵。
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Theexperienceofdeathriskfactorof75caseswithStanfordtypeAaorticdissection
WangXiming1),ZhaoJu2),ZhangYanxia1),etal.
1)DepartmentofCardiovascularSurgery,theSecondAffiliatedHospital,ZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou, 450014; 2)TheAirForceZhengzhouEasternSuburbsRetiredCadresHealthCenterZhengzhou450008China
ObjectiveTo learn about the risk factors of Stanford type A aortic dissection, explore the related influence factors of mortality postoperatively in patients with type A aortic dissection.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 75 patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection between January 2015 and October 2016 in cardiac surgery of the second affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou university, including gender, age, medical history and other general data, surgery and ICU date. Included the patients surgical treatment. Measurement data using mean±standard deviation.Results①Hypertension is the main risk factors of patients with type A dissection, 62.6% of type A dissection patients who suffer from high blood pressure disease; Smoking, drinking alcohol after high blood pressure, proportion of 57.3%, 46.7% respectively; ②75 patients with aorta blocking time is (126.27±29.8) min, anesthesia time is (9.46±1.5) h, ICU endotracheal intubation time, ICU time, length of hospital stay, respectively (113.89±168.23)h,(8.65±8.09)d,(27.48±14.93) d;③the postoperative surgical intervention treatment, with 7 deaths in 75 patients, mortality was 9.3%, including 4 cases died of multiple organ failure, 2 cases died of severe pulmonary infection, 1 case died of stroke.ConclusionHypertension, smoking, drinking alcohol is the main risk factor for type A dissection, Multiple organ failure and pulmonary infection is two major causes of mortality postoperatively in patients with type A dissection, controlling the risk factor of above is the key to reduce the postoperative mortality of type A dissection.
Stanford type A aortic dissection; Risk factors; Surgical intervention; Prognosis
河南省衛(wèi)生科技創(chuàng)新型人才工程(201003040)
*通訊作者:法憲恩,E-mail:faxianen@163.com
R543.1
A
1077-8991(2017)06-0001-03
(收稿 2017-07-23)