利用復(fù)現(xiàn)詞巧解閱讀理解題

羅麗雯

盡管高考閱讀理解題從整體上說有一定難度，但一份試卷當(dāng)中難度較低的“送分題”還是占有一定比例的。筆者比較了近五年的高考閱讀題，發(fā)現(xiàn)有一類題目就是“幾個詞的事”，即與該題目答案相關(guān)的若干句子中，有一兩個詞的出現(xiàn)頻率較高，且與四個選項中的一個能對應(yīng)上，那么該選項是正確答案的機率極高。這意味著我們未必需要理解整個句子的意思，只需要抓住這些復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞，就可簡化長句，縮短答題時間，同時也能提高正確率。

此類型的題又分為基礎(chǔ)版和進階版，基礎(chǔ)版是原文的詞和選項詞幾乎一樣，進階版需要考生“合并同類項”。本文我們先看基礎(chǔ)版的題目。

[例1]2013年全國II卷

At the same time， the“Fringe”appeared as a challenge to the official festival...

Soon， groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University， and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge， Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

42. Who joined the“Fringe”after it appeared？

A. Popular writers

B. University students.

C. Artists from around the world

D. Performers of music and dance.

解析：根據(jù)“‘Fringeafter it appeared”，我們找到“Fringe”所在句的下一段，可以讀到：“Soon， groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University， and later from the universities of Oxford...were making the journey... to perform theatre...”我們可以判斷答案為B項。

對于基礎(chǔ)較弱的考生，我們不妨將一些學(xué)校名（首字母大寫的一串詞）先跳過，此時我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，University這一詞出現(xiàn)了2次，在第一個University前還有students（與題目所問who吻合），僅選項B能對上。句意是“很快，首先是來自愛丁堡大學(xué)，后來則是牛津大學(xué)等學(xué)校的學(xué)生，（他們）去到蘇格蘭首都，在教堂大廳表演話劇，話劇多出自不知名作家手筆?！?/p>

[例2]2014年全國II卷

Since the first Earth Day in 1970， Americans have gotten a lot“greener”toward the environment.“We didnt know at that time there even was an environment， let alone that there was a problem with it， “says Bruce Anderson， president of Earth Day USA.

25. According to Anderson， before 1970， Americans had little idea about_______.

A. the social movement

B. recycling techniques

C. environmental problems

D. the importance of Earth Day

解析：本題需要結(jié)合Anderson的話來理解，如果理解了“We didnt know at that time there even was an environment， let alone that there was a problem with it， ”這句話的意思，可以知道答案為C項。當(dāng)然，可以結(jié)合上下文，發(fā)現(xiàn)environment一詞出現(xiàn)了兩次，結(jié)合there was a problem with it，發(fā)現(xiàn)與選項C environmental problem能對應(yīng)得上，大意是“在那個時候，我們都不知道環(huán)境（這一概念），更別說知道它出現(xiàn)問題了”。

[例3]2015年全國I卷

Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening，... ， coffee drinking and the “talking true”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings... “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels， or ‘people think，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think， ‘Think me.”

32. What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope？

A. Learn a new subjectendprint

B. Keep in touch with friends.

C. Show off their knowledge.

D. Express their true feelings.

解析：題目問的是La Chope咖啡廳鼓勵人們做什么。在相關(guān)的段落，我們能找到這些表達“talking true”，“Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings” “Say‘I think， ‘Think me.”，從這些內(nèi)容我們可以看到true出現(xiàn)了2次，“talk， say”意思相近，這些表達和D選項“表達（express）他們真正的情感（想法）”是一致的，此處true是關(guān)鍵的線索詞了。

[例4]2016年全國I卷

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups... Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable； therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap （間隙） with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.

32. What does the author say about silence in conversations？

A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship.

C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based.

解析：題目問的是作者對于談話中的“安靜（沉默）”是怎樣說明的。我們迅速定位到相關(guān)的段落后，找到“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups”，“Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as...”及“Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as...”，至此我們可以選C項。

這一題很明顯cultural出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)很多，跟選項C. culture-specific的culture能對應(yīng)上。大意是在不同文化中，沉默的意義是不同的。在某些文化中，沉默是令人覺得不舒服的，而另一文化中，人們認(rèn)為沉默是有必要的。

最后還要講的一點是，筆者在整理此類題目時，并沒有把閱讀A篇的題目包含在內(nèi)，而是把焦點放在B、C、D篇，特別是閱讀難度較大的C、D篇。在這些相對較難的篇章中尋找考生必得分的題。

此類題目，答案都是較短的題，當(dāng)然一般是一道題。本著多爭取一分是一分的想法，畢竟一分可能就超過千人了嘛，更何況一道閱讀題是2分呢。

看完上述例題，不知道考生是否掌握了這一方法。請利用以上所說的方法完成2017年全國卷高考真題。

[練習(xí)1]2017年全國I卷

The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.

26. What made the chick calm down？

A. A new nest. B. Some food.

C. A recording. D. Its parents.

[練習(xí)2]2017年全國II卷

When a leafy plant is under attack， it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983， two scientists， Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin， reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds， VOCs for short.

32. What does a plant do when it is under attack？

A. It makes noises.

B. It gets help from other plants.

C. It stands quietly.

D. It sends out certain chemicals.

解題思路參考：

[練習(xí)1]

從題目中的calm down我們先順藤摸瓜，聯(lián)系上下文，“... to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.”這一句，對于成績好的學(xué)生來講，理解這句話并不難了，選A項。

但對于基礎(chǔ)較弱的考生來講，咱們認(rèn)真找一找，發(fā)現(xiàn)nest出現(xiàn)了2次，而且和A選項對應(yīng)得上，講的是作者新做了鳥巢，把小貓頭鷹放進去后，它覺得安全了，鎮(zhèn)靜了。

[練習(xí)2]

解這一題，根據(jù)“under attack”（根據(jù)命題的順序性原則，這一題是本篇第一題，在第一、二段找到答案的可能性較高）找到第一段，通過尋讀，我們找到“...reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals”，據(jù)此我們選D項。

如果你的詞匯量有限，那么請努力找一下這里面重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的單詞，而且能和選項對應(yīng)得上的，除了重復(fù)出現(xiàn)有“plants” “chemicals”兩個詞，但B選項中的gets help在段落中沒有找到相應(yīng)的表達，選項D的sends out則能在原文中找到“trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell”， 也就是和選項D“sends out certain chemicals” 對應(yīng)得上，大意是如遇蟲咬，植物會發(fā)出一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青endprint