周喬,唐果,吳曉丹
(四川省人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科,四川 成都 610072)
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中常見(jiàn)過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率調(diào)查
周喬,唐果,吳曉丹
(四川省人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科,四川 成都 610072)
目的 調(diào)查類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者與非自身免疫性疾病患者中特應(yīng)性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)、過(guò)敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)和哮喘(asthma)的患病率差異,并分析其意義。方法 選取2005年1月1日~2012年12月31日期間于四川省人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科診治的初發(fā)類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者共1 179名,對(duì)照組采用頻率匹配法按年齡、性別、標(biāo)識(shí)日期匹配非自身免疫性疾病患者共1 128名,通過(guò)電話問(wèn)卷的形式詢問(wèn)兩組患者中AD、AR或哮喘的患病情況,并采用SPSS對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,RA患者組中共有351人患過(guò)敏性疾病,占29.8%,顯著高于對(duì)照組中的261人(23.6%,P=0.000 8),對(duì)每種過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率進(jìn)行分析未見(jiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。兩組中40~59歲年齡段的患者患過(guò)敏性疾病患病率顯著高于其余兩組,男性與女性的患病率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中常見(jiàn)過(guò)敏性疾?。ㄌ貞?yīng)性皮炎、過(guò)敏性鼻炎、哮喘)的患病率并不高于對(duì)照組,這兩類疾病之間是否相關(guān)還需進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎;特應(yīng)性皮炎;過(guò)敏性鼻炎;哮喘;患病率
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種慢性的多關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,有多種細(xì)胞因子及自身抗體參與其發(fā)病,如不治療,最終常導(dǎo)致軟骨侵蝕和骨破壞[1-3]。RA的病因目前尚不清楚,有文獻(xiàn)表明在一些慢性炎癥狀態(tài)下,如過(guò)敏性疾病,RA的患病率有所升高[4-5]。相反,在RA患者中這些過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率如何則未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。我們之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在RA患者血清中免疫球蛋白E(Immunoglobin E,IgE)的含量明顯增高,Gruber等人的研究表明滑膜肥大細(xì)胞釋放組胺依賴于抗-IgE抗體,而這可能與關(guān)節(jié)炎癥有關(guān)[6]。Millauer等人同時(shí)測(cè)定了RA患者體內(nèi)IgE-抗IgE復(fù)合物水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)其也顯著升高,表明RA患者體內(nèi)存在抗IgE抗體,它可能會(huì)與IgE結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,從而阻止嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞敏化,進(jìn)而降低過(guò)敏性疾病的發(fā)病率[7]。但其僅為推論,缺乏臨床證據(jù)證實(shí),故本研究擬選取三種常見(jiàn)過(guò)敏性疾病,即特應(yīng)性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)、過(guò)敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)和哮喘(asthma),并調(diào)查其在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者與非自身免疫性疾病患者中的患病率差異。
1.1 研究人群 本研究為橫斷面調(diào)查,調(diào)查時(shí)間為2014年1月~2014年6月,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源為2005年1月1日~2012年12月31日期間于四川省人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科診治的初發(fā)類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者,所有病例均符合美國(guó)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)(ACR)1987年類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]。對(duì)照隊(duì)列隨機(jī)選取未診斷自身免疫性疾?。搭愶L(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、干燥綜合癥、系統(tǒng)性硬化、血管炎、皮肌炎、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎)的患者,并采用頻率匹配法(1∶3)按年齡、性別、標(biāo)識(shí)日期與每一名患類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者進(jìn)行匹配。標(biāo)識(shí)日期定義為類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎確診日期。
1.2 研究方法 對(duì)兩組患者,采用電話問(wèn)卷的形式詢問(wèn)其是否目前或既往被醫(yī)生診斷過(guò)AD、AR或哮喘。對(duì)對(duì)照組患者,還需電話確認(rèn)其目前或既往不含有經(jīng)臨床醫(yī)生診斷的自身免疫性疾病。因各種原因失訪(包括死亡)的患者將被剔除,最終將對(duì)照組患者按1∶1隨機(jī)選擇匹配者納入研究分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 16.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析統(tǒng)計(jì)。分類資料以頻數(shù)和百分比表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用c2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 基線資料 本研究納入8年間RA患者共1 638名,剔除失訪者459名,剩余1 179名RA患者進(jìn)入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。對(duì)照組按1∶3共匹配3 984名,剔除失訪者后按1∶1匹配隨機(jī)選擇共1 128名患者進(jìn)入分析集。兩組人群平均年齡54歲,男∶女為1∶2.7。由于采用了按年齡、性別的頻率匹配法,故兩組患者的性別和年齡大致相當(dāng),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 過(guò)敏性疾病患病率 截止調(diào)查,RA患者組中共有351人患過(guò)敏性疾病,占29.8%,顯著高于對(duì)照組中的261人(23.6%,P=0.000 8)。RA組中有65人患特應(yīng)性皮炎(5.5%)、174人患過(guò)敏性鼻炎(14.8%),92人患哮喘(7.8%),20人患2種或以上的過(guò)敏性疾?。?.7%)。對(duì)照組中有45人患特應(yīng)性皮炎(4.0%)、146人患過(guò)敏性鼻炎(12.9%),65人患哮喘(5.8%),10人患2種或以上的過(guò)敏性疾病(0.89%)。對(duì)兩組人群中每種過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率分別進(jìn)行分析,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組中不同性別及不同年齡段患者患一種過(guò)敏性疾病的人數(shù) 兩組中均為40~59歲年齡段的人群患過(guò)敏性疾病比例最高,并且與其余年齡段相比差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),除RA組20~39歲年齡段以外)。兩組中男性與女性患過(guò)敏性疾病的比例相當(dāng)。RA組與對(duì)照組中各年齡段男性或女性患AD、AR或哮喘的患病率比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表3,圖1。
表1 兩組人群的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料Table 1 Demographic data of the two groups
表2 兩組人群中常見(jiàn)過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率[n(%)]Table 2 Prevalence of common allergic diseases in the two groups[n(%)]
表3 兩組人群按性別及年齡分層的過(guò)敏性疾病患病人數(shù)Table 3 Number of patients diagnosed with allergic disease(s)in the two groups stratified by sex and age
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,但在其發(fā)病過(guò)程中,1型輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th1)和2型輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th2)分泌的細(xì)胞因子水平存在明顯失衡,其中以Th1細(xì)胞為主導(dǎo)。而過(guò)敏性疾病則是Th2細(xì)胞為主的疾病。許多研究試圖評(píng)估在過(guò)敏性疾病中自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病率是否有變化,但研究結(jié)果差異較大[9-12],相反,調(diào)查自身免疫性疾病中過(guò)敏性疾病發(fā)病率的研究則罕有報(bào)道。本研究試圖通過(guò)電話問(wèn)卷的方式調(diào)查在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎中三種常見(jiàn)過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率,并與非自身免疫性疾病組患者進(jìn)行對(duì)比,以期了解這兩類疾病的發(fā)病是否存在相關(guān)性。采用問(wèn)卷的研究其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于易于實(shí)施,能在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)獲取大量人群的數(shù)據(jù),缺點(diǎn)是可能存在回答不準(zhǔn)確、回憶偏差等[13]。
不同文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的過(guò)敏性疾病的患病率不同,東亞地區(qū)約為特應(yīng)性皮炎0.8%~37.6%、過(guò)敏性鼻炎11.3%~61.9%,哮喘2.8%~18.2%[14-16]。我們的調(diào)查與之類似,這三種疾病的患病率在RA組與對(duì)照組均無(wú)顯著性差異,提示類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎和過(guò)敏性疾病雖然都有體液免疫的異常,但這兩類疾病譜之間不存在相關(guān)性。
圖1 兩組人群按性別及年齡分層的過(guò)敏性疾病患病率比較Figure 1 Comparison of the prevalence of allergic diseases in the two groups stratified by sex and age
分年齡段進(jìn)行的分析表明在40~59歲年齡段兩組中AD、AR和哮喘的患病率均高于其余年齡組,由于過(guò)敏性疾病較多發(fā)于兒童及青年人,故可解釋成人后其患病率高于青年組。60歲以上者患病率低下可能是由于既往醫(yī)療條件較差,雖有癥狀但未獲得系統(tǒng)性診治,或回憶偏差、理解分歧所致。按性別分組分析表明兩組中男性與女性患過(guò)敏性疾病的比例相當(dāng)。一般認(rèn)為女性的免疫系統(tǒng)更活躍,更易發(fā)生特應(yīng)性皮炎和哮喘,而男性則是過(guò)敏性鼻炎的危險(xiǎn)因素,我們的研究未得出統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,還需進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本并按危險(xiǎn)因素分層進(jìn)行分析。
綜上所述,RA患者中常見(jiàn)過(guò)敏性疾?。ㄌ貞?yīng)性皮炎、過(guò)敏性鼻炎、哮喘)的患病率并不高于對(duì)照組人群,兩者之間并不存在完全的因果關(guān)系。本研究還需進(jìn)一步研究對(duì)此證實(shí)。
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The investigation of prevalence of common allergic disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Zhou Qiao,Tang Guo,Wu Xiao-dan
(Department of Rheumatology,Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital,Chengdu,Sichuan,610072,China)
Objective To investigate the prevalence atopic dermatitis(AD),allergic rhinitis(AR)and asthma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and in patients without autoimmune diseases.The differences of disease prevalence were compared.Methods 1 179 newly onset RA patients treated in Rheumatology and Immunology department of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital from 1st January 2005 to 31th October 2012 were included in our study.For each patient with RA,one patient free of autoimmune diseases was selected into the control group by using frequency matching with sex,age and index date.In total there were 1 128 patients included in the control group.The prevalence of AD,AR and asthma was investigated through telephone questionnaires.SPSS was used to do statistical calculations.Results Compared with the control group,there were 351 patients in RA group who were diagnosed with allergic disease(s),which was statistically significant(P=0.000 8).However,the comparison of AD,AR or asthma alone between groups did not show any significance.Patients who aged 40-59 had obviously much higher prevalence of allergic diseases compared with patients in other age group.The prevalence of allergic diseases between male and female did not show any difference.Conclusion Prevalence of common allergic diseases(AD,AR and asthma)in RA patients was comparable to those in patients without autoimmune diseases.The relationship between these two types of diseases needs further study.
Rheumatoid arthritis;Atopic dermatitis;Allergic rhinitis;Asthma;Prevalence
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2017.33.009