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      中國秸稈養(yǎng)分資源及還田的時(shí)空分布特征

      2017-11-20 02:05:48劉曉永李書田
      關(guān)鍵詞:田量資源量養(yǎng)分

      劉曉永,李書田,2

      ?

      中國秸稈養(yǎng)分資源及還田的時(shí)空分布特征

      劉曉永1,李書田1,2※

      (1. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所,北京 100081;2. 國際植物營養(yǎng)研究所(IPNI)北京辦事處,北京 100081)

      中國農(nóng)作物秸稈資源豐富,但不同地區(qū)秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源數(shù)量、還田利用狀況以及隨時(shí)間的變化特征仍不清楚。該研究基于官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和文獻(xiàn)資料,分析了中國不同年代各省秸稈資源和氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分資源量及其還田利用狀況,為秸稈養(yǎng)分資源的合理利用和化肥零增長下作物養(yǎng)分管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和參考。結(jié)果表明:從1980s到2010s,中國秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源總量分別增長了85.5%和104%,西北地區(qū)以及西藏、黑龍江增幅明顯。華北、長江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龍江地區(qū)的秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源占全國的2/3以上。到2010s秸稈資源和氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分資源分別達(dá)到9.01×108和2 485.63×104t,相當(dāng)于單位耕地面積上6 665.52和183.91 kg/hm2,比1980s分別增加1 601.18和56.85 kg/hm2。各種作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源所占比例各地區(qū)差異較大,2010s谷類作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源分別占全國的69.86%和56.47%,東北地區(qū)谷類作物秸稈比例最高;果蔬類作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源分別占9.67%和21.99%,東南地區(qū)果蔬類作物秸稈比例最高;豆類、薯類、油料類、棉麻纖維類和其他類作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源占比相對較小。從1980s到2010s,秸稈直接還田量持續(xù)增加,燃燒還田量從1980s到2000s增加,2010s則下降。然而,秸稈養(yǎng)分還田量持續(xù)增加,氮磷鉀還田總量從1980s的583.92×104t(N 97.81×104t、P2O540.10×104t和K2O 446.01×104t)增加到2010s的1 770.66×104t(N 574.53×104t、P2O5105.53×104t和K2O 1 090.60×104t),相當(dāng)于單位耕地面積從60.89 kg/hm2(N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O54.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2)增加到131.02 kg/hm2(N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O57.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2)。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田率分別為47.92%、56.16%、60.11%和71.24%。內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、黑龍江省秸稈養(yǎng)分還田率增加明顯,但華北、長江中下游和四川盆地秸稈養(yǎng)分還田量占全國秸稈養(yǎng)分還田總量的2/3以上。

      秸稈;作物;養(yǎng)分;秸稈還田;時(shí)空分布

      0 引 言

      農(nóng)作物秸稈作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的副產(chǎn)品,產(chǎn)量高、分布廣、品種豐富,一直是中國農(nóng)村地區(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的寶貴資源[1],是關(guān)系農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要有機(jī)質(zhì)資源。秸稈蘊(yùn)藏著大量的氮、磷、鉀、中微量元素和有機(jī)物質(zhì)等,是重要的有機(jī)肥資源[2-4]。秸稈還田,在土壤微生物作用下發(fā)生腐解,向土壤釋放有機(jī)質(zhì)和礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分[5-9],增加土壤養(yǎng)分,提高農(nóng)田養(yǎng)分的利用效率,提高土壤質(zhì)量[10-14],改善土壤水、肥、氣、熱[15-18],達(dá)到增加作物產(chǎn)量等諸多作用[19-23],同時(shí)減少焚燒、丟棄秸稈出現(xiàn)的資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染等問題[15,23],以及部分解決農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中氮肥引發(fā)的污染問題[24]。然而,長期以來,中國農(nóng)作物秸稈并沒有得到充分合理的利用,且隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)村能源事業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展,秸稈資源剩余量逐漸增加,大量秸稈被丟棄、焚燒,不僅浪費(fèi)資源,還污染環(huán)境[25-28]、引起土壤結(jié)構(gòu)惡化和溫室氣體排放增加等問題[29-32]。

      秸稈資源“用則利,不用則廢”[33-34],農(nóng)作物秸稈資源量轉(zhuǎn)化利用問題,已成為學(xué)術(shù)界的研究熱點(diǎn)??v觀中國農(nóng)作物秸稈資源研究文獻(xiàn),其研究熱點(diǎn)主要集中在:秸稈資源數(shù)量、秸稈資源利用現(xiàn)狀、秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)路徑及其經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、環(huán)境效益和社會(huì)效益,以及監(jiān)測秸稈焚燒排放物等方面。但是,秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源總量、種類和分布特征不清晰,其利用現(xiàn)狀不明確,不利于國家秸稈資源政策的制定和實(shí)施。從國家尺度上,對各地區(qū)秸稈及養(yǎng)分資源總量及有效還田的時(shí)空分布狀況的研究鮮有報(bào)道。為此,本文利用官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和大量的文獻(xiàn)資料,系統(tǒng)估算、分析了中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展不同階段秸稈資源量、養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)潛力及有效利用的時(shí)空變化特征及存在問題,為合理利用秸稈養(yǎng)分資源,實(shí)現(xiàn)“減施化肥”和“2020年化肥零增長目標(biāo)”提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和參考,更為決策者制定秸稈資源綜合利用政策和措施提供依據(jù)。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 估算方法

      本研究參照中國糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)劃分如下區(qū)域[4]。1)東北地區(qū):黑龍江、吉林和遼寧;2)華北地區(qū):北京、天津、河北、河南、山東、山西;3)長江中下游地區(qū):上海、江蘇、浙江、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西;4)西北地區(qū):內(nèi)蒙古、陜西、寧夏、甘肅、青海、新疆;5)西南地區(qū):重慶、四川、貴州、云南、西藏;6)東南地區(qū):福建、廣東、廣西、海南。本研究未包括香港、澳門、臺(tái)灣的數(shù)據(jù)。

      估算秸稈資源量,需正確定義秸稈。秸稈有廣義和狹義之分,狹義的秸稈指田間秸稈,即收獲農(nóng)作物主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品之后的田間剩余副產(chǎn)品,而廣義的秸稈不僅包括田間秸稈,還包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品初加工過程中產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品[1]。本研究討論狹義秸稈資源量,可采用草谷比法、農(nóng)作物副產(chǎn)品比重法和農(nóng)作物經(jīng)濟(jì)系數(shù)法進(jìn)行估算[35]。本文采用國際上通用的草谷比[36-37]方法來估算中國秸稈資源量、氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量及其還田資源量,其計(jì)算公式如下

      秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源量

      其中TS為秸稈理論資源量(風(fēng)干基),TN、TP、TK分別為秸稈氮、磷、鉀資源量;為第種作物,為作物經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量,為作物草谷比,、、分別為秸稈N、P2O5、K2O含量,AS為單位耕地面積秸稈理論資源量(風(fēng)干基),AN、AP、AK分別為單位耕地面積秸稈氮、磷、鉀資源量,為耕地面積,下同。

      秸稈直接還田

      其中為秸稈直接還田量(風(fēng)干基),、、分別為秸稈氮、磷、鉀直接還田量;為秸稈直接還 田率;

      秸稈燃燒還田

      其中為秸稈燃燒還田量(風(fēng)干基),、、分別為秸稈氮、磷、鉀燃燒還田量;為秸稈燃燒還田率;、、分別為秸稈燃燒后氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分歸 還率。

      秸稈養(yǎng)分還田總量

      其中、、分別為秸稈氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分還田總量、直接還田量和燃燒還田量,為單位耕地面積秸稈氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分還田總量。

      1.2 數(shù)據(jù)及其來源

      1.2.1 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

      作物產(chǎn)量和耕地面積數(shù)據(jù)來自《中國統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》[38](1981—2016)和《中國農(nóng)業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》[39](1981—2016)。由于作物種類和種植面積年際間變化的影響,本研究分別以1980—1989、1990—1999、2000—2009和2010—2015的均值表示1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s數(shù)據(jù)。

      農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量包括谷類(水稻、小麥、玉米、大麥和其他谷類)、油料(綠豆、紅小豆、大豆和其他豆類)、棉麻類(棉花,黃紅麻、亞麻、大麻和苧麻)、糖料(甘蔗和甜菜)、煙葉、蔬菜和瓜類(西瓜、甜瓜和其他瓜類),以及水果(香蕉、菠蘿)的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量。

      1980s和1990s重慶的數(shù)據(jù)包含在四川省內(nèi)。1980s和1990s統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)未包含瓜類、香蕉和菠蘿。

      1.2.2 參數(shù)設(shè)定

      秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源量不僅取決于各類農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量,還與作物品種和氣候因素相關(guān),從而影響草谷比,這也是不同文獻(xiàn)之間測算結(jié)果差異較大的原因。選取有代表性的農(nóng)作物草/谷比是準(zhǔn)確測算秸稈資源量的關(guān)鍵。本研究通過收集、整理和分析大量的文獻(xiàn)資料、書籍或研究報(bào)告等,分地區(qū)計(jì)算各種作物草谷比的加權(quán)平均值作為該地區(qū)一定的氣候和作物品種下各種作物的草谷比(表1)。

      在中國作物產(chǎn)量統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中,籽粒產(chǎn)量均為風(fēng)干質(zhì)量。薯類作物是折糧質(zhì)量,即1964年以后按每5 kg鮮薯折1 kg糧食計(jì)算,因此其產(chǎn)量也相當(dāng)于風(fēng)干質(zhì)量?;ㄉa(chǎn)量為帶殼的花生果風(fēng)干質(zhì)量,甘蔗、甜菜、蔬菜和香蕉等作物產(chǎn)量則是鮮質(zhì)量[1]。在估算甘蔗、甜菜、蔬菜和香蕉、菠蘿作物秸稈資源量時(shí),其草谷比采用風(fēng)干秸稈(莖葉)除以其鮮經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量求得。在計(jì)算棉花秸稈時(shí),由于國家統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中棉花產(chǎn)量是皮棉產(chǎn)量,需要進(jìn)行皮棉和籽棉之間的衣分換算。隨著棉花新品種的選育更新,棉花衣分從過去的1980s到現(xiàn)在總的來說應(yīng)是不斷上升,從1980s到2010s棉花衣分率范圍為29.71%~47.30%[40-44],因此,需要分年代考慮棉花衣分問題,將棉花籽棉草谷比參數(shù)換算為皮棉的草谷比。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s棉花的衣分率分別取值為38.85%、39.82%、39.75%、41.99%。

      在估算秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量時(shí)需要考慮秸稈養(yǎng)分含量,其受作物類型、區(qū)域生態(tài)特點(diǎn)以及施肥習(xí)慣等多種因素的影響[45],因此,本研究在參考2000年中國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心出版的《中國有機(jī)肥料養(yǎng)分志》[3]和《中國有機(jī)肥料資源》[46]的基礎(chǔ)上,增加其他文獻(xiàn)的秸稈養(yǎng)分含量結(jié)果,用加權(quán)均值確定各種作物的秸稈養(yǎng)分含量(表2)。

      表1 不同地區(qū)各種作物的草谷比

      注:菠蘿、香蕉為風(fēng)干莖葉與鮮果比,其他作物草谷比用風(fēng)干基計(jì)算。括號(hào)內(nèi)數(shù)字為參考文獻(xiàn)數(shù)目,此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[47-58],下同。

      Note: The straw to grain ratio for pineapple and banana was air-dried straw to fresh fruit. Data for other crops was calculated based on air-dried base. Data in parenthesis indicate the number of references and some main references used here were [47-58]. The same below.

      表2 不同作物秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分含量

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[3-4, 46, 53, 58-64]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [3-4, 46, 53, 58-64].

      農(nóng)作物秸稈還田包括直接還田和間接還田,秸稈還田估算中的秸稈還田率,通過查閱搜集、整理大量文獻(xiàn)資料中秸稈直接還田率和燃燒還田率,用加權(quán)均值表示各年代不同地區(qū)主要作物的直接還田率(表3、表4、表5、表6)和燃燒還田率(表7、表8、表9、表10)。由于秸稈堆漚還田率較低,將其包含在秸稈直接還田部分。燃燒還田包括家庭生活能源和田間地頭焚燒,為了便于計(jì)算,將其合并為燃燒還田部分。秸稈養(yǎng)分還田時(shí),直接還田的秸稈養(yǎng)分按100%還田計(jì),而燃燒還田秸稈氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分還田率則分別按0、82.5%、82.5%(表11)計(jì)。過腹還田與畜禽糞便分不開,在估算畜禽糞肥時(shí)考慮,為避免在計(jì)算有機(jī)肥資源量時(shí)重復(fù)計(jì)算,本研究不考慮秸稈過腹還田部分。

      表3 1980s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈直接還田率

      注:未分類作物秸稈還田率按其他作物秸稈還田率計(jì),下同。此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[65-74]。

      Note: The ratio of unspecified crop straw returning was calculated as other crop straw returning, the same below. Some main references used here were [65-74].

      表4 1990s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈直接還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[30, 69, 75-82]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [30, 69, 75-82].

      表5 2000s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈直接還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[53, 70, 83-91]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [53, 70, 83-91].

      表6 2010s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈直接還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[70, 92-101]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [70, 92-101].

      表7 1980s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈燃燒還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[66, 102-110]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [66, 102-110].

      表8 1990s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈燃燒還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[30, 78, 82, 111-117]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [30, 78, 82, 111-117].

      表9 2000s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈燃燒還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[82, 86, 90, 118-124]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [82, 86, 90, 118-124].

      表10 2010s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈燃燒還田率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[50, 70, 100, 101, 125-130]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [50, 70, 100, 101, 125-130].

      表11 秸稈燃燒后的養(yǎng)分還田率

      注:此部分考文獻(xiàn)為[85, 131-132]。

      Note: References used here were [85, 131-132].

      1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

      用Microsoft Excel計(jì)算,利用Arcgis10.2.1軟件繪圖。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源時(shí)空分布

      2.1.1 秸稈資源

      通過計(jì)算得到1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全國秸稈資源量分別為4.85×108、6.55×108、7.36×108、9.01×108t,30多年來秸稈資源總量增長了85.77%。其中,新疆、內(nèi)蒙古、寧夏、甘肅等西北地區(qū)以及西藏、黑龍江增幅較為明顯,西北地區(qū)從1980s的3.48×107t增加到2010s的12.02×107t,增長了245.40%,而北京、上海、浙江幾乎沒有明顯增長。秸稈資源主要分布華北、長江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龍江地區(qū),這些地區(qū)的秸稈資源量占全國秸稈資源總量的66.60%~72.92%。其中,山東、河南秸稈資源量最大,占全國秸稈資源總量的17.31%~19.96%。

      按單位耕地面積計(jì)算,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全國單位耕地面積秸稈資源量分別為5 064.34、6 870.05、5 723.27、6 665.52 kg/hm2。長江中下游地區(qū)單位耕地面積秸稈資源最豐富,為7 924.81~9 275.71 kg/hm2,其次是東南和華北地區(qū),分別為6 737.65~8 034.11和 5 098.05~9 184.71 kg/hm2,西北地區(qū)最少為2 127.54~ 4 695.10 kg/hm2。而從1980s到2010s的變化來看,2010s比1980s增加了1 601.18 kg/hm2,其中西北地區(qū)增幅最大,增長1倍以上,其中新疆增幅達(dá)到2倍以上,內(nèi)蒙古和寧夏增幅約是1.50倍,其次是華北地區(qū)的增幅較大,而長江中下游增幅不明顯(圖1)。

      圖1 單位耕地面積秸稈資源量時(shí)空分布

      通過分析2010s不同作物秸稈資源比例(表12),谷類作物秸稈資源占69.86%,其次是果蔬類作物秸稈占9.67%,豆類、薯類、油料類、棉麻纖維類和其他類作物秸稈資源分別占2.84%、2.36%、7.53%、4.40%、3.34%。不同區(qū)域各種作物秸稈資源占比有一定差異,谷類作物占比最大為東北地區(qū),約占該地區(qū)秸稈資源總量的85.23%,其中吉林最高,達(dá)到89.26%;其次是華北地區(qū)、長江中下游地區(qū),西北、西南和東南地區(qū)谷類作物占比相對較低,東南地區(qū)最低為45.97%。豆類作物秸稈資源占比最多的是東北地區(qū)為6.16%,其次是西南地區(qū)為4.63%、西北地區(qū)為3.38%,最小的是華北地區(qū),僅有1.14%。薯類作物秸稈資源所占比例最大的是西南地區(qū),其次是東南、西北地區(qū),華北、長江中下游和東北地區(qū)相對較低。油料作物秸稈資源占比較大是長江中下游、西南地區(qū),棉麻纖維作物秸稈資源占比最大的是西北地區(qū),果蔬作物和其他類作物秸稈資源占比最大的是東南地區(qū)。

      表12 2010s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈資源量占本地區(qū)秸稈資源總量的比例

      2.1.2 秸稈養(yǎng)分資源

      通過估算,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全國秸稈N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分總量分別為1 218.47×104、1 689.22×104、2 035.52×104、2 485.63×104t,30多年來秸稈資源總量增長了104%。新疆、內(nèi)蒙古、寧夏、甘肅等西北地區(qū)以及西藏、黑龍江增長幅度較為明顯,西北地區(qū)從1980s的80.27×104t增加到2010s的323.09×104t,增長了3倍以上,而北京、上海、浙江幾乎沒有明顯增長(圖2)。1980s秸稈N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分分別為420.60×104、66.21×104、731.68×104t,其總量是1980s化肥消費(fèi)均量1 772.16×104t的68.76%;1990s秸稈N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分分別為605.43×104、91.64×104、992.15×104t,其總量是1990s化肥消費(fèi)均量 3 440.60×104t的49.10%;2000s秸稈N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分分別為767.31×104、112.63×104、1 155.58×104t,其總量是2000s化肥消費(fèi)均量4 723.29×104t的43.10%;2010s秸稈N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分分別增加到947.04×104、136.54× 104、1 402.05×104t,其總量是2010s化肥消費(fèi)均量 5 839.20×104t的42.57%??梢?,秸稈養(yǎng)分占化肥消費(fèi)量的比例是逐漸下降的,主要原因是化肥消費(fèi)量的增長較快。與秸稈資源量相似,秸稈養(yǎng)分主要分布在糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū),如華北、長江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龍江省,這些地區(qū)的秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量占全國總量的66.04~72.38%,其中,山東、河南2省秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量最大,占全國總量的15.57~18.94%。

      圖2 秸稈N、P、K養(yǎng)分資源量時(shí)空分布

      按單位耕地面積計(jì)算(圖3),1980s單位耕地面積氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量為127.06 kg/hm2,其中N 43.86 kg/hm2、P2O56.90 kg/hm2、K2O 76.30 kg/hm2;1990s單位耕地面積氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量為177.17 kg/hm2,其中N 63.50 kg/hm2、P2O59.61 kg/hm2、K2O 104.06 kg/hm2;2000s單位耕地面積氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量為158.34 kg/hm2,其中N 59.69 kg/hm2、P2O58.76 kg/hm2、K2O 89.89 kg/hm2;2010s單位耕地面積氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量為183.91 kg/hm2,其中N 70.07 kg/hm2、P2O510.10 kg/hm2、K2O 103.74 kg/hm2。從時(shí)間變化來看,2010s比1980s增加了56.85kg/hm2,其中,西北、華北地區(qū)單位耕地面積秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分資源量持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增加,增幅較大,其中西北地區(qū)從1980s的49.10 kg/hm2增加到2010s的126.17 kg/hm2,華北地區(qū)從1980s的115.44 kg/hm2增加到2010s的240.22 kg/hm2。從區(qū)域分布來看,糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)和復(fù)種指數(shù)較高的地區(qū)單位耕地面積養(yǎng)分資源較高,如華北部分地區(qū)、長江中下游、四川以及華南地區(qū)。

      分析2010s不同作物秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量占比(表13),谷類作物占56.47%,其次是果蔬類作物占21.99%,豆類、薯類、油料類、棉麻纖維類以及其他類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分資源分別占總量的1.75%、4.21%、8.57%、4.28%、2.73%。不同區(qū)域各種作物秸稈養(yǎng)分資源所占有比例也有較大差異,谷類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分占比最大的為東北地區(qū),達(dá)到77.67%,其次是長江中下游(63.11%)、華北地區(qū)(54.20%),東南地區(qū)最?。?8.49%);果蔬類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分占比最大的是東南地區(qū)(31.86%),其次是華北(29.74%)、長江中下游地區(qū)(19.87%),最小的是東北地區(qū)(11.25%);豆類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分占比大的是東北地區(qū)(4.20%),其次是西南地區(qū)(2.74%)、西北地區(qū)(2.18%),最小的是華北地區(qū)(0.75%);薯類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分占比最大的為西南地區(qū),達(dá)11.22%,其他類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分占比最大的是東南地區(qū)。

      圖3 單位耕地面積秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量時(shí)空分布

      表13 2010s各地區(qū)主要作物秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量占本地區(qū)秸稈養(yǎng)分資源總量的比例

      2.2 秸稈還田

      2.2.1 直接還田

      從1980s到2010s,全國秸稈直接還田率約從23.93%增加到61.27%,秸稈直接還田量從1980s的1.16×108t增加到2010s的5.52×108t,直接還田的N、P2O5、K2O量分別從1980s的97.81×104、15.21×104、169.40×104t增加到2010s的574.53×104、86.16×104、867.85×104t。新疆、內(nèi)蒙古的秸稈養(yǎng)分直接還田量增幅最明顯,還田的秸稈養(yǎng)分量分別從1980s的4.12×104、4.16×104t增加到2010s的75.74×104、50.57×104t,分別增加17.38和11.16倍;其次是黑龍江、西藏、河南、寧夏,還田的秸稈養(yǎng)分量分別從1980s的11.37×104、0.16×104、19.78×104和0.87×104t增加到2010s的104.85×104、1.82×104、160.66×104和8.56×104t,增幅分別為8.22、10.38、7.12和8.83倍。地域上秸稈及其養(yǎng)分還田主要分布在華北、長江中下游及四川盆地及2010s的黑龍江(圖4)。

      圖4 秸稈養(yǎng)分直接還田量時(shí)空分布

      2.2.2 燃燒還田

      從圖5可以看出,1980s到2000s秸稈燃燒還田量和燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量持續(xù)緩慢增加,燃燒還田量從2.03×108t增加到2.75×108t,增加了35.47%。1980s秸稈燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量達(dá)301.51×104t,其中P2O5和K2O分別為24.90×104、276.61×104t;1990s秸稈燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量達(dá)318.21×104t,其中P2O5和K2O分別為26.81×104、291.40×104t;2000s秸稈燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量達(dá)381.88×104t,其中P2O5和K2O分別為33.02×104、348.86×104t。這一時(shí)期秸稈燃燒及其燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量主要分布在華北、長江中下游和四川盆地,這些地區(qū)秸稈燃燒及其燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量分別占全國的71.36%~78.88%和69.96%~78.63%。

      2010s秸稈燃燒及其養(yǎng)分還田量顯著下降,燃燒還田的P2O5和K2O分別為22.37×104和222.75×104t,比2000s分別下降32.25%和36.15%。其中上海、浙江、江蘇、江西、北京、天津、山東秸稈燃燒及其然燒后養(yǎng)分還田量降幅明顯,與近年來政府鼓勵(lì)秸稈還田、禁止焚燒以及規(guī)?;?、機(jī)械化收獲等有關(guān),還與近年來農(nóng)民依賴秸稈做能源的比重逐漸減少有關(guān)。

      2.2.3 還田總量

      作物秸稈養(yǎng)分還田總量包括直接還田量和間接還田量。1980s秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田總量為583.92×104t,還田率為47.92%,其中秸稈N、P2O5和K2O還田量分別為97.81×104、40.10×104、446.01×104t,還田率為23.25%、60.58%、60.96%。1990s秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田總量為948.63×104t,還田率為56.16%,其中N、P2O5和K2O還田量分別為224.79×104、61.29×104、662.56×104t,還田率為37.13%、66.88%、66.78%。2000s秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田總量為1 223.66×104t,還田率為60.11%,其中N、P2O5和K2O還田量分別為314.40×104、79.36×104、829.90×104t,還田率為41.19%、70.46%、71.82%。2010s秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田總量為1 770.66×104t,還田率為71.24%,其中N、P2O5和K2O還田量分別為574.53×104、105.53×104、1 090.6×104t,還田率為60.67%、77.29%、77.78%。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田量相當(dāng)于各年代化肥消費(fèi)量的32.95%、27.57%、25.91%、30.32%??梢?,從1980s到2010s秸稈氮、磷、鉀及其總還田量和還田率持續(xù)增加,其中內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、黑龍江增幅較明顯。從區(qū)域分布來看,秸稈養(yǎng)分還田主要分布在華北地區(qū)、長江中下游地區(qū)、四川盆地和黑龍江省,這些地區(qū)秸稈養(yǎng)分還田總量約占全國還田養(yǎng)分總量的68.66%~74.78%。

      圖5 秸稈燃燒后養(yǎng)分還田量時(shí)空分布

      按單位耕地面積計(jì)算,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全國氮磷鉀總養(yǎng)分還田量平均相當(dāng)于60.89 kg/hm2(N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O54.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2)、 99.50 kg/hm2(N 23.58 kg/hm2、P2O56.43 kg/hm2、K2O 69.49 kg/hm2)、95.19 kg/hm2(N 24.46 kg/hm2、P2O56.17 kg/hm2、K2O 64.56 kg/hm2)、131.02 kg/hm2(N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O57.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2),各地區(qū)均穩(wěn)定增加。長江中下游地區(qū)最高,氮磷鉀總還田量達(dá)110.30~190.00 kg/hm2(N15.62~56.36 kg/hm2、P2O57.07~10.48 kg/hm2、K2O 87.61~124.16 kg/hm2),其次是東南地區(qū),還田量達(dá)98.56~190.72 kg/hm2(N 14.62~65.29 kg/hm2、P2O56.48~10.97 kg/hm2、K2O 77.46~114.46 kg/hm2),最低是西北地區(qū)為21.90~87.47 kg/hm2(N 4.10~27.39 kg/hm2、P2O51.54~6.10 kg/hm2、K2O 16.26~54.98 kg/hm2)(圖6)。由此可見,通過秸稈還田的養(yǎng)分以鉀素為主。

      圖6 單位耕地面積秸稈養(yǎng)分還田總量時(shí)空分布

      3 討 論

      3.1 秸稈資源及其還田利用時(shí)空分布

      通過分析得知,中國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)快速發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源從1980s到2010s快速增加,且以糧食類秸稈(包括水稻、玉米、小麥等主要作物)占主導(dǎo),1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s分別占秸稈資源總量的77.69%、74.65%、67.49%、69.86%,比例的變化與種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整有關(guān)。由于中國各區(qū)域作物種質(zhì)資源、種植結(jié)構(gòu)、氣候條件、耕作環(huán)境等因素各不相同,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)空間分布不均勻,秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源存在明顯地域性,主要分布在華北、長江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龍江地區(qū),呈現(xiàn)顯著的南北差異和東西差異,與中國糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)域劃分基本一致,與其他研究結(jié)果相似[4,36,133-134]。

      本文研究表明,1980s中國秸稈資源直接還田率較低,不足20%,燃燒還田率達(dá)50%以上,主要因?yàn)檗r(nóng)作物秸稈是當(dāng)時(shí)農(nóng)村重要的家庭燃料來源[135]。到2000s秸稈直接還田率約42%,燃燒還田率逐漸下降至40%以下,與農(nóng)村能源結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)作物秸稈作為家庭燃料等減少有關(guān)。盡管從1980s到2000s秸稈燃燒還田率下降,但秸稈燃燒還田量仍增加,到2000s仍約有2.75×108t的秸稈被燃燒,不僅造成資源浪費(fèi),而且嚴(yán)重污染大氣環(huán)境[32,91,119,136]。造成這一結(jié)果的原因是,隨著中國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平的提高,化肥的大量使用,秸稈資源總量增加,但由于農(nóng)民外出務(wù)工,留守人員出于省工、省力、省時(shí),將過多的作物秸稈直接在農(nóng)田里露天焚燒。2010s中國政府積極提倡秸稈還田,禁止秸稈焚燒,特別是機(jī)械化程度提高,使得機(jī)械化收割的同時(shí)把秸稈粉碎直接還田,很大程度上促進(jìn)了秸稈還田,60%以上的秸稈被直接還田,約20%的秸稈被燃燒還田,養(yǎng)分還田總量達(dá)到1 770.66×104t,占秸稈養(yǎng)分總量的70%以上。

      秸稈還田具有增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分[5-9],提高農(nóng)田養(yǎng)分的利用效率,改善土壤水、肥、氣、熱[15-18],增加作物產(chǎn)量等諸多作用[19-23],尤其可以使大量的鉀素還田,對維持土壤鉀素肥力、緩解鉀肥資源不足、減少鉀肥投入尤為重要。例如2010s通過秸稈還田的鉀素全國平均為80.70 kg/hm2,而2015年通過化肥施用的鉀素約為80 kg/hm2,相當(dāng)于每年施鉀量。而2010s通過秸稈還田的氮、磷只占2015年通過化肥施用量的19.26%、5.31%。秸稈直接還田最方便、成本最低,也是解決當(dāng)前禁止秸稈焚燒與有效利用問題的最重要、最有效手 段[137-138],特別是秸稈直接還田避免了燃燒還田造成的氮素?fù)p失和環(huán)境污染。本研究表明,中國秸稈養(yǎng)分還田主要在華北、長江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龍江等糧食作物主產(chǎn)區(qū),約占全國的2/3以上,與秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量分布一致。因此,今后應(yīng)進(jìn)一步提高糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)秸稈還田比例,尤其提高直接還田比例,降低燃燒還田比例。

      值得注意的是,果蔬類作物秸稈養(yǎng)分資源占比顯著高于其秸稈資源占比,例如2010s果蔬類秸稈占比只有9.67%,而其養(yǎng)分資源占比高達(dá)21.99%,主要分布在華北地區(qū)和東南地區(qū),因此提高果蔬類作物秸稈還田比例,使有限的資源發(fā)揮更大的價(jià)值。

      3.2 估算方法和結(jié)果與其他研究比較

      本研究中秸稈資源估算是依據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局和農(nóng)業(yè)部的各種作物經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),利用各種作物的草谷比進(jìn)行估算。朱建春[36]也指出,草谷比法是最接近實(shí)際的農(nóng)作物秸稈資源量測算方法,是評估秸稈資源量的重要參數(shù)。但是,由于各地區(qū)作物品種、生長地區(qū)、氣候、施肥量等條件的差異,以及多年來作物品種的改良,使得不同地區(qū)各種作物的草谷比發(fā)生很大變化。不同研究中的草谷比取值存在一定差異[4,35,37,120,139-141],這也是不同文獻(xiàn)之間測算結(jié)果差異較大的原因,估算結(jié)果也往往存在較大的年際差異[4,37,120,141]和年內(nèi)差異[35,37,140]。畢于運(yùn)等[37]選取經(jīng)過訂正的秸稈草谷比,估算2005年全國秸稈總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到8.42×108t。高利偉[60]基于統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)、農(nóng)戶調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)以及公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)資料中的數(shù)據(jù),估算了2006年中國作物秸稈資源量超過7.60×108t。韋茂貴等[139]采用各省區(qū)不同作物的田間秸稈系數(shù)評價(jià)秸稈資源量,得出2007~2009年中國年均秸稈量為7.35×108t,包括田間秸稈6.46×108t(折煤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)3.41×108t,占總量87.36%)和加工副產(chǎn)物0.89×108t(折煤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)0.50×108t,占總量12.64%)。李書田等[4]采用畢于運(yùn)等[37]修訂正的秸稈草谷比,估算出2009年全國秸稈總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到8.10×108t。本研究分地區(qū)計(jì)算各種作物草谷比的加權(quán)平均值作為一定氣候和作物品種下各種作物的草谷比,并考慮了不同年代棉花衣分率以及被其他研究人員忽略了的水果(香蕉和菠蘿)的秸稈量,估算出不同年代秸稈資源量,其中2010s作物秸稈資源為9.01×108t,高于前期的研究結(jié)果,主要是2010年后作物產(chǎn)量的增加,秸稈產(chǎn)量也隨之增加的緣故。

      3.3 秸稈養(yǎng)分的有效性

      秸稈還田分解后養(yǎng)分釋放對作物產(chǎn)量[19-23]、土壤肥力[10-18]產(chǎn)生明顯影響,還具有替代化肥等作用[45,142-143]。2010s通過直接還田和燃燒還田的秸稈量達(dá)7.32×108t,氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田量達(dá)到1 770.66×104t,其中N、P2O5、K2O分別為574.53×104、105.53×104、1 090.6×104t。如果秸稈直接還田率增加10%、而燃燒還田率減少10%,則秸稈N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分直接還田量將增加57.45×104、8.32×104、86.78×104t,并減少由秸稈燃燒而損失的N、P2O5、K2O約18.96×104、1.08×104、4.72×104t。

      秸稈直接還田后,腐解過程較慢,秸稈中的養(yǎng)分難以快速釋放而滿足作物生長,因此在研究秸稈還田替代化肥時(shí)應(yīng)考慮秸稈還田后養(yǎng)分的當(dāng)季有效性,避免簡單的等養(yǎng)分替代導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)不足而影響作物生長和產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)。大量研究表明,秸稈直接還田后,養(yǎng)分釋放前期快,后期緩慢[144-146],秸稈養(yǎng)分釋放率一般是鉀>磷>氮[144-148]。代文才等[148]研究不同作物秸稈在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及養(yǎng)分釋放規(guī)律,結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)過360 d的腐解,旱地秸稈累積腐解率為52.88%~75.80%,氮、磷和鉀釋放率分別為54.64%~69.72%、89.65%~98.96%和79.92%~96.63%;水田中秸稈累積腐解率為45.01%~62.12%,氮、磷、鉀釋放率變幅分別為32.89%~77.11%、90.70%~96.80%、77.45%~90.47%。張姍等[54]在研究施氮量對水稻秸稈腐解的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),水稻秸稈腐解率及氮、磷、鉀的釋放率均隨施氮量的增加而顯著增加,不同處理秸稈干物質(zhì)腐解率為54.80%~64.90%,秸稈不同養(yǎng)分釋放率表現(xiàn)為鉀(96.30%~98.20%)>磷(69.1%~ 84.3%)>氮(52.9%~64.8%)。武際等[149]研究不同水稻栽培模式下小麥秸稈腐解特征,結(jié)果表明,小麥秸稈還田90d時(shí)累計(jì)腐解率達(dá)到了48.90%~61.30%,秸稈中氮、磷和鉀釋放率分別為58.35%~52.83%、54.83%~67.49%、91.98%~95.99%。匡恩俊等[150]研究3種腐熟劑促進(jìn)玉米秸稈快速腐解特征時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過100 d的腐解,施入不同秸稈腐熟劑后玉米秸稈氮、磷、鉀釋放率分別為35.10%~57.20%、44.20%~59.60%、77.40%~89.70%。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)資料得出的主要作物秸稈氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分當(dāng)季釋放率(見表14),估算2010s全國秸稈養(yǎng)分總還田量1 770.66×104t的當(dāng)季釋放量為1 340.83×104t,占養(yǎng)分總還田量的75.72%。因此,秸稈養(yǎng)分當(dāng)季釋放率對秸稈還田后調(diào)整當(dāng)季化肥施用量以及實(shí)現(xiàn)秸稈與肥料合理配施都非常重要。

      3.4 對策和建議

      目前,由于中國政策引導(dǎo)、農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼、秸稈還田技術(shù)的應(yīng)用以及機(jī)械化程度提高,并且配合秸稈禁燒等,我國秸稈還田水平有了很大的提高,秸稈還田率和氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分還田量持續(xù)增加。為進(jìn)一步解決中國各地區(qū)秸稈合理利用,降低秸稈焚燒帶來的危害,提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議:1)在秸稈及養(yǎng)分資源豐富、還田率相對較高的地區(qū),如華北地區(qū)、長江中下游地區(qū)、四川盆地和黑龍江省,依據(jù)區(qū)域特點(diǎn)采取相應(yīng)的秸稈還田方法和技術(shù),進(jìn)一步提高秸稈還田率,在有條件的地區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)全量還田。2)秸稈養(yǎng)分資源尤其鉀素資源豐富,還田后的當(dāng)季釋放率較高,因此,鼓勵(lì)通過秸稈還田補(bǔ)充土壤鉀素,減少鉀肥投入,實(shí)現(xiàn)化肥減。3)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)秸稈快速腐解技術(shù)研究、示范與推廣,提高秸稈養(yǎng)分尤其氮、磷的當(dāng)季釋放率,為利用秸稈還田替代部分化肥提供技術(shù)支撐。

      表14 主要作物秸稈養(yǎng)分當(dāng)季釋放率

      注:此部分主要參考文獻(xiàn)見[54, 144, 148, 150-156]。

      Note: Some main references used here were [54, 144, 148, 150-156].

      4 結(jié) 論

      1)從1980s到2010s中國秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源分別增長了85.77%和104%,西北地區(qū)、西藏、黑龍江增幅明顯。到2010s秸稈資源和氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分資源分別達(dá)到9.01×108和2 485.63×104t,相當(dāng)于單位耕地面積上6 665.52和 183.92 kg/hm2,2/3以上的秸稈及其養(yǎng)分分布在華北、長江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龍江地區(qū)。

      2)2010s谷類作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源占總資源量的比例最大,分別達(dá)69.86%和56.47%,東北地區(qū)最明顯,其次是果蔬類作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源,分別占9.67%、21.99%,主要在東南地區(qū),豆類、薯類、油料類、棉麻纖維類和其他類作物秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源占比相對較小。

      3)從1980s到2010s,秸稈氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分還田量持續(xù)增加,還田總量從583.92×104t增加到1 770.66×104t,相當(dāng)于單位耕地面積從60.89 kg/hm2增加到131.02 kg/hm2,華北、長江中下游和四川盆地秸稈養(yǎng)分還田量占全國秸稈養(yǎng)分還田總量的2/3以上。

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      Liu Xiaoyong, Li Shutian.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristcs of crop straw nutrient resources and returning to farmland in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(21): 1-19. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.001 http://www.tcsae.org

      Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop straw nutrient resources and returning to farmland in China

      Liu Xiaoyong1, Li Shutian1,2※

      (1.100081,; 2.100081,)

      Crop straw resource inChina is plentiful, but in different regions the straw resource capacity, the corresponding nutrient resource capacity and available amount of returning to farmland as well as the changes over time have not been very clear. Based on official statistical data and literature review, this study analyzed the capacity of crop straw, the corresponding nutrient nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and available amount of returning to farmland in different time slots at provincial level, aiming to provide scientific basis and reference for rational utilization of straw nutrient resources and nutrient management under zero growth of chemical fertilizer. Results indicated that the capacity of crop straw and its NPK nutrients increased by 85.77% and 104% from 1980s to 2010s, respectively. Among the regions, the increase of crop straw capacity and NPK nutrients in Northwest, Tibet Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province was more obvious. The crop straw and its nutrient capacity in North Plain, middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin and Heilongjiang Province accounted for two-thirds of the total capacity in China. By the 2010s, the total crop straw and its total N, P and K capacity in China have reached 9.01×108and 2 485.63×104t, respectively, equivalent to per unit area of farmland of 6 665.56 and 183.91 kg/hm2, 1 601.18 and 56.85 kg/hm2more than those in 1980s, respectively. Great variability existed among different regions in the capacity of straw and its nutrients from specific kinds of crops. In 2010s, the proportions of crop straw and its nutrient capacity from cereal crops accounted for 69.86% and 56.47% of the total capacity in China, respectively, and the highest proportions of cereal crop straw and its nutrient capacity occurred in Northeast region. The capacity of crop straw and nutrient from fruits and vegetables accounted for 9.67% and 21.99% of the total capacity in China, respectively, and the Northeast region had the highest proportions of straw and nutrient capacity of fruit and vegetable. The proportions of straw and nutrients capacity from beans, potatoes, oil crops, cotton and other fiber crops were relatively small. The amount of direct straw returning to farmland has continually increased from 1980s to 2010s, while the amount of straw returning to farmland after burning increased from the 1980s to 2000s, and decreased in 2010s. However, the total amount of straw NPK nutrients returning to farmland has increased continually from 1980s to 2010s. The total NPK nutrients increased from 583.92×104t (N 97.81×104t, P2O540.10×104t and K2O 446.01×104t) in 1980s to 1 770.66×104t (N 574.53×104t, P2O5105.53×104t and K2O 1 090.60×104t) in 2010s, equivalent to per unit area of farmland of 60.89 kg/hm2(N 10.20 kg/hm2, P2O54.18 kg/hm2, K2O 46.51 kg/hm2) in 1980s to 131.0 kg/hm2(N 42.5 kg/hm2, P2O57.8 kg/hm2, K2O 80.7 kg/hm2) in 2010s. The ratio of crop straw NPK nutrients returning to farmland was 47.92%, 56.16%, 60.11% and 71.24%, respectively in 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. From 1980s to 2000s, the increase of the ratio of crop straw NPK nutrients returning to farmland in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Heilongjiang was obvious, but the total amount of crop straw NPK returning to farmland in the North Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Sichuan Basin accounted for more than two-thirds of total crop straw NPK returning to farmland in China.

      straw; crop; nutrients; straw returning; temporal and spatial distribution

      10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.001

      S158.3

      A

      1002-6819(2017)-21-0001-19

      2017-08-05

      2017-09-20

      國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃課題(2016YFD0200103)

      劉曉永,博士生,主要從事植物營養(yǎng)與施肥研究。 Email:853653593@qq.com

      ※通信作者:李書田,博士,研究員,主要從事植物營養(yǎng)與施肥研究。Email:sli@ipni.net;lishutian@caas.cn

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